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Universal Decimal Classification 636.084.1:636.92:591.11
Кучерявий Вгталш Петрович,
доктор альськогосподарських наук, професор, Льотка Галина 1ватвна, кандидат альськогосподарських наук, доцент, Кучерява Марина Франщвна аспiрантка кафедри ветеринара, гтени та розведення тварин Втницький нащональний аграрний утверситет, Вiнниця, Украша DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-17104-32-36 МОРФОЛОГ1ЧН1 ПОКАЗНИКИ КРОВ1 МОЛОДНЯКУ ШИНШИЛ ПРИ Р1ЗНИХ СИСТЕМАХ
УТРИМАННЯ
Kucheriavyi V.P.,
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Full Professor,
Lotka H.I.,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor
Kucheriava M.F.
Postgraduate student of the Department of Veterinary, Hygiene and Animal Breeding Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
MORPHOLOGICAL BLOOD PARAMETERS OF YOUNG CHINCHILLAS UNDER DIFFERENT
HOUSING SYSTEMS
Анотацш.
При вивченнi впливу кормових факторiв на пiдвищення продуктивностi молодняку шиншил важливе значення мають до^дження морфологiчних та бiохiмiчних показниюв кровi. Завдяки сво'ш рухливостi кров е зв 'язуючим елементом мiж у^ма органами i тканинами тыа, а хiмiчнi речовини i продукти жит-тедiяльностi ргзних оргатв (гормони, ферменти) здшснюють взаемний вплив один на другого також через кров. Рухаючись i пульсуючи по замкнутому колу, вона омивае ва органи i тканини. Тому картина кровi е симптоматичним вiдображенням змiн в iнтенсивностi переб^ уах обмтних процеав, що прохо-дять в органiзмi тварин тд впливом певних кормових факторiв.
До^дження проводились в умовах вiварiю на молодняку шиншил в перюд закладки зимового хутра. З молодняку шиншил було сформовано три до^дт групи, по 4 звiрiв у кожтй.
В результатi до^джень встановлено, що введення до рацiону молодняку шиншил нового кормового фактору суттево не вплинуло на юльюсний склад формених елементiв кровi, кшьюсть гемоглобту, але сприяло вiрогiдному пiдвищенню в другш та третш групах кольорового показника.
На лейкоцитарну формулу препарат особливо не вплинув, лише викликав пiдвищення кiлькостi еози-нофжв та юних форм нейтрофшв у другш гр^.
Вмкт кальцiю, фосфору та лужний резерв залишився без змiн. Так само препарат не вплинув i на вмiст бшка та кшьюсть альбумiнiв i глобулiнiв, винятком е третя група, де зафжсовано зниження юль-костi /-глобулiнiв.
Abstract.
When studying the effect offeed factors on the increase ofproductivity of young chinchillas, it is important
«ШУШШШУМ-ШиГМак» #Щ1©4)), 2021 а AGRICULTURAL sciences
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to study the morphological and biochemical parameters of blood. Due to its mobility, blood is a connecting element between all organs and tissues of the body, and chemicals and waste products of various organs (hormones, enzymes) exert mutual influence on each other also through blood. By moving and pulsating in a closed circle, it bathes all organs and tissues. The blood picture is therefore a symptomatic reflection of changes in the intensity of all metabolic processes in the animal body under the influence of certain feed factors.
Studies were conducted under vivarium conditions on young chinchillas during the winter fur laying period. Three experimental groups were formed from young chinchillas, 4 animals in each.
As a result of research it is established that the introduction of a new feedfactor into the diet of young chinchillas did not significantly affect the quantitative composition of blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, but contributed to a probable increase in the second and third groups of color.
The leukocyte formula was not particularly affected by the drug, only caused an increase in the number of eosinophils and young forms of neutrophils in the second group.
The content of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline reserve remained unchanged. Similarly, the drug did not affect the protein content and the amount of albumin and globulins, with the exception of the third group, which recorded a decrease in the number of y-globulins.
Ключовi слова: шиншила, кров, молодняк тварин, утримання, продуктивтсть.
Keywords: chinchilla, blood, young animals, content, productivity.
Articulation of issue. All organs, tissues and systems of the body require a constant supply of blood to function properly, as blood performs essential functions for body life: transporting nutrients to cells and carrying metabolic products through them, supplying tissues with oxygen from the lungs and transporting carbon dioxide in the lungs. The blood also has a protective function, maintaining body temperature and homeostasis [2].
When studying the effect of feed factors on the increase of productivity of young chinchillas, it is important to study the morphological and biochemical parameters of blood [8].
Due to its mobility, blood is a connecting element between all organs and tissues of the body, and chemicals and waste products of various organs (hormones, enzymes) exert mutual influence on each other also through blood. By moving and pulsating in a closed circle, it bathes all organs and tissues [3].
The blood picture is therefore a symptomatic reflection of changes in the intensity of all metabolic processes in the animal body under the influence of certain feed factors [9].
It is difficult to identify any process occurring in the body without the direct or indirect influence of normal, physiological microflora. It participates in maintaining homeostasis, stimulates local and systemic immunity, provides colonisation resistance of mucous membranes, plays a key role in antiviral protection [6, 10].
Suppression of intestinal normo-flora leads to disturbances in digestion, absorption of nutrients, vitamin synthesis, production of enzymes and other biologically active substances, absorption of macro- and mi-cronutrients (especially iron, calcium), which are active
cofactors of many immune reactions [4, 15].
Blood protein composition depends on the functional state of the organism and its endocrine system, is characterized by the level of protein metabolism and is closely related to biological and physiological properties that determine the nature of resistance, safety and productivity of pigs [7, 16].
The modern technology of livestock production is impossible without providing a complete and balanced feed for the animals. At the same time, no less important is the rational use of feed through the use of bacterial preparations that normalise the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and improve the digestibility of nutrients in diets [13, 14].
Therefore, the purpose of our work was to study the effect of a symbiotic preparation on the morphological blood parameters of young chinchillas.
The object of the research is young chinchillas gray standard and blood. Subject of research - symbiotic preparation and its theoretical and practical conditions of use.
Research methodology. The research and production experiment was carried out under the conditions of the vivarium of the Department of Livestock Production Technology.
The grey chinchilla standard is the basic colour of chinchillas. The standard is characterised by a grey back, or dark grey with a white belly. The sides have a clear contrast from grey to light grey and to white.
Studies were conducted under vivarium conditions on young chinchillas during the winter fur laying period. Three experimental groups were formed from young chinchillas, 4 animals in each (Table 1).
Table 1
The scheme of the experiment
Groups Number of animals, h Feeding characteristics by period
equalizing, 15 days main, 120 days
1 (control) 4 BD*) BD
2- experimental 4 BD BD+MikoLad, 1 g / h. per day
3- experimental 4 BD BD+MikoLad, 3 g / h. per day
BD* - basic diet
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Young chinchillas of the control group received feed according to the basic diet. Young chinchillas of the second group received the basic diet feed and the symbiotic preparation MikoLad at the rate of 1 g per 1 animal once a day for 21 days. Young chinchillas of the third group received the basic diet and the preparation at the rate of 3 g per head per day.
The drug was fed as part of the grain mixture once a day. The animals were weighed monthly and kept in groups. At the end of the main period, blood samples were taken from four animals from the tail vein [5]. Morphometric data was processed by Plokhinskyi M.O. [11].
Research results. One of the most important indicators of blood is the number of red blood cells, which make up the bulk of blood cells, and the number of white blood cells, which are white blood cells. The latter are about a thousand times smaller than red blood cells. As can be seen from Table 2, the number of erythrocytes when fed the feed factor decreased slightly in
relation to the control group. Thus, in the second group their number decreased by 2.96% and in the third group by 8.38%. There was also a decrease in the number of red blood cells between the study groups. For example, the highest values were in group two where animals were fed 1 g of the preparation per head per day, and these values decreased in group three by 5.59% as the dosage of the preparation increased.
This pattern can be seen when analysing white blood cell count data, with only group two showing an increase of 8.46% compared with the control group, and the remaining groups showing a decrease in white blood cell count - group three by 8.46% compared with the control group. But the change in leucocyte count is not related to the feeding doses. This suggests that supplementation has no effect on the number of form elements and that the changes that do exist between the groups are not significant and are in line with the norm.
Table 2
The content of the cells in the blood of experimental animals. №±m, n=4
Indicator 1 group 2 group 3 group
Erythrocytes, M/mcl Leukocytes, thousand/mcl 6,08+0,33 13,0+1,34 5,9+0,27 14,1+0,39 5,57+0,28 11,9+1,12
According to the literature, the quantitative composition of the form elements is influenced by age-related changes. Thus, after birth there is a relative increase in erythrocyte content, and with age there is a decrease. Changes in the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes are observed in some diseases.
When analyzing the number of erythrocytes in the blood, attention is paid to the hemoglobin content. The saturation of erythrocytes with haemoglobin, which is
a complex protein that allows the blood to perform its primary function of gas transport, is an important indicator that must be monitored [1].
The study showed that there was almost no difference between the first and second groups in haemoglobin content (Table 3). In the third group, the haemoglobin content slightly increased (by 3.82%) in relation to the control group.
Table 3
Haemoglobin content in animal blood. М±m, n=4
Indicator 1 group 2 group 3 group
Amount of haemoglobin, g% Color indicator Average haemoglobin content of 1 erythrocyte, ^ % 8,65±0,46 0,9±0,03 14,2±0,62 8,67±0,5 0,97±0,07 14,9±1,15 8,97±0,44 1,05±0,06 16,2±1,09
In the third group there was a probable increase in the color index (P <0.05), as well as a tendency to increase it in the second group (td = 2.23). Normally it should be equal to one, but in some species it normally fluctuates excessively. It is known that pathological fluctuations should be considered a deviation that is greater by 15-30% in one direction or another [12].
The average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte increases compared with the control group, and in the third group this indicator is the highest among the experimental groups (14.08%) compared with the control group, but all these changes are not likely.
According to the literature, the content of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood changes with age. It is also well known that the hemoglobin content depends on the species, age, sex, breed, nature of feeding and other factors. The amount of hemoglobin increases in mountainous conditions, with muscle fatigue and blood
clotting (diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, polyuria). Decreased hemoglobin is more common. It is observed in various infectious (infectious anemia) and invasive (piroplasmosis, nutaliosis) diseases, exhaustion, poisoning, bleeding and other diseases accompanied by anemia [1].
The morphological composition of white blood cells is determined by the so-called leukocyte formula. It is a quantitative ratio of individual types of white blood cells, expressed as a percentage.
The number of eosinophils in the blood of animals in the control group exceeds this indicator in the experimental groups. Particularly low number of eosinophils in the second group in relation to the control - 31.6% (P <0,001, table. 4). As the number of eosinophils, the number of basophils in the leukocyte formula exceeds that of the experimental groups, but there is no significant difference between them.
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Table 4
Leukocyte _ formula of blood of experimental animals. M ± m, n = 4
Indicator 1 group 2 group 3 group
Leukogram, % Eosinophils 9,73±0,17 6,65±0,46*** 8,78±0,69
Basophils 0,54±0,12 0,43±0,07 0,41±0,07
Neutrophils: Young 1,2±0,12 1,68±0,10* 1,09±0,43
rod-shaped 4,73±0,41 4,58±0,63 5,15±0,37
segmental 32,52±1,17 34,23±0,36 32,25±0,57
Total 38,48±1,46 40,48±0,49 38,49±1,01
L / N 1,22±0,08 1,2±0,02 1,26±0,05
Lymphocyte 46,78±1,12 48,42±0,68 48,63±0,05
Monocyte 4,13±0,43 4,03±0,31 3,7±0,35
Considering the quantitative indicators of neutrophils between the three groups, it should be noted that a probable difference is observed only in the second group for young forms of neutrophils (P <0.05), for other indicators the difference is improbable.
The number of lymphocytes in the experimental groups exceeds the same indicator in the control group by 3.51-4.7%, while between the experimental groups the number of lymphocytes is relatively constant.
Considering the content of monocytes, it should be noted that their number decreases with increasing daily dose of the drug. Thus, the second group contains 2.42% less than the control group, the third - 10.4%.
Due to the fact that the feed additive contains specially selected strains of bacteria that inhibit the growth
of pathogenic microorganisms, produce a number of essential amino acids and B vitamins, its effect on blood biochemical parameters has not yet been studied. The effect of the additive on the biochemical parameters of the blood can be seen from the data in table 5.
The calcium content in the second group was at the control level. In the second group its number decreased by 2.11%, while in the third group it increased by 0.84%. But in general its content remains within normal limits. This is very important, because calcium ions are necessary for normal blood circulation, normal heart function, reduced excitability of certain parts of the nervous system [15].
Table 5
Calcium, phosphorus and alkaline blood reserves. M ± m, n = 4
Indicator 1 group 2 group 3 group
Calcium content, mg% Phosphorus content, mg% Alkaline reserve, mg% 11,85±0,26 3,72±0,49 505±14,5 11,85±0,26 3,26±0,05 490±6,67 11,6±0,21 3,4±0,17 485±14,54
The presence of phosphorus in the control group exceeds this indicator in all experimental groups by 14.1 and 9.4%, respectively, but between the experimental groups its amount increases with increasing dose of the drug.
Alkaline reserve is of great importance in diagnosis, as this value is relatively easy to change, and its fall signals the impending danger to the general condition of the body. But animals have, when they eat acidic food, a decrease in alkaline reserve, and when alkaline food - an increase.
In this case, the alkaline reserve with increasing dose of the additive decreased. Thus, in the second group the alkaline reserve is 490 mg%, in the third -
480 mg%. Thus, with increasing additive, its value decreased by 2%, but even in the second group, the alkaline reserve was 2.97% lower compared to the control group.
Analysing the protein content in the blood, it should be noted that the total content in the experimental groups is lower compared to the control group, namely: in the second group - by 6.73% and the third -by 1.5% (Table 6).
In terms of albumin content, only the third group outperforms the control group by 3.57%, and the other two groups have a lower rate of 2.98% and 1.67% relative to the control group.
Table 6
The content of protein and its fractions in the blood. M ± m, n = 4
Indicator 1 group 2 group 3 group
The total protein content, g% 7,93±0,43 7,43±0,25 7,81±0,41
Albumins, % 42±1,06 0,75±0,55 43,5±1,11
Globulins, %
a- 16,5±1,45 19±0,67 18,75±0,55
P- 17,25±0,55 17,25±1,09 18,5±0,75
r - 24,25±0,55 23±1,49 19,25±0,55***
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Globulins a- and p- of the experimental groups exceed the control group, with the exception of only p-globulins of the third group, where their content was lower in relation to the control group by 1.45%. But y-globulins of the control group exceed the second group by 5.43%, the third - by 25.98% (P <0.001).
Conclusions. 1. The introduction of a new feed factor into the diet of young chinchillas did not significantly affect the quantitative composition of blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, but contributed to a probable increase in the second and third groups of color.
2. The leukocyte formula was not particularly affected by the drug, only caused an increase in the number of eosinophils and young forms of neutrophils in the second group.
3. The content of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline reserve remained unchanged. Similarly, the drug did not affect the protein content and the amount of albumin and globulins, with the exception of the third group, which recorded a decrease in the number of y-globulins.
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Паламарчук I.
Кандидат сшьськогосподарських наук, доцент Втницький нацюнальний аграрний утверситет, Вiнниця, Украша DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-17104-36-41 ФЕНОЛОГ1ЧН1 ФАЗИ РОЗВИТКУ БУРЯКУ СТОЛОВОГО ЗАЛЕЖНО В1Д СОРТУ ТА
ВОДОУТРИМУВАЛЬНИХ ГРАНУЛ
Palamarchuk I.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
PHENOLOGICAL PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TABLE BEETS DEPENDING ON THE VARIETY AND WATER-CONTAINING GRANULES
Анотацш.
Наведено результати до^джень урожайностi сортiв буряка столового залежно вiд внесення водо-утримувальних гранул. Спостереження за ростом i розвитком рослин буряку столового показали залеж-тсть настання фаз росту та розвитку в часi вiд сортових особливостей та застосування суперабсорбе-нтiв. Фазу линьки коренеплоду вiдмiчали на 1 добу ратше на варiанта i-з застосуванням водоутримуючих гранул. Тривалкть мiжфазних перiодiв буряку столового свiдчить проте, що на них впливали до^джу-ваш сорти та застосування водоутримуючих гранул. Перюд масовi сходи - початок ттенсивного фор-мування коренеплоду коротшим був на варiантах iз застосуванням водоутримуючих гранул: у сорту Бордо Харювський - 27 дiб, у сорту Опольський - 29 дiб, що на 4 та 3 доби вiдповiдно коротшi порiвняно з варiантами без гранул. Перюд вiд масових сходiв до зактчення вегетацп менш тривалим був на варiантах
