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16AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF INDETERMINANT TOMATO
HYBRIDS
Sievidov V
Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Horticulture and Storage of Crop
Products,
State Biotechnological University, Ukraine
Abstract
The article describes a study of fourteen hybrids of an indeterminate tomato type. The morphological characteristics of tomato plants and fruits were studied on adult plants during the period of mass fruit ripening (more than 80%). The length of the main stem was measured with a ruler from the base of the stem to the point of growth of the top of the stem. The number of lateral shoots was counted on the main stem, taking into account those that formed flowers or fruit clusters. The number of fruits was determined on all clusters of the plant, including the lateral shoots. When growing tomatoes in protected ground conditions, the climatic features of the growing area cannot be ruled out. In our opinion, a more favorable growth from a biological point of view and greater productivity from an economic and economic point of view may be associated with the geographical location of the experimental site, which ultimately affects the intensity of the action of climatic factors for cultivated crops, including tomatoes. A five-year study to assess the quantitative traits of tomato plants in the Kharkiv region revealed an increase in the values of the studied indicators in 2021 compared to 2017-2020, which is expressed in a significant increase in the length of the main stem of plants; there is a tendency to an increase in the number of side shoots and internodes, and it has also been established that the severity of the values of quantitative varying traits depends on the grown hybrid. On average, over the period of research, the yield of Zulfiia and Ronda hybrids was formed below the control by 0.5 and 0.4 kg/m2, respectively. On average, over the period of research, the yield of Zulfiia and Ronda hybrids was formed below the control by 0.5 and 0.4 kg/m2, respectively. The best in terms of yield when growing tomatoes in a spring film greenhouse were the hybrid Syhnora - 16.9 kg/m2 (by 9% more than the control). Thus, analyzing the data obtained, it can be concluded that the characteristics of tomatoes vary depending on the grown hybrid. Moreover, this applies to both growth vegetative organs and the intensity of fruiting which exceed those of the tomato hybrids F1 Syhnora, Matias and Panekra in comparison with the other hybrids.
Keywords: variability, internode length of the main stem, the generative organs, tomato, side shoots, fruits, quantitative traits
JEL Classification O13, Q16
1. INTRODUCTION
Tomato is one of the leading vegetable crops for the production of high-quality plant products in the open field and the most promising for future agrotech-nology of the noospheric level [1-4]. In our country, this crop is in second place after cucumber, although in terms of nutritional value, tomato fruits significantly surpass it [5]. Tomato fruits are a medicinal raw material. They are recommended for patients with various types of metabolic disorders, diseases of the cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal tract [6].
Today, most scientists and specialists understand that the processes of intensification of agricultural production, its large-scale concentration and specialization put forward a number of fundamentally new scientific and socio-economic problems. These include: the ever-increasing energy "price" of each additional food calorie, the increased danger of disturbing the ecological balance and environmental pollution, the need to ensure greater independence of agriculture from the vagaries of nature [7-12]. The questions of more efficient use of "artificial", especially natural energy resources, on the basis of scientifically grounded design of highly productive and environmentally stable agrobiocenoses, op-
timal climatic placement of cultivated species and varieties of plants, development of energy-efficient technologies for their cultivation [13; 14].
Analyzing current trends in the regulation of plant growth and development, the most important problems and tasks of intensive vegetable growing were formulated, the solution of which requires a purposeful study.
The decisive importance in the practical implementation of these tasks belongs to the further increase in the adaptive potential of the agricultural production system as a whole, to increase the general and specific adaptability of cultivated plants and, above all, the correct climatic zoning of crops and varieties hybrids [3; 15].
Tomato quality depends on a combination of the interactions among different single quality attributes. It includes appearance (color, size, shape, lack of defects), flavor (total soluble solids, sugar, organic acid), nutritional value (lycopene, vitamin C, minerals) and storage qualities. With the development of the social economy and the improvement of people's living conditions in Ukraine, consumer demand is gradually shifting to higher quality tomatoes instead of quantity and, therefore, fruit quality should be considered in addition to yield.
In this regard, the purpose of our study was to study the quantitative traits in tomato hybrids of indeterminate type Panekra F1 and Matthias F1, depending on the climatic conditions of growing.
2. MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
The research was carried out in the conditions in the eastern part of the left-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, on the territory of Kharkiv district of Kharkiv region. Field experiments were performed according to approved methods [16, 17]. The soil at the experimental site is characterized by the following pronounced features: high content of humus and nutrients, lack of differentiation of the profile of clay components, shallow carbonates, close to neutral, the reaction of the soil solution. It is characterized by agronomically valuable granular-lumpy structure, high physical-mechanical and chemical properties, high humus content. The arable layer of the soil contains: gross nitrogen - 0.29%, phosphorus - 0.2%, hydrolyzed nitrogen - 71.8 mg / kg of soil, mobile phosphorus - 109.0 mg / kg of soil, and mobile nitrogen 271.9 mg / kg of soil. The humus content in the layer 0-40 cm - 3.9%, the pH of the aqueous extract - 5.2. The mechanical composition of the soil is medium loamy silty-sandy with a fraction content with a particle diameter of more than 0.25 mm 6%. The lowest moisture content in the layer of 0-40 cm is equal to 22.18% by weight of absolutely dry soil, in the layer of 0-60 cm - 21.37%. The bulk density of the soil is 1.18 g / cm3.
Weather conditions over the years of research differed significantly from the long-term average in terms of precipitation, while the temperature did not change significantly. During the study period, the average monthly temperature was average higher than normal by 1.6 degrees.
The morphological characteristics of tomato plants and fruits were studied on adult plants during the period of mass fruit ripening (more than 80%). The length of the main stem was measured with a ruler from the base of the stem to the point of growth of the top of the stem. The number of internodes was counted on the main stem. The number of lateral shoots was counted on the main stem, taking into account those that formed flowers or fruit clusters. The number of fruits was determined on all clusters of the plant, including the lat-
The growth of lateral shoots in the indeterminate cultivars can be extended by pinching (shoot removal) from the results of the previous reports. In some tomato cultivars, the numbers and weights of fruits that grew on double-stemmed plants created by pinching treatments were greater than those that grew on single-stemmed plants. Pinching at the seedling stage can increase the number of double clusters and flowers on lateral shoots of tomato. Pinching is often performed to increase initial tomato yield, but there are differences among cultivars as to the effects of pinching. In addition, the lengths of the lateral shoots at each node do differ depending on the pinching position. As the number of remaining true leaves is increased by pinching, there is a difference among the lateral shoot lengths. Since a relationship among the lengths of lateral shoots, the number of flowers per plant, and per lateral shoot is expected to be changed by pinching in determinate processing tomatoes, growth of the lateral shoot would be influenced by the uptake and distribution of mineral nutrients in each organ. Furthermore, because pinching can enhance the uniformity of fruit maturity, pinching could shorten the harvest term while also, due to this shorter flowering period, leading to harvest periods with more than 80% total fruit yield.
In the experiment, fourteen tomato hybrids were evaluated, compared with the Berberana F1 hybrid in the control. Observations of the emergence of seedlings during the cultivation of seedlings showed that all the tested samples had a high field germination of seeds and did not differ from each other at the beginning of emergence. The conducted phenological observations made it possible to conclude that the period of seedlings - flowering in all samples came almost at the same time (48-50 days). And the period of passage of the flowering-ripening phase was shorter and equaled 45-49 days, but in total the period of germination - the beginning of ripening was 95-99 days, which is typical for early ripening samples. The period of fruiting in the experiment was extended - 48-54 days. On September 1, the largest number of ripe fruits was in the control of Matias F1 -61%, while Panekra F1 had the smallest - 43%. Bio-metric observations were carried out on the phases of growth and development of plants with an interval of 20-25 days. 10 typical plants were measured by two incompatible repetitions (Table 1).
eral shoots [18].
Table 1 - The value of morphological characteristics of tomato plants, 2017-2021.
Hybrid F1 Stem length, cm Quantity of leaves, pcs. Quantity of branches, pcs. Average weight of one fruit, g Quantity of brushes and fruits, pcs.
Berberana 295 26 11 125 5
Panekra 285 25 10 140 4
Matias 293 26 11 130 4
Belfort 312 27 12 120 4
Zulfiia 280 25 10 100 5
Syhnora 325 28 12 145 4
Ronda 290 25 11 102 4
Makhitos 270 24 10 110 5
Bostina 310 27 12 125 4
Alamina 325 28 12 105 5
Toivo 275 24 10 130 4
Hybrid F1 Stem length, cm Quantity of leaves, pcs. Quantity of branches, pcs. Average weight of one fruit, g Quantity of brushes and fruits, pcs.
The value of Student's t-test 7,4 3,7 2,1 5,3 3,1
p < 0,001 < 0,001 < 0,01 < 0,001 < 0,01
Differences were also found in other indicators. The maximum they were for the Syhnora F1 hybrid, the average value of the stem length was 10.2% higher, the quantity of leaves on the main stem - by 7.7%, the weight of one fruit - by 35.8% compared to the Berberana F1 hybrid (control), this difference was significant (p <0.001). As you can notice, the greatest differences affected the vegetative organs most important from a productive point of view, the generative organs.
We have determined that the level of overall yield depends much more on the genotype of the hybrid under study than on the climatic conditions that developed during the years of research. Thus, in 2017-2020, the highest yield at the level of 16.0-17.4 kg/m2 was observed in the Syhnora hybrid, which is 5.5-14.5% higher than the control variant. Hybrids Matias and Panekra also exceeded the control by 1.8-11.7% in yield, respectively. The Bostina hybrid exceeded the control variant, but this excess was not significant. Therefore, when growing tomatoes in the spring-summer crop change in a film greenhouse in 2017-2021, the hybrids of Syhnora, Matias and Panekra turned out to be the best. The yield hybrids of Belfort and Zulfiia were almost at the level of the standard. The lowest yield was shown by the hybrids Alamina and Toivo -on average 14.8% less than in the control.
At the same time, although in 2021 the Syhnora hybrid showed the highest fruit yield - 18.4 kg/m2, which is 2.2% more than the control, in the same year the Berberana hybrid (control) recorded the maximum yield over the years of the study, at the level of 18.0 kg/m2. The Matias hybrid also showed itself well, the yield of which was 17.6 kg/m2, although it was less than the control variant by 2.2%.
On average, over the period of research, the yield of Zulfiia and Ronda hybrids was formed below the control by 0.5 and 0.4 kg/m2, respectively. The good
There were no pronounced differences in the values of the studied parameters in 2021 in comparison with 2017. However, a slight excess of a number of indicators should be noted in recent observations.
We carried out observations for the cultivation of these hybrids in 2017-2021. The yield of the studied hybrids was determined not only by the number of fruits per plant, but also by their weight (Table 2).
indicators differed in terms of yield when growing tomatoes in a spring film greenhouse were the hybrids Matias and Panekra - 16.4 and 15.9 kg/m2 (by 5.9 and 2.8% more than the control, respectively). The best in terms of yield were the hybrid Syhnora - 16.9 kg/m2 (by 9% more than the control, respectively).
Thus, analyzing the data obtained, it can be concluded that the characteristics of tomatoes vary depending on the grown hybrid. Moreover, this applies to both growth vegetative organs and the intensity of fruiting which exceed those of the tomato hybrids F1 Syhnora, Matias and Panekra in comparison with the other hybrids.
4. CONCLUSIONS
When growing tomatoes in greenhouses, the climatic features of the growing area cannot be ruled out. In our opinion, a more favorable growth from a biological point of view and greater productivity from an economic and economic point of view may be associated with the geographical location of the research field, which ultimately affects the intensity of the action of climatic factors for cultivated crops, including tomatoes. A five-year study to assess the quantitative traits of tomato plants in the Kharkiv region revealed an increase in the values of the studied indicators in 2021 compared to 2017-2020, which is expressed in a significant increase in the length of the main stem of plants; there is a tendency to an increase in the number of side
Table 2 - The value of the yield of tomato plants,2017-2021.
Hybrid F1 Year Average Yield increase
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 kg/m2 %
Berberana 16,5 14,1 14,5 14,4 18,0 15,5 0,0 0,0
Panekra 16,0 15,2 15,9 15,5 17,1 15,9 0,4 2,8
Matias 16,8 15,5 16,2 16,0 17,6 16,4 0,9 5,9
Belfort 15,7 14,6 15,2 15,0 16,0 15,3 -0,2 -1,3
Zulfiia 15,2 13,6 14,0 14,0 17,4 14,8 -0,7 -4,3
Syhnora 17,4 16,0 16,6 16,1 18,4 16,9 1,4 9,0
Ronda 14,0 13,2 13,8 13,3 13,7 13,6 -1,9 -12,3
Makhi-tos 14,2 13,0 12,9 13,0 13,5 13,3 -2,2 -14,1
Bostina 16,1 15,0 15,4 15,8 16,4 15,7 0,2 1,5
Alamin a 14,3 13,2 12,0 12,6 13,8 13,2 -2,3 -15,0
Toivo 13,7 13,0 12,5 12,8 13,4 13,1 -2,4 -15,6
shoots and internodes, and it has also been established that the severity of the values of quantitative varying traits depends on the grown hybrid.
The greatest variability depending on the hybrid is shown in relation to the intensity of fruiting. Thus, according to the results of the research, from all the studied hybrids of the indeterminate type, samples were distinguished that were distinguished by increased bio-metric indicators and productivity. In order to obtain high yields of tomato products in protected ground, it is advisable to recommend the use of the following F1 tomato hybrids of indeterminate type: Syhnora, Matias and Panekra.
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