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Gani Pllana1 Sadete Pllana2
DOI: 10.18413/2313-8912-2021-7-1-0-6
Motivation of word-group (word combination) terms in the terminology of mechanical engineering in Albanian in relation with English
1) University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kosovo E-mail: gani.pllana@uni-pr.edu ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4270-2698
2) University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina
Faculty of Economics, Kosovo E-mail: sadete.pllana@uni-pr.edu ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9140-7065
Received 22 January 2021; accepted 15 March 2021; published 31 March 2021
Abstract. In a terminological word-group (word combination), the combining capacities of both the main (defined) element of the term and its defining element are realized. The characteristic of unambiguity in general is acquired by the term phrase also outside the terminological system, therefore it has precedence over the one-word term, because it acquires the characteristic of unambiguity even outside the system of its field.
The motivation of word-group (word combination) terms can also be viewed in terms of the source composition of their elements, as each element may have different degrees of motivation depending on its origin. Thus, for example, a phrase composed of combinations of foreign terms with Albanian ones, may have different degrees of motivation, when it may contain only Albanian or foreign terms. On the other hand, motivation also depends on which constituent element of the phrase is transparent (clearer or more accurate), i.e., the defined or the defining element. Most of the terms are motivational in their conceptual content, which means that each term has a base from which it originates and just in the way the base is developed, so it developed as well it is content. However, one part of terms derive from common words and enter a knowledge field according to the quality of the term, while maintaining the conceptual content, e.g. its content as a word or as a term is more or less the same. Here we are dealing with same concepts that pass from a low conceptual level (as a word) to a higher conceptual level (as a term). Thus, for example, can be considered a number of terms as: dere (door), dritare (window (const.)). It should be noted here that each of them develop further as: dritare (e kompjuterit) (window (of computer)); dritare (fryrjeje) (window (air-control)); dere (ndertese) door (building) and dere (furre) door (oven). Keywords: Motivation of word-group (word combination) terms; Terminology; Mechanical engineering; Albanian language; English language
How to cite: Pllana, G. and Pllana, S. (2021). Motivation of word-group (word combination) terms in the terminology of mechanical engineering in Albanian in relation with English. Research Result. Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, V.7 (1), 70-77, DOI: 10.18413/2313-8912-2021-7-1-0-6
Introduction
Special works and monographs have been written on sustainable phrases in terminology. It is worth noting that for a long time as separate categories in the lexical system as naming units not only phraseological phrases, but also other sustainable (non-phraseological) phrases, mainly of the nominal type have been distinguished. Thus, in the monograph "£eshtje te frazeologjise se gjuhes shqipe" [Issues of phraseology of the Albanian language] J. Thomai (1981: 74) notes: Phrases bombe dore [hand grenade], bibli-oteke kombetare [national library] etc., mentioned here and there, as it is well known, are sustainable phrases, but not of the phraseological type. They are considered "as compound nouns and function as single part of the sentence" (Thomai, 1981:133).
Later, these phrases were used in lexicographical works, and especially are widely given as illustrative tools, and in special cases as a separate unit in the Dictionary of Today's Albanian language [Fjalorin e gjuhes se sotme shqipe] (1980).
Likewise, they are widely given in the dictionary [Dictionary of basic terms of mechanics Albanian-English-French-Italian-Russian] even the most specific terminological phrases. For e.g.: for trup-body we meet: trup i ngurte - rigid body; trup solid- solid body , trup i lenget- liquid body, trup i gazte-gaseous body (phyis.), trup qiellor - celestial body (anat.), trup i plugut-plough body (agri.), trup i fjales-words body (ling.), trup diplomatic- diplomatic corps (dipl.), trup gjykues- trial panel (law.), etc.; for trung-trunk we distinguish: trung nervor- nervous trunk, trung i aortes- aortic trunk (med.), trung koni-frustum of a cone, trung piramide-truncated pyramid, trung prizmi - truncated prism (geom.).
As M. Samara points out, "a great lexical wealth has been created by sustainable phrases, especially in the field of sociopolitical lexicon", which today is one of the fields with the richest terminology in our language and with more research interest (Samara, 1972:281). In the cited paper only with the
adjective political - there are about 80 examples of phrases, mainly sustainable from the field of political-social lexicon.
Until nowadays, a large number of terminological dictionaries have been compiled. A large number of phrase terms are given in these dictionaries. Thus, for example, only in the Dictionary of Mathematics "23% are two-part terms" (Lafe, 1972: 320). Phrase terms also occupy a large place in other dictionaries. In the dictionary of architecture with the term stil-style 34 phrases are given, with the term mur-wall 33, with the term shtylle - column 28, with the term qemer- archway 23 etc.
Working methods
In order to argue and illustrate the ideas in the paper, we relied on the material extracted from the literature, as well as from basic textbooks and technical standards and basic works by Thanas Ga9e (1983) and P. Karaulli & G. £elo (1974).
The lexical material, which was taken from various terminological dictionaries (The Polytechnical and Technical Dictionary, as well as the Dictionary for Mechanical Engineering, for Electrical Engineering, for Construction, etc.), such as from the Dictionary of Basic Terms of Mechanics (2002) and from such non-terminological (explanatory), such as the Dictionary of the Albanian language (2006), in which the terms of technical terminology (mechanics, construction, electricity) meet.
The support in the inductive way (from examples to arguments and conclusions) and in the deductive way (from met preconditions we come to arguments, from extracted material we reach concrete examples), determines the results achieved in this paper.
Word-group (word combination) with relatively low degree of motivation
The word-group (word combination) terms with component parts that express figurative meanings, especially the defining part are clearly distinguished from the point of view of the discovery of the concept (Duro, 2009:149), since the figurativeness of the phrase clearly expresses the form: herringbone = kurriz peshku, batterfly =
flutur, curling chip (curled chip) = ashkel e perdredhur, amphibios vehicle =automobil amfib, cooling rib (coling fin) = brinje ftohese, countersunk-headed bolt = bulon kokefshehur, joint (butt) = buzepuqj/e-a, hexagon nut = dado gjashtefaqeshe, acorn nut (domed cap nut) = dado kesule, butterfly nut (wing nut) = dado me vesh, nechanical hand = dore mekanike, inlet port (admission port; intake port) = dritare e hyrjes, tooth = dhemb-i, straight tooth = dhemb i drejte, helical tooth (spiral tooth) = dhemb helikoidor, thrust face = faqe mbeshetese, blast = fryrj/e-a, cooling = ftohj/e-a, brus = furg/e-a, jaw = gojez gelesi, trough (pan) = govat/e-a, chip pan = govate ashklash, castint pit = grope derdhjeje, eccentric cam = gunge jashteqendersore, tooth flank = ije dhembi, air cushion = jastek ajri, bearing cage = kafaz kushinete, load hook = kanxhe ngarkesash, root of tooth = kembe e dhembit, cylinder liner (cylinder sleeve) = kemishe motori, screw head = koke vidhe, clutch cone = kon i bashkorit (i friksionit), jib of power shovel = krah eskavatori, crown gear (ring gear) = kurore dhembezore, rotary harrow = lese rrotullore, anti-icer fluid (de-icing fluid) = leng kunderngrires, turbine blad = lopate e turbines, tapping spout = lug shkarkimi, firebrick masonry = murese zjarrduruese, universal joint = nyjtese universale, combination pliers = pince e kombinuar, rivet pliers = pince ribatinash, crankpin = qafe e bielles, hammer head = rrahes gekani, leather belt = rrip lekure, spur gear = rrote dhembezore cilindrike, lap fold = rrudhe rulimi, stop-light = sinjal frenimi, spring valve = suste e valvoles, metal-working saw =sharre per metal, guide rail = shine udhezuese, ignition spark = shkendije ndezjeje, core drill = shpojse tubore, hand lathe = torno dore, heat pipe = tub i nxehtesise, threading tool (thread cutter) = thike fileteprerese, oil ring = unaze vajheqese, bloomery hearth = vater saldimi, line of action =vije e ngerthimit (e rrotes dhembezore, e ingranimit), tower crane = ving kulleheat-resisteant glass = xham
zjarrdurues, sprocket wheel = yllez-a, core of section = zeme e seksionit but not the function, in the case where the shape of the object may change, but the function may remain the same. In this sense, these phases' formations with component parts figuration are conceptually characterized by a relatively low degree of their motivation (Kurti, 1991:29-530):
In the above group, with the motivation of the second degree, the eponymous terms word-group (word combination) can also be included, in which, in general, the determining component, a proper noun emerges (person, place, etc.). If the defined part appears somewhat motivated (or known), the determining part does not reveal any essential features of the concept, such as: rondele e Groverit (spring of Grover), kryqi i Maltes (Maltese cross) (Shvart, 1980:87), gerniere e Hukut (Hook's jonit), fortesi Vikers (Vickers hardness), fortesi Rokvel (Rockwell hardness), fortesi Shor (Shore hardness), ekuacion i Van der Valsit (Van der Vals„ equation), ekuacion i Bernulit (Bernoulli equation), kalibror Johanson (block gauge), gelik Besemer (Bessemer steel), turbine Frensis (Fransis turbine), filete Sellers (Seller's thread), filete Vitvorth (Whitworth thread), modul i Jungut (modulus of elongation; Young's modulus)burme arkimediane (Archimede's screw), hundez Laval (Laval nozzle) (Shvarts, 1980:36-39) etc.
In most cases these formations find adequate equivalents from one language to another, but rarely may they not match the internal form. Sometimes, in both languages, eponymous parts are replaced with another word, which expresses a broader meaning, which is closer to the concept of the term word-group (word combination). This is the reason word-group (word combination) terms with figurative semantic loads as well as word-group (word combination) terms with eponymous component parts not infrequently are replaced by these elements with more con-textually extensive words (Pllana, 2017:198199).
In Albanian
valvol flutur pikë e vdekur
pikë e lyrësimit (e lubrifikimit)
pikë e ngopjes
pikë e shkrirjes
pincë e kombinuar
pincë ribatinash
pincë tubash
pirun i kardanit
piston shtytës
pol i rrokullisjes (së rrotës dhëmbëzore)
qendër e rëndesës
qendër rrotullimi
bulon i çernieruar
shufër rregulluese
shufër kapëse
lidhje bishtdallendyshe
bulon çengel
dhëmb kurrizpeshku
çernierë e Hukut=çernierë kryqe
pern (strumbull) i grushtit të kthimit
pern i grushtit të kthimit
rondele e Groverit=rondele elastike
In English
butterfly valve dead point lubrification point freezing point melting point (fusion point) combination pliers rivet pliers pipe tongs universal-joint fork pressure piston pitch point centre os gravity centre of rotation dog bolt doktor bar dolly bar dovetail jonit eyelet bolt heringbone tooth Hook's jonit (=fork jonit) king pin king pin spring washer
In a group with a motivation slightly higher than the first two groups, word-group (word combination) formations can be introduced with one of the elements that more or less clearly reveal the function of the concept,
In Albanian
bulon i ashpër çift i lartë çift i ulët rreth primitiv vidhë mikrometrike vidhë regjistruese vidhë ushqyese
Word-groups (word combination) with high degree of motivation
These word-group (word combination) terms make up biggest part of the phrasal formations and in general these structures are preferred in any terminology, as the direct meanings of their component part very clearly
but not its form. Examples can be drawn from both languages, which highlight the similarities or affinities of the structures in terms of internal form (Fjalor, 2002:33-435).
In English
rough bolt higher (highest) pair lower pair dedendum circle micrometer screw adjusting screw leading screw
reveal the resultant concept, expressed by both or all component parts (when there are more than two component parts) (Thomai, 2017: 250).
Based on the amount of component parts, we can divide these formations with high motivation and very high motivation.
Although this division has subjective and relative value, relying on form, we can put as a limiting line the amount of components. Thus, if the amount of component parts is two, then these word-group (word combination) are highly motivated, and when this number exceeds two component parts (or generally consists of many component parts), then we are dealing with a very high degree of motivation. For a very high degree of motivation, the extended terminological word-group (word combination) are generally characterized, which appear at large in the narrow
fields (subfields) of knowledge, since they are detailed divisions and subdivisions of concepts, which leads to the formation of extended glossary phrases (word-group; word combination) (with many elements) (Duro, 2009:149). These last ones take the form of semi-definition therefore, while in dictionaries of narrow fields they may be included in their entirety, in dictionaries of broad fields, they should be reduced to the extent of two component parts phrases. Below we are bringing some examples from both languages:
a) High motivated phrases
In Albanian In English
buzë shtrënguese gripping jaw
hundëz spërkatëse spray nozzle
ijë dhëmbi tooth flank
impiant i ventilimit ventilation plant
kokë shpuese boring head
lartësi e dhëmbit height of tooth
teh prerës cutting edge
valvol sferike spheric valve
b) Very high motivated phrases
Alb.: levë e llojit të dytë
Engl.: lever of the second order
Alb. : levë e ndërrimit të marsheve
Engl. : gear-box lever
Alb. : levë freni e dorës
Engl. : hand brake lever
Alb. : metal i thyeshëm në të ftohtë
Engl. : cold-short metal
Alb. : metal i thyeshëm në të nxehtë
Engl. : hot-short metal
Alb. : mikroskop me kontrastfazash
Engl. : phase-contrast microscope
Alb. : moment i çiftit të forcave
Engl. : moment of a couple (of forces)
Alb. : moment polar i inercisë
Engl. : polar moment of inertia
Alb. : moment me injektim të drejtpërdrejtë
Engl. : direct-injection engine
Regarding the motivation of the term in the most general sense, it should be noted that the motivation of the term, as well as the motivation of the word, basically has what Saussure has described as the arbitrariness of the sign (Duro, Pllana, 2018:41-47), without which the sign cannot perform its function. Although the connection of the term with the concept it expresses is much more direct than the connection of the word (common) with the meaning (i.e., the term as a rule is and should be mainly motivating, especially within the limits of the field of knowledge where it is used), yet this motivational connection has linguistic character; it is mainly concerned with the external side of the term (especially with the meanings of the constituent elements of the word-group (word combination)). From this point of view, this emerges as an internal form of the word-group (word combination), and in principle, the more transparent this form is, the easier it is to penetrate the internal part of the concept. So, the rest of the content of the term is decomposed through its definition or "learning" of its conceptual content. This may seem clearly, because a non-specialist in the field at the level of meaning "feels it", but cannot grasp the meaning of the concept, except by the specialist. Therefore, definiteness also emerges as one of the main properties of the term, which really leads us to its conceptual content, that is, to the concept. Thus, for instance , as a given example in "Terminologjia si sistem" (Duro, 2001:45), word-group "dalje e thikes" (going out of knife), by motivating the meanings of the constituent elements "dalje and thike" (going out and knife), the linguistic motivation of the concept expressed by this unit can be done, while its real motivation with the concept can be achieved by discovering the concept through definition: "dalje e thikes" (exit of knife), i.e.; not "knife exit process" (which is tautological), but "the path that the knife performs in the cutting process to where it stops ".
The motivation of the terms word-group (word combination) can also be seen from the
source composition of their elements, since each element can have different degrees of motivation depending on its origin (Kostal-lari, 2018:340). Thus, for instance a word-group (word combination) composed of combinations of foreign terms with Albanian ones, can have different degrees of motivation, when only Albanian or foreign terms can be included. On the other hand, motivation also depends on which constituent element of the word-group (word combination) is transparent (clearer or more accurate), i.e., the defined or determining element. Therefore, a division can be made into two main groups, taking as a basis the determining and defined element, as well as the sources of where these constituent elements come from.
1) Defined elements
• Terms raised on the basis of the meaning of common words: koke, buze, gote (head, jaw, cup), ne words-groups (words combination): koke shpuese (boring head), buze prerese (cuting edge), buze shtrenguese (clamping jaw), gote tubi (tub cup) etc.
• Terms with word-forming constituent elements: katerhallkesh-i (four-bar- ), katerhallkesh me gerniere (hinged four-bar mechanism) etc.
• Terms borrowed from the terminology of other fields: lartesi e dhembit (height of tooth), numer dhembesh (number of teeth) etc.
• Terms from foreign languages: aks i rrotullimit (axis of rotation), valvol sferike (spheric valve) etc.
2) Determining elements
• Common words: gift i ulet (lower pair), gift i larte (highest pair), rrote e vogel (small wheel), rrote e madhe (large wheel) etc.
• Foreign terms: rreth primitiv (dedendum circle) etc.
From the point of view of the correlations of the constituent elements of the terms between languages, we can distinguish these cases:
Term in Albanian Word-group (word combination) in English
avullftohësi steam attemperator
avullpastrues steam purifier
baraspeshor-i balance beam
biell/ё-а (Ьгеп/ё-a) connecting rod
gelikim-i steel plating
dhëmbëgdhendj/e-a gear shaping
elektropomp^-a electric pump
fletësharr/ë-a saw blade
gazmbledhës-i gas collector
hapmatës-i pitch gauge
kalorifer-i air heater
lapues/e-ja lapping machine
plumbim-i lead coating
ribatinur^-a rivetted joint
sMizëretifikues/e-ja spline-grinding machine
thikëmbajtës-i tool post
vajmbledhës-i oil catcher (oil collector)
vajngrohës-i oil heater
yl^z-a sprocket wheel
zinkim-i zinc coating
Word-group (word combination) Term in English in Albanian
bulon pa kokë stud
fikatës Шkundjesh damper
halk zinxhiri (traktori) tracklink
la^si e këmbës S dhëmbit) dedendum
la^si e kokës S dhëmbit) addendum
mbjel^se me rreshta rowdrill
mekanizëm lidhës knotter
mekanizëm prerës cutterbar
nyjë montimi subassembly
qafö e biel^s crankpin
rekord Ьё^у^ elbow
sasi e Шvizjes momentum
sЫgjetë uljeje sag
Conclusion
Words, as lexical tools, cannot, in any case, meet all the needs of society, both to name objects and new phenomena, and to replace words from foreign languages. For this, more extended linguistic units are formed, phrases, which, like words, serve to mark innumerable new objects, phenomena and concepts.
The word-group (word combination) terms of this terminology are observed in the plane of both languages, in Albanian and in English, taken each separately, as well as in relation to each other. It is important to note that English has been prioritized as a language with international reach, and the terminology of mechanical engineering in it as a special lexicon that serves as a standardization model
not only for Albanian, but also for other languages.
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Конфликты интересов: у авторов нет конфликта интересов для декларации.
Conflicts of Interest: the authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Gani Pllana, PhD in Linguistics / Terminology, Lecturer, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo.
Sadete Pllana, PhD, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Kosovo.
