CC BY
22Russian Journal of Nematology, 2015, 23 (2), 137 - 144
Morphological and molecular characterisation of
Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Carnoyidae) from Mindanao Island, Philippines
12 1 Svetlana V. Malysheva , Alma B. Mohagan and Sergei E. Spiridonov
'Centre of Parasitology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect
33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
2Centre for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan,
8710, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines e-mail: malysheva24@gmail.com
Accepted for publication 13 October 2015
Summary. The nematode Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. is described from spirobolid millipedes (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Rhinocricidae) from Mindanao Island, Philippines. The presence of a broad cuticular annulation and a long subulate tail in both sexes make C. philippinensis sp. n. closest to Australasian and Pacific representatives of the genus. The new species is similar to Carnoya fimbriata Hunt & Sutherland, 1984 and Carnoya perbella Hunt & Sutherland, 1984 in body/tail length ratio in females and the structure of armature of the female anterior end, but can be distinguished by the shape of the posterior extremity of a lateral ala and the arrangement of the papillae in males. Molecular data (partial LSU and SSU rDNA sequences) were obtained for the representatives of the described species collected from two different collection sites on the Mindanao Island.
Key words: description, LSU rDNA, morphology, nematode, SEM, Spirobolida, SSU rDNA, taxonomy.
The type genus of the Carnoyidae family, Carnoya Gilson, 1898 (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea) was first discovered in the intestine of the millipede identified by the author as 'Julus solomonensis' collected in Viti Levu Island, Fiji (Gilson, 1898). Unfortunately, the authority of the host species was not given and by the date, no species can be found with the specific epithet 'solomonensis' neither in Julus Linnaeus, 1758 nor in Iulus Linnaeus, 1758 genera (http:// www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/). Moreover, both generic names were used in the body of the manuscript. Currently, Carnoya includes about 23 species mostly reported from diplopods of the family Rhinocricidae Brolemann, 1913 (Diplopoda: Spirobolida) from South America (Brazil, Paraguay and Venezuela), Antilles (Martinique, Guadeloupe and Cuba), Australasia and Pacific regions (Fiji, Papua New Guinea, New Britain, Sulawesi and Indonesia) (Artigas, 1926; Dollfus, 1952; Adamson, 1984, 1985; Hunt & Sutherland, 1984; Adamson & Van Waerebeke, 1985; Spiridonov, 1989; Hunt, 1997; Hunt & Moore, 1998; Malysheva, 2014 etc.). The new species Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. from Mindanao Island is described herein with the molecular data provided.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Isolation and examination of nematodes.
Nematodes were recovered from the hind gut of two millipedes collected by S.E. Spiridonov and A.B. Mohagan in woodland near Tinago Falls, Lanao del Norte Province (Northern Mindanao) and Musuan Peak near Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon Province (Central Mindanao), Philippines. Millipedes were identified by Dr S.I. Golovatch as representatives of Rhinocricidae Brolemann, 1913 (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Spirobolida), a more precise definition being hampered by the fact that only the female sex was recovered. Nematodes were fixed in hot (60-70°C) 4% formaldehyde and processed to glycerol according to Seinhorst (1959). Some specimens were frozen for further molecular analysis. Measurements and drawings were made with the aid of microscope drawing attachment for Eclipse E200 (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). For scanning electron microscopy studies, several nematodes were dehydrated through a graded ethanol series and acetone and then dried to a critical point. Specimens were coated with gold/palladium and examined with a JSM-6380LA (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and TM3000 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) electron microscopes.
DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing.
Nematode specimens were kept at -18°C prior to DNA extraction. The DNA was extracted according to Holterman et al. (2006). The worm-lysis solution was prepared immediately before DNA extraction containing 950 ^l of mixture of 2 ml of 1M NaCl, 2 ml of 1M Tris-HCl (pH 8) plus 5.5 ml of deionized water plus 10 ^l of mercaptoethanol and 40 ^l of proteinase K (20 mg ml1). Single nematodes were transferred to 25 ^l of sterile water and after addition of 25 ^l of worm-lysis solution the tube was incubated at 65°C for 90 min. The tubes with homogenate were then incubated at 99°C for 5 min to deactivate proteinase K and 0.8-1.2 ^l of homogenate was used as PCR template.
PCR reactions were performed using Encyclo Plus PCR kit (Evrogen®, Moscow, Russia) according to the manufacturer's manual. Primer pairs LSU391 (5'-AGCGGAGGAAAAGAAACT AA-3') and LSU501 (5'-TCGGAAGGAACCAGC TACTA-3') were used to amplify D2-D3 expansion segment of LSU rDNA fragment (Nadler et al., 2006). PCR cycling parameters included primary denaturation at 94°C for 3 min followed by 34 cycles 94°C for 30 s, 52°C for 30 s and 72°C for 1 min, followed by post-amplification extension at 72°C for 7 min.
Two pairs of primers were used to amplify SSU rDNA. A pair of nematode-specific primers nem 18 SF (5' -CGCGAATRGCTCATTACAACA GC-3') and nem18SR (5'-GGGCGGTATCTGATC GCC-3') was used to amplify 5' portion of SSU rDNA (Floyd et al., 2005). PCR cycling parameters included primary denaturation at 95°C for 5 min followed by 5 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 47°C for 30 s and 72°C for 40 s and 35 cycles of 94°C for 25 s, 54°C for 30 s and 72°C for 40 s, followed by postamplification extension at 72°C for 5 min. Another pair 24F (5'-AGRGGTGAAA TYCGTGGACC-3') and Q39 (5'-TAATGATCCWTCYGCAGGTTCAC CTAC-3') was used to obtain the remaining 3' end of SSU rDNA (Blaxter et al., 1998). PCR cycling parameters included primary denaturation at 95°C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 60 s, 53°C for 90 s and 72°C for 90 s, followed by postamplification extension at 72°C for 6 min.
PCR reaction products were visualised in agarose gel and bands were excised for DNA extraction with Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega, Madison, USA). Samples were directly sequenced using the same primers as used for primary PCR reactions.
Sequence alignment comparison. Nematode sequences for Tinago Falls (type) population and Musuan population specimens were deposited in
GenBank NCBI as KT957945 and KT957944 for D2-D3 LSU rDNA and as KT957946 and KT957947 for SSU rDNA, respectively. Sequence alignments were generated using Clustal X (Thompson et al., 1997) under default values for gap opening and gap extension penalties. PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford, 1998) was used to calculate the level of nucleotide differences.
DESCRIPTION
Carnoya philippinensis sp. n.
(Figs 1 & 2)
Measurements. See Table 1.
Marked sexual dimorphism in the organisation of the anterior end present.
Female. Cephalic end blunt, not swollen, comprising wide cuticular ring followed by three narrower ones. Four cephalic papillae and two rounded amphids present. Oral opening hexagonal in shape with three rounded cuticular plates protruding into its lumen: one dorsal and two subventral. Each plate with smooth upper surface, while lower surface covered with minute spines. Inner edges of plates slightly curved outwards. In cephalic region, 19 transverse rows of flattened cuticular spines present, of which posteriormost interrupted by lateral alae. Spines 25-35 ^m in length, with pointed distal tip. Lateral alae 35 ^m high appearing immediately behind the 18th row of spines and extending just posterior to anal level. Posterior extremities of alae semi-circular. Cuticle annulation broad, extending onto lateral alae surface. Buccal cavity thick walled, 20-22 ^m in length with three small cuticular teeth at base. Pharynx initially long, thin-walled with finely striated cuticle, then widens posteriorly forming well defined cylindrical corpus. Pharyngeal corpus 124 ± 8.8 (110-140) ^m in length clearly demarcated from long, flexible isthmus. Basal bulb rounded, 80-90 ^m in diameter with cardial lobes protruding into gut lumen. Nerve ring and excretory pore situated 72 ± 10 (55-85) ^m and 153 ± 6.5 (145-161) ^m from anterior extremity, respectively. Vulva transversal, located 737 ± 128 (630-900) ^m from anterior and lined with very thick cuticle forming undulate ridges around its opening. Vagina posteriorly directed, thick-walled, leading into common uterus. Two ovaries anteriorly directed, reaching basal bulb level and entwining isthmus. Eggs 158 ± 5.3 (152-162) x 74 ± 1.2 (73-75) ^m in size, with thin and smooth shell. Tail very long, subulate.
Fig. 1. Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. Female (A-E): A: total view; B: optical section through anterior end, ventral view; C, D: vulva and anterior end of genital tract, ventral and lateral view, respectively; E: anal region, ventral view. Male (F-J): F: total view; G: optical section through anterior end, ventral view; H, I: cloacal region, ventral and lateral view, respectively; J: spicule and gubernaculum. (Scale bar for A = 360 ^m, B = 75 ^m, C, D = 50 ^m, E, H, I = 160 ^m, F = 150 ^m, G = 40 ^m, J = 60 ^m).
Male. Cephalic end narrow, comprising three narrow and four wide cuticular rings followed by cervical collar. Cervical collar bearing 22-24 cuticular spines protruding from common base as wide as spine length. Oral opening triangular with one dorsal and two subventral lips. Amphidial openings rounded, four cephalic papillae present. Lateral alae 25-30 ^m high, appearing in 6th cuticular ring behind the cervical collar and extending posterior to cloacal level similarly to female. Cuticle annulation broad, extending onto lateral alae surface. Buccal cavity 57-62 ^m long, divided into three parts: very short anterior part delimited by small cuticular ridges, long medium part with finely striated cuticle and expanded posterior one, embedded in pharyngeal tissues with one dorsal and two subventral cuticular teeth. Pharyngeal corpus fusiform, gradually narrowing before junction with flexible isthmus. Basal bulb pear-like, 65-75 ^m in diameter. Nerve ring and excretory pore situated 115 ± 12.5 (105-145) ^m and 239 ± 9.1 (228-250) ^m from anterior extremity, respectively. Spicules paired, equal in size and morphology. Spicule distal tips bearing four shallow creases. Gubernaculum long, shovellike, with ventrally curved distal tip. Twelve genital papillae present: anteriormost pair in ventro-sublateral position, two precloacal pairs situated ventrally in tandem just anterior to cloacal aperture, two subventral pairs posterior to cloaca and one small pair on subulate tail appendage. Tail long, subulate, slowly attenuating into a final point.
Type host and locality. Female of spirobolid millipede (Spirobolida: Rhinocricidae) collected in November 2013 by S.E. Spiridonov near Tinago Falls, Lanao del Norte Province, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Coordinates: 8° 14' N and 125°02' E, about 200 m above sea level (a.s.l.). Also, representatives of the described species were found in the same millipede host collected by A.B. Mohagan in the woodland near Musuan Peak of Bukidnon Province, Central Mindanao. Coordinates: 7°53' N and 125°04' E, about 400 m a.s.l.
Type specimens. Holotype female № 84YT1 and paratype male № 84YT2 of C. philippinensis sp. n. from the type locality and two voucher specimens from Musuan population № 85YT1 and № 85YT2 are deposited in the collection of the Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
Etymology. The species name is proposed to designate this species as the first representative of the genus described from the Philippines.
Differential diagnosis. Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. is characterised by the cuticular armament of the male and female anterior end; by the
arrangement of copulatory papilla in males; by the presence of broad lateral alae and a long subulate tail in both sexes.
The presence of such morphological features as a broad cuticular annulation and a long tail in both sexes immediately distinguishes the described species from all South American and Caribbean species. The absence of a knob-like expansion of the female head makes C. philippinensis sp. n. close to the representatives of the genus from Australasia and Pacific: C. fimbriata Hunt & Sutherland, 1984, C. perbella Hunt & Sutherland, 1984, C. wallacei Hunt, 1997, C. janiceae Hunt & Moore, 1998 and C. filipjevi Malysheva, 2014.
Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. can be differentiated from C. filipjevi by almost twice longer female tail (1392 (1220-1630) ^m vs 805 (760-870) ^m) and a longer spicule and gubernaculum in males (153 (145-158) ^m and 108 (102-113) ^m vs 82 (80-87) ^m and 47 (45-50) ^m, respectively). Females of C. philippinensis sp. n. also differ from females of C. filipjevi in the presence of 19 vs 17 rows of cuticular spines of an anterior end. Additionally, the last row of spines in C. philippinensis sp. n. is interrupted laterally by the lateral alae, which was not observed for C. _ filipjevi. Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. can be distinguished from C. wallacei and C. janiceae by the greater number of spine rows in females (19 vs 13 and 1213, respectively) and the presence vs absence of a spine collar in males. By the female body/tail length ratio C. philippinensis sp. n. is closest to C. fimbriata and C. perbella, but can be distinguished by the shape of the posterior extremity of a lateral ala in males (more rounded in C. philippinensis sp. n.). Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. also differs from C. fimbriata by significantly longer spicules and a gubernaculum (153 (145-158) ^m and 108 (102113) ^m vs 95, 100 ^m and 58, 64 ^m, respectively).
Molecular characterisation. Partial sequences for LSU and SSU rDNA were obtained for two specimens of C. philippinensis sp. n. collected in two different collection sites at Mindanao Island. By the date of submission, the only available sequences for Carnoya genus deposited in the GenBank NCBI belong to C. filipjevi described from Indonesia, which was used herein for comparative purposes to determine the level of nucleotide differences within the genus. The analysis of the alignment for LSU sequences revealed the difference in single nucleotide between two studied representatives of C. philippinensis sp. n. and 10 bp difference with C. filipjevi (for the 1007 bp long alignment). Nucleotide differences for SSU rDNA between these
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. A, B, C: female anterior end, ventral, sublateral and apical view, respectively; D: female head end, apical view; E, F: male anterior end, ventral and lateral view, respectively; G: male cloaca region with spicules protruding, lateral view; H: male posterior end, ventral view. (Scale bars for A-C = 40 ^m, D = 5 ^m, E, F = 20 ^m, G = 30 ^m, H = 50 ^m).
Table 1. Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. Morphometrics for adults from two collection sites. All measurements are
in ^m and in form: mean ± s.d. (range)
Carnoya philippinensis sp. n.
Character Tinago Falls population Musuan Peak population
Female Male Female Male
Holotype Paratypes Paratypes - -
n - 10 9 6 5
L 2873 2763 ± 191 (2500-3079) 1750±285 (1380-2330) 2653 ± 245 (2420-2960) 2011±66 (1935-2090)
L' 1323 1371±128 (1250-1619) 732 ± 162 (518-952) 1252±163 (1100-1460) 1132± 79 (1010-1200)
a 14.4 13.2 ± 1.5 (12.5-16.4) 10.7 ± 1.6 (8.6-13.3) 8.9 ± 0.6 (8-9.6) 14 ± 0.4 (13.6-14.4)
b 7.7 7.4 ± 1.1 (6.5-10.2) 3.0 ± 0.5 (2.5-4.0) 6.8 ± 0.9 (6-7.8) 3.5 ± 0.2 (3.3-3.8)
c 1.8 1.9 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.2
(1.8-2.1) (1.6-2.2) (1.8-2) (2.0-2.5)
c' 10.2 11 ± 0.7 (9.2-14.7) 9 ± 1.1 (7.3-10.5) 11 ± 1.7 (9-13.2) 6.8 ± 0.8 (6.1-8.3)
V 19.6 18.1 ± 1.6 (16.6-20.3) - 19.4 ± 0.8 (18.5-20.3) -
V' 42.7 36.4 ± 4.0 (29.2-40.4) - 41.5 ± 2.6 (38.4-44) -
Pharynx length 370 374.5 ± 46.2 (290-430) 587 ± 27 (535-620) 392 ± 14.6 (375-412) 561 ± 18.4 (537-575)
Head to vulva 565 495.5 ± 41.3 (450-570) - 516 ± 42.3 (450-560) -
Max. body diam. 200 211 ± 25 (180-240) 162 ± 18.4 (120-180) 296 ± 27 (250-320) 143 ± 6.7 (135-150)
Anal/cloacal body 152 123 ± 20 109 ± 16.8 125 ± 17 128 ± 9.1
diam. (90-160) (88-140) (100-150) (120-140)
Spicule length (arc) - - 153 ± 4.6 (145-158) - 149 ± 2.6 (145-152)
Gubernaculum length - - 108.7 ± 4.4 (102-113) - 93 ± 10 (80-107)
Tail 1550 1392±114 (1220-1630) 928 ± 56 (815-1020) 1400 ± 80 (1320-1500) 879 ± 77 (800-990)
Table legends: n: number of specimens examined; L: total body length; L': body length from head to anal/cloacal aperture; a: body length/greatest body diameter; b: body length/distance from anterior to esophago-intestinal valve; c: body length/tail length; c': tail length/tail diameter at anus or cloaca; V: % distance of vulva from anterior; V': position of vulva from anterior end expressed as percentage of distance from head to anal aperture.
species of Carnoya are found in five positions, while sequences of C. philippinensis sp. n. from different localities are identical (for 1627 bp long alignment).
DISCUSSION
Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. is the first species of Carnoya described from Philippines, which demonstrates a clear morphological similarity with other representatives of the genus from Australasian
region, especially with two Papua New Guinean species. Unfortunately, the absence of molecular data for the aforementioned species does not enable comparison of nucleotide sequences, and only the comparison with the Indonesian species provides some data on the intrageneric variability of sequences in Carnoya. Similar level of nucleotide differences in LSU rDNA was reported earlier for the closely related species of Heth Cobb, 1898 (8-16 bp or 1.7-3.4% of compared sequences), while for two representatives of Cattiena Hunt & Spiridonov,
2001, the level of nucleotide differences for the same segment was reported as a significantly higher (39 bp = 5.5%) (Malysheva et al., 2015). The pronounced gap between intraspecific and intrageneric (1 bp vs 10 bp) nucleotide differences between two Carnoya indicates the taxonomic independence of these species.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was supported by grants from President of Russian Federation MK-3636.2015.4 and 14-04-31561 mol_a from the Russian Foundation of Basic Researches to S.V. Malysheva. Authors are grateful to Dr V.B. Amoroso, the head of the Center for Research and Extension on Biodiversity in Mindanao (CEBREM) and Dr M.L.R. Soliven for their support and hospitality and to the Laboratory of the Electron Microscopy of Moscow State University for technical assistance.
REFERENCES
Adamson, M.L. 1984. A revision of Carnoya Gilson, 1898 (Nematoda; Rhigonematidae) with descriptions of four new species. Systematic Parasitology 6: 113-129. Adamson, M.L. 1985. Rhigonematida (Nematoda) of Rhinocricus bernardinensis (Rhinocricidae; Spirobolida; Diplopoda) with comments on r- and K-selection in nematode parasites of diplopods. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 92: 871-896. Adamson, M.L. & Van Waerebeke, D. 1985. Carnoya kermarreci n. sp. (Rhigonematidae: Nematoda) from Anadenobolus poli tus (Porat) (Rhinocricidae: Diplopoda) from Guadeloupe. Systematic Parasitology 7: 27-32. Artigas, P. 1926. Nematoides de invertebrados (III).
Boletim Biológico 21: 59-71. Blaxter, M.L., De Ley, P., Garey, J.R., Liu, L.X., SCHELDEMANN, P., VlERSTRAETE, A., VANFLETEREN, J.R., Mackey, L.Y., Dorris, M., Frisse, L.M., Vida, J.T. & Thomas, W.K. 1998. A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature 392: 71-75.
Dollfus, R.Ph. 1952. Quelques Oxyuroidea de Myriapodes. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 27: 143-236. Floyd, R.M., Rogers, A.D., Lambshead, P.J.D & Smith, C.R. 2005. Nematode-specific PCR primers for the 18S small subunit rRNA gene. Molecular Ecology Notes 5: 611-612. Gilson, G. 1898. Note sur un nématode nouveau des Iles Fiji: Carnoya vitiensis, nov. gen. La Cellule 14: 335-367. HOLTERMAN, M., VAN DER WURFF, A., VAN DEN ELSEN, S., VAN MEGEN, H., Bongers, T., Holovachov, O.,
Bakker, J. & Helder, J. 2006. Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution towards crown clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 1792-1800.
HUNT, D.J. 1997. Comments on the genus Raonema Kloss, 1965 with descriptions of two new parasites from Sulawesi diplopods: Pygecantha serispina gen. n., sp. n. and Carnoya wallacei sp. n. (Rhigonematida: Carnoyidae). International Journal of Nematology 7: 41-50.
Hunt, D.J. & Moore, D. 1998. Rhigonematida from New Britain diplopods. 1. The genus Carnoya Gilson, 1898 (Ransomnematoidea: Caroyidae) with descriptions of three new species. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21: 281-297.
Hunt, D.J. & Sutherland, J. 1984. Three new species of Carnoya Gilson, 1898 (Nematoda: Rhigonematidae) from Papua New Guinea. Systematic Parasitology 6: 229-236.
Malysheva, S.V. 2014. A new species of Carnoya Gilson, 1898 (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Carnoyidae) from Sumba Island, Indonesia. Russian Journal of Nematology 22: 157-164.
Malysheva, S.V., Mohagan, A.B. & Spiridonov, S.E. 2015. Heth impalutiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae) a millipede parasite from Central Mindanao, Philippines. Zootaxa 3926: 100-110.
Nadler, S.A., Bolotin, E. & Stock, S.P. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Nematoda: Cephalobina: Steinernematidae) based on nuclear, mitochondrial and morphological data. Systematic Parasitology 63: 161-181.
Seinhorst, J.W. 1959. A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica 4: 67-69.
Spiridonov, S.E. 1989. New species of Rhigonematida (Nematoda) from the Cuban spirobolid Rhinocricus sp. (Diplopoda). Folia Parasitologica 36: 71-82.
SWOFFORD, D.L. 1998. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods). Version 4. USA, Sinauer Associates, Inc. 128 pp.
Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. 1997. The Clustal_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research 24: 4876-4882.
URL: http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/ (accessed: October 27, 2015).
S.V. Malysheva, A.B. Mohagan and S.E. Spiridonov. Морфологическая и молекулярная характеристика Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Carnoyidae) с острова Минданао, Филиппины.
Резюме. Дано морфологическое описание нового вида Carnoya philippinensis sp. n. из тропических многоножек семейства Rhinocricidae Brölemann, 1913 (Diplopoda: Spirobolida). Новый вид характеризуется кутикулярным вооружением переднего конца тела самцов и самок, а также расположением копулятивных папилл у самцов. Наличие широкого латерального крыла и длинного хвостового отростка у взрослых особей обоих полов морфологически сближает данный вид с другими представителями рода из Тихоокеанского региона.
