CC BY
17
MULTIBAND COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
APPLICATIONS
Dr.Shahid Modasiya l, Dr.Balvant Makwana 2 and Anil Poriya3
Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
23Government Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India 1shahid@gecg28.ac.in, 2 balvantmakwana@iitgn.ac.in
Abstract
In this paper, a multiband compact microstrip patch antenna for different communication frequencies has been presented. The proposed design of the microstrip patch antenna consists of a slotted patch, a quarter-wave feed line, and a ground with a cross-edge slot. The antenna can operate from 2.1 GHz to 3.4 GHz with a bandwidth of 1.3 GHz; this band corresponds to applications such as Mobile WiMax (2110 MHz-2200 MHz, 2300 MHz-2400 MHz, 2500 MHz-2690 MHz), Bluetooth (2400 MHz-2497 MHz), and RFiD. (2400 MHz -2483 MHz). The higher band, 4.7 GHz to 7.4 GHz, covers C-band, WLAN, and sub-6GHz 5G applications and has a gain factor of about 2.15 dB. The antenna is fabricated, and measurements of the radiation pattern and return loss are made. The comparison of observed results with those from simulations reveals excellent symmetry. Furthermore, the 70x 40 mm2 size of the proposed antenna makes it appropriate for use in lower 5G bands.
Keywords: Microstrip antenna, Multi band, patch antenna, RFiD, Sub- 6 GHz, Wi-Max, WLAN.
1. INTRODUCTION
Multi-band microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) have drawn a lot of interest in light of the quick growth of mobile communication systems because to its many benefits, including low profile, lightweight, cheap cost, superior performance, ease of manufacturing, low cost, and multi-band operation. As a result, they have long had a central role in research on antennas and wireless propagation. They have an intrinsic constraint of a small impedance bandwidth (almost 5%) when constructed on thin substrates.
The demand for mobile terminals with a variety of functionalities has surged due to the rapid development of wireless communications. Nowadays, it's practically a must for any Smartphone to integrate a variety of services, such as coverage of several cellular frequencies, the ability to use navigation and positioning, and the availability of Wi-Fi. Thus, in order to support all of these services, mobile terminals must operate at several frequencies. Moreover, portable gadgets must be lightweight, small, cheap, and compact in order to be mobile and flexible.
Antennas are a crucial component of any communication equipment that uses wireless technology and are essential to ensuring that the device complies with operational frequency, size,
Shahid Modasiya, Balvant Makwana, Anil Poriya
MULTIBAND COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR RT&A, No 3 (74)
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS_Volume 18, September 2023
weight, and cost requirements. The mobile terminal becomes larger when each service has its own specialized antenna, which also increases the weight and price of the device.
A highly desirable solution to this issue has been the use of a single low-profile antenna that can operate in several bands at the many needed communication frequencies [1]-[4]. The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), long-term evolution (LTE), Bluetooth, Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) bands can all operate simultaneously on a multi-band microstrip antenna. In recent years, various designs of multi-band patch antennas have been proposed in the literature. Liu, Xiao et al [5]. Presents a novel multiband patch antenna design that can operate at three different frequencies. The antenna is composed of a rectangular patch with two inverted L-shaped slots, a T-shaped feed line, and a ground plane. Islam, Misran et el. [6] presents a compact multiband patch antenna with a novel E-shaped feed line. The antenna operates at three different frequencies, and the bandwidths are increased by using a slotted ground plane. Malhat, Safwat et el. [7] presents a compact multiband patch antenna with a T-shaped feed line. The antenna is designed to operate at four different frequencies, and the bandwidths are enhanced by using a slotted ground plane. Jiang and Xu [8] presents a multiband patch antenna with a slit ring resonator. The antenna is designed to operate at four different frequencies, and the bandwidths are increased by using a meandered ground plane. Islam and Ali [9] present the design and analysis of a dual-band patch antenna for WLAN applications. Abbosh and Bialkowski [10] proposes a multiband patch antenna design that can operate in the frequency bands of 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz, and 2.4 GHz. Das, Bahera and Patnaik [11] proposes a multiband microstrip patch antenna design that can operate in the frequency bands of 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz for wireless communication systems. Vishwakarma and Srivastava [12] presents a multiband stacked patch antenna design that can operate in the frequency bands of 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.8 GHz for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Samsuzzaman and Islam [13] proposes a multiband fractal patch antenna design that can operate in the frequency bands of 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz for wireless communication systems. Singh, Kumar, and Gupta [14] proposes a multiband printed monopole antenna design that can operate in the frequency bands of 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz for wireless communication systems.
So, the multi-band patch antennas have been widely studied and proposed for various applications such as WLAN, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX. The design of these antennas is challenging due to the requirement of good impedance matching, radiation pattern, and gain over multiple frequency bands. However, the research conducted in this area has shown that it is possible to design compact, lightweight, and low-profile multi-band patch antennas with good performance characteristics, this inspires us to further study and make an antenna that can cover most of the mobile communications bands.
2. DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF THE ANTENNA
This section describes the process that demonstrates how the suggested antenna is created step-by-step to obtain the appropriate frequency band. To get multiband characteristics, four distinct micro strip antennas were constructed and simulated using the ANSYS HFSS software.
Shahid Modasiya, Balvant Makwana, Anil Poriya
MULTIBAND COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR RT&A, No 3 (74) WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS_Volume 18, September 2023
Design! Design [I Design!!! ProposedDesign
Figure 1: Different phases of the proposed antenna geometry
2.1 Basic Rectangular Patch Antenna Design (Design I)
The antenna was designed using the middle frequency of the UWB band, 6 GHz, as the resonant frequency. The model of antenna has been developed using the resonant frequency (f), dielectric constant (er), and dielectric height (h) formulas from [15].The equations provided in [16] have been taken into consideration when designing the classic Rectangular patch antenna (RPA) with dielectric constant (er), resonant frequency (f), and dielectric height (h). Equations (1) to (3) have been used to calculate the length of patch (Lp), width of the patch (Wp) and width of the feed line (Wf). The antenna has been designed and modeled in FEM-based electromagnetic software named Ansys HFSS after all the parameters have been calculated. Some of the parameter values have been tuned to ensure the intended performances. The optimum parameter value for the traditional RPA is displayed in table 1 and the model using the parameters obtained is illustrated in Fig. 1 (Design
I).
= ez±a+ez=sr1 + lzjL.jï
: : L tvdJ
(1) (2)
D412fc (irc^+a3 1:^+0.264.1
(3)
(4)
J'ff
■f 2AL
(5)
For a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna, the resonance frequency for any TMmn mode is given as [17]:
[(ip) + (wp) ]
(6)
Where,
h = dielectric substrate height ■'"y. = patch width £r = substrate dielectric constant = dielectric constant effective
The S11 [dB] of the design I is as illustrated in Fig. 2. It shows the antenna does not radiate in the given frequency range. So more modification are desired in the design and geometry of antenna.
2.2 Rectangular Patch Antenna with Partial Ground (Design II)
In this iteration, more than half of the ground is removed while keeping the patch size constant, and simulation is performed, but the result shows no improvement. To improve the performance, a triangular slot is removed along the microstrip feed line. The antenna began to resonate around 4 GHz and 5.5-6.5 GHz as a result of this modification. Many applications use frequencies ranging from 2.1 GHz to 3 GHz, so this is one of the approximate desired bands. Because the desired frequency band is not obtained in this design, hence, additional modifications are required.
4 6
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 2: Comparison of S11 (dB) for the different design under study
2.3 Slot loaded Patch antenna with small partial ground (Design III) To achieve the desired frequency band, the ground is reduced further while leaving the triangular slot along the micro stripe line intact. This step yields superior results than design II as shown in Fig. 2. Two 1mm by 3mm slots are introduced along the width of the rectangular patch to improve the design even further. Because of the slots and the removal of the ground, the antenna begins to radiate in a wide band ranging from 4 GHz to 8 GHz. Still, the desired lower band operation is not observed, so more design changes are required.
2.4 Slot loaded (Notched) Patch along width and length with partial ground
(Proposed design).
The rejection of a single band frequency was achieved by eliminating a slot from the radiating patch. Fig.4 depicts the suggested patch antenna geometry, whereas Fig. 3. Depicts the S11. Which shows that the slot has enhanced antenna bandwidth as well. The slot dimensions can be changed to control the notched band (length and width). It also shows that the rejected band has a bandwidth ranging from 3.4 GHz to 4.3 GHz. The band-notched feature is obtained by using the stopband's centre frequency, which specifies the dimension of the slot and may be represented as [18],
(7)
(8)
^siot — +
Where,
i, = slot length . = Slot width
The notched can be controlled by changing the value of L and ws.
Figure 3: S11 (dB) graph for proposed design demonstrating notch band. Table 1: Physical Parameters and dimensions of proposed design
Parameter Dimensions
(mm)
Patch width (W) 11
Patch Length (L) 10.3
Width of Feed line (Wf) 1.34
Length of Feed line(Lf) 36
Ground Length (Gl) 48
Ground width (Gw) 38
Slot width (ws) 1
Slot Length (ls) 3
Length of ground Arm (Lg1) 4
Length of ground slot (Lg2) 12
Half Length of ground (Lg3) 9.5
(A)
(B)
Figure 4.: Design and parameter of the for proposed antenna design (A)Top view showing parameters of ground and substrate geometry (B) Top View Showing parameters of radiating patch.
Figure 5: Fabricated design of proposed antenna with top and bottom view.
Gain Plot 2.2 GHz
Gain Plot 2.3 GHz
(a)
Gain Plot 2.5 GHz
(d)
Gain Plot 5.5 GHz
(b)
Gain Plot 2.65 GHz
(e)
Gain Plot 5.75 GHz
(C)
Gain Plot 4,5 Ghz
(f)
Gain Plot 5,85 GHz
(i)
Figure 6: Radiation pattern of proposed antenna at various frequencies (a)2.2 GHz (b) 2.3 GHz (c) 2.4 GHz (d) 2.5
GHZ (e)2.65 GHz (f)4.5 GHZ(g)5.5 GHz (h)5.75 GHz (i) 5.85 GHz.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After getting results in desired bands it was decided to fabricate the proposed design. The antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate having loss tangent of 0.001 and permittivity of 4.4. The thickness of FR4 used is 1.6 mm. the fabricated antenna is as shown in Fig 5.
3.1 Comparison of Simulation and Measured S11
The S11 plot of the all four simulated design was compared in Fig 2. It shows that the proposed antenna resonates from 2.13 GHz to 3.42 GHz, having minimum s11 at 2.35 GHz, which is -25.4 dB and at 3.15 GHz it is -17 dB. Further it resonates from 4.32 GHz to 7.41 GHz having three minima at 4.65 GHz, 5.85 GHz and 7.15 GHz.
The comparison of measured result and simulated results are shown in Fig 6. The results shows excellent match at every band. Slight mismatch and slight shift in frequency is observed in
measured result, which may be due to the fabrication error and mismatch at excitation port.
Figure 7: Comparison of S11 [dB] parameter of proposed antenna with simulated one
3.2 Radiation Pattern Comparison The proposed antenna's radiation pattern has been analyzed at various frequencies, ranging from 2.2 GHz to 5.85 GHz, as shown in Fig. X. The results indicate that the radiation pattern remains almost constant in the lower band, 2.1 GHz to 3.1 GHz, with a bi-directional pattern in the elevation plane and an omni-directional pattern in the azimuth plane. This pattern is essential for mobile communication applications. In the higher band, the radiation pattern slightly deteriorates in the azimuth plane from perfect omni-directionality. However, there is no significant variation in the radiation pattern beyond the 5 GHz band, and it remains approximately omni-directional in the azimuth plane.
3.3 Comparison with existing literature
Table 2 provides a comparison of the proposed antenna and a few different UWB antennas. In comparison to the references, it is concluded that the suggested antenna has a compact structure and good notched-band properties.
Table 2: Comparison of proposed antenna with existing literature
Ref. Freq. band Notch band Applicati on Dimension Notch band
[15] (GHz) 3.1-10.6 3.2-3.8 4.8-6.2 WiMAX, WLAN 30 *30 Dual band
[18] 2.4-5.9 4.2- 4.8 Wifi, WLAN, Wimax 45* 40 Single Band
[19] 2-10 5.106.10 UWB 47*37 Single band
[20] 3-11 5-6 UWB 50*41 Single band
[21] 3.5-7.5 5.05- UWB 49*53 Single
6.17 band
[22]
3.1-10.6 5-6
This 2.13-work 7.14
3.424.31
UWB
40*35
Wifi, 48*38
Bluetooth, WLAN, Wimax
Single band Single Band
4. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the analysis and design of a multiband compact microstrip patch antenna that is appropriate for various wireless communication systems and can function in a wide range of frequencies have been described. Through extensive simulation, optimization and measurement, we have determined that the proposed design provides the best performance, with a gain of 2.15 dB and multi-band operation at 2.11-3.43GHz and 4.30-7.32GHz. The fabricated antenna was tested in ELARC lab V.V. Nagar-Anand, and the simulated and measured results showed excellent agreement. Compared to other multiband and wideband antennas, the proposed antenna is cost-effective, compact, and covers almost all the applications of S-band and C-band. Furthermore, it is suitable for sub-6 GHz 5G applications. Overall, the proposed antenna design offers a promising solution for wireless communication systems operating in a wide range of frequencies.
References
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Shahid Modasiya, Balvant Makwana, Anil Poriya
MULTIBAND COMPACT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR RT&A, No 3 (74)
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS_Volume 18, September 2023
wireless communication systems. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology, 5(3):66-71.
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