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16MORPHOLOGiCAL PARAMETERS OF THE BLOOD OF SHEEP iNFECTED WiTH
ASSOCiATiVE iNVASiON
AYGUN AZiZOVA
Associate Professor Department of Parasitology Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Baku,
Azerbaijan
Abstract: The research was carried out to study the parasite fauna - helminths, intestinal parasites and the species composition of piroplasmids of small ruminants kept in the Shirvan-Salyan economic regions of Azerbaijan. In small ruminants trematodes, strongylates of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and intestinal parasites - eimeria were observed throughout the year. During the associative (helminths-piroplasmid-Eimeria sp.) invasion morphological parameters of blood samples of sheep infected with three types of parasites were studied. Starting from the 15th day, the blood parameters of sick animals were studied. In the composition of blood elements - hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes were observed serious changes. After treatment of experimental sheep, for 50 and even 90 days, morphological blood parameters do not recover to the level of those in healthy animals, which indicates the deep pathological consequences of parasite parasitism in associative invasions and, accordingly, the slowness of rehabilitation processes in the organs and tissues of the body of sheep in places of their localization after treatment.
Key words: helminths, intestinal parasites, piroplasmids, morphological parameters, associative invasion, helminthic-coprological.
Introduction
The research was carried out to study the parasite fauna - helminths, intestinal parasites and the species composition of piroplasmids of small ruminants kept in the Shirvan-Salyan economic regions (Neftchala, Bilasuvar, Salyan, Hajigabul, Shirvan) of Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, a taxonomic study of the parasite fauna of small ruminants was carried out, and a taxonomy of the species was compiled. The parasite fauna of sheep and goats is composed of -endoparasites: helminths - 32 species, intestinal parasites - eimeria: 7 species in sheep, 5 species in goats, piroplasmids: 4 species in sheep, 1 species in goats; ectoprasites: ticks - 3 species in sheep and 3 species in goats - in the Shirvan-Salyan economic region. Pathogenic species belonging to the class of trematodes Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium lanceatum, Paramphistomum cervi, growing in the Shirvan-Salyan economic regions characteristic of these regions in small ruminants, were found in animals. Small ruminants were infected with endo- and ectoparasites with associative forms (helminths-piroplasmids-eimeria-ticks) in the spring, summer and autumn seasons. In small ruminants trematodes, strongylates of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and intestinal parasites - eimeria were observed throughout the year. During the associative (helminths-piroplasmid-Eimeria sp.-ticks) invasion, the results of the host-parasite relationship are manifested in the change of morphological parameters of the blood. Morphological parameters of blood samples of sheep infected with three types of parasites were studied. Blood tests of treated animals on day 90 show that animals co-infected with 3 types of parasites take a long time to return to a normal physiological state.
ВЕТЕРИНАРИЯ
In related invasions, when many types of parasites parasitize the host at the same time, deeper degenerative changes develop in the tissues of these organs, and the animal is doomed to a slow death and often ends in its death [1].
The natural duration of helminth parasitism in our case is one of the characteristics of the parasite-host relationship with their final hosts. This indicator of infestation indirectly affects the size of the parasite population in the host organism, the duration of parasitic "loads" of infected animals during the year, and ultimately the consequences of pathology.
A helminthic-coprological study was carried out on 750 sheep and 450 goats kept on various livestock farms in these regions. The composition of excrement was studied by the methods of Vishnyauskas, Fullerborn, Berman, Vaida, Darling, Shcherbovich. The bodies of small horned animals were examined by the method of complete and incomplete autopsy [ 2, 3, 4, 5]. Coprological fecal samples study of all age groups of sheep were carried out according to the seasons of the year. The species composition of parasites was determined.
The epizootic situation of the infection with the pyroplasmids in the small ruminants was researched on the seasons and the species composition of the causative parasites and conductive ticks was determined. For this purpose, in spring, summer and autumn, in the active life cycle of the ticks in the livestock farms of the Neftchala, Bilasuvar, Salyan, Hajigabul, Shirvan regions, the small horned animals - 557 sheep, 370 goats were clinically examined for the blood-parasitic diseases, 1874 individual ixodide ticks were collected on the animals and the species composition was determined [6, 7, 8]. To determine the causative agents of piroplasmidosis, the ears of sick and suspected animals - sheep and goats are cleaned, and wiped with alcohol, after drying the alcohol, the capillaries are punctured and the first drop of blood is taken with a needle. Drop of blood applied to the glass at an angle of 45° and dried. These smears prepared from peripheral blood were stained with Romanovski-Giemsa dye [9] and fixed in methyl alcohol and under a microscope. The species composition of piroplasmids was determined and differentiated [10]. As the vectors of piroplasmids are ticks, saturated and semi-saturated ixodid ticks of different genera
Materials and methods
Fig 1. Helminto-coprological examinations in the laboratory
and species were collected from the studied animals, collected in Florinski microbars, and identified by classical methods.
Saturated female ticks were placed in a thermostat (to obtain eggs), smears were prepared on different days of ovulation, and the piroplasmids of the pathogen were microscopically examined. To determine the type of pathogen from the internal organs of the tick (salivary glands, intestines, ovaries, malpighian tubes), smears were prepared by autopsy using microscopy [11, 12].
Excrement samples were examined by the Fullebom-Darling method for the detection of primary intestinal parasites in small ruminants and the samples were kept in potassium bichromate for 3-5 days to observe sporogony. Morphological blood parameters were determined by methods accepted in veterinary clinical practice.
Results and analysis
The helminth fauna of the small ruminants kept in the Shirvan-Salyan economic regions is different. So as non-nomadic farms are mainly moved to pastures in the districts the infection with more nematodes was predominated and observed with varying intensity throughout the year. The high infection was noted in spring, summer, autumn, and the relatively low intensity in winter. It is known that the development and spread of the strongilyats is related directly to the climate and humidity conditions [13]. In recent years, the rainy weather and high humidity have allowed these helminth eggs to remain in an invasive state at all times. Such favorable conditions have caused the fact that sheep kept in both sedentary and nomadic farms are infected with geohelminthic nematodes throughout the year. And the infection with the trematodes was observed in spring and autumn in the small ruminants kept on such livestock farms.
The nematode species of the small ruminants kept in the Shirvan-Salyan economic regions: Chabertia ovina, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus capricola, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus probulurus, Trichostrongylus skrjabini, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongylus assadovi, Trichostrongylus ostertagi, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcate, Ostertagia mentulata, Marshallagia marshalli, Cooperia oncophora, Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus abnormalis, Nematodirus helvetianus, Trichocephalus ovis, Trichocephalus skrjabini, Gongylonema pulchrum, Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus hobmaieri, Protostrongylus kochi, Protostrongylus davtian, Protostrongylus raillieti, Protostrongylus skrjabini, Muellerius capillaris, Cystocaulus nigrescens helminths have been identified. The causative agents detected in sheep and goats with high intensity and causing the helminthiasis were nematodes belonging to the Chabertia sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Nematodirus sp., Ostertagia sp., Haemonchus sp., Marshallagia sp., Cooperia sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Bunostomum sp., Dictyocaulus sp., Protostrongylus sp. genera.
The pathogenic species belonging to the class of trematodes were detected in the animals kept in the Kura-Araz lowland areas, and the species composition was determined in the small
ruminants. The causative agents of the trematodes are mainly localized in the liver and cause mass loss during intensive infection. Fasciola hepatica belonging to the genus Fasciola of the family Fasciolidae belonging to the class Trematodes, Dicrocoelium lanceatum belonging to the genus Dicrocoelium of the family Dicroceliidae, Paramphistomum cervi helminth belonging to the genus Paramphistomum of the family Paramphistomatidae were detected which grown in the Shirvan-Salyan economic regions characteristic for these areas in the small ruminants.
In the Shirvan-Salyan economic regions, 7 species were noted intensively in sheep and 5 in goats. In sheep: Eimeria ahsata, Eimeria parva, Eimeria faurei, Eimeria intricata, Eimeria ovinoidalis, Eimeria ellipsoidalis, Eimeria cylindrica; ke^larda: E.alijevi, E.arloingi, E.ninakohlyakimovae, E.jolchijevi, E.absheronae.
Fig 2. Associative helminths' eggs
The species composition of the conductive ticks small ruminants was determined, the spread degree of the Ixodes ricinus, Boophilus calcaratus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma plumbeum, H.anatolicum species. The infection with the parasites was detected with the associative forms -helminths and eimeria in sheep and goats. And infection with both nematodes and primary parasites was more intense in the small ruminants infected intense with ticks. In the small ruminants the infection with endo and ectoparasites was noted with associative forms -helminths-eimeria-ticks in spring, summer and autumn.
Appearently when animals are infected with helminths, changes in the morphological parameters of the blood are found in them. at this time, the animals observed weight loss and anemia. in our studies, animals were infected in an associative form. Our goal was to determine the morphological parameters of blood in this form of infection.
For this, 3 heads of sheep aged from 6 months to 1 year, subjected to natural mixed invasion were selected. Sheep were infected in an associative form with trematodes Fasciola hepatica Dicrocoelium lanceatum, Paramphistomum cervi, nematodes (gastrointestinal and respiratory nematodes) and eimeria sp. one more head of a healthy sheep was selected for comparison.
Starting from the 15th day, the blood parameters of sick animals were studied. In the composition of blood elements - hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes were observed serious changes. This situation peaked on the 45th day. The results are shown in the table 1.
Table 1. Morphological parameters of the blood of sheep infected with a associative
invasion
Blood parameters № Healthy sheep Research days, ^±m
Invasive sheep After treatment
15 day 30 day 45 day 50 day 90 day
Hemoglobin, g/% 1 9,8±0,1 5,9±0,3 5,2±0,1 4,9±0,1 6,3±0,1 7,6±0,1
2 9,6±0,2 6,0±0,2 5,9±0,1 5,0±0,1 6,7±0,3 7,5±0,2
3 9,7±0,3 5,7±0,3 5,1±0,2 4,8±0,1 7,1±0,1 7,7±0,3
Erythrocyte, 1012/l 1 7,97±0,1 3,25±0,2 3,11±0,3 2,53±0,2 5,61±0,1 6,77±0,2
2 7,98±0,1 3,12±0,3 3,09±0,2 2,65±0,1 5,59±0,1 6,67±0,1
3 7,96±0,1 3,22±0,2 3,12±0,2 2,72±0,3 5,72±0,3 6,77±0,2
Leukocyte, 109/l 1 6,7±0,1 14,4±0,1 15,9±0,1 17,1±0,1 14,2±0,1 10,8±0,1
2 6,9±0,1 13,6±0,2 14,8±0,1 15,6±0,3 12,8±0,1 9,6±0,2
3 6,7±0,1 13,4±0,3 15,2±0,2 16,6±0,2 13,6±0,3 9,7±0,1
In three experimental animals, clinical studies have established an increase in heart rate (up to 21 beats per minute), respiration (up to 11 movements per minute), pallor of the mucous membranes, shortness of breath, lethargy, weakening of the general reaction to external stimuli, appetite, chewing gum, respiratory hardness, shortness of breath, wheezing, pain in the liver, softening of the consistency of feces, frequent lying during grazing and at the base, lagging behind the flock. Clinical examination of healthy sheep revealed no deviations from the physiological norm. On the 15th day of observation, the leukogram of sheep infected and mixed infestation of erythrocytes decreased. There are more leukocytes than in healthy sheep. This shows changes in hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes in sheep infected with multiple parasites. On the 15th, 30th and 45th days (days of observation) the state of the sheep increased towards the pathology.
The condition indicates the mobilization of the protective mechanisms of the body of infected sheep to parasitize the parasite and the destruction of living tissues in places of localization, as well as hemoglobin, erythrocytes and leukocytes in response. All of the above point to the criteria for host-parasite relations and their consequences.
A gradual increase in the percentage of elements of the leukocyte formula occurs with mixed invasions of the above parasites with a high intensity of invasion. Thus, the number of young neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils increases. In the leukogram, the indicators of neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils tend to change towards pathology. The results are shown in the table 2.
Table 2. Leukogram of sheep infected with associative invasion
Blood parameters № Healthy sheep Research days, ^±m
Invasive sheep Invasive sheep
15 day 30 day 45 day 50 day 90 day
Neutrophils: Young Stab Segmented 1-3 1-3 1-3 0,2 33,4±0,1 22,8±0,2 1,3 18,9±0,1 32,57±0,2 2,0 18,3±0,2 30,80±0,1 2,2 26,5±0,3 28,10±0,2 1,5 30,0±0,1 24,80±0,2 0,9 28,0±0,2 22,50±0,1
Basophils 1-3 3,7±0,2 6,2±0,3 6,8±0,1 7,1±0,3 6,5±0,2 5,9±0,1
Eosinophils 1-3 4,9±0,1 5,0±0,1 5,1±0,2 5,3±0,2 5,0±0,1 5,3±0,2
Monocytes 1-3 3,31±0,2 2,86±0,2 3,21±0,1 3,36±0,3 2,35±0,2 2,57±0,1
Lymphocytes 1-3 34,49±0,1 34,6±0,1 34,0±0,2 35,9±0,1 33,1±0,3 34,60±0,2
Starting from the 46th day, sick animals were given a phased treatment regimen. Firstly, sick animals were injected with anthelmintic drugs against trematodes and nematodes. Treatment against eimeriosis was carried out with a break of 7 days. Morphological blood parameters were examined on the 50th and 90th days after treatment. Blood counts on the 90th day of treatment were not the same as in a completely healthy sheep.
After treatment of experimental sheep, for 50 and even 90 days, morphological blood parameters do not recover to the level of those in healthy animals, which indicates the deep pathological consequences of parasite parasitism in mixed invasions and, accordingly, the slowness of rehabilitation processes in the organs and tissues of the body of sheep in places of their localization after treatment. This shows that when animals are infected with an associative infection, their body takes a long time to recover.
Thus, changes in the morphological parameters of blood in sheep with associative parasitosis are directly proportional to the dynamics of the development of the pathology caused by parasites in the host organism.
The main factor influencing changes in the morphological parameters of the blood of sheep in associative parasitosis is the intensity of invasion pathogens. The higher this indicator, the more reliable changes in blood morphological parameters, which is a criterion for judging parasite-host relations.
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