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21Модернизация зеленых работ и профессионализация в секторе гидроэнергетики в России
Ермолаева Юлия Вячеславовна,
научный сотрудник, Федеральный научно-исследовательский социологический центр российской академии наук, сектор исследования профессий и профессиональных групп E-mail: [email protected]
Статья посвящена обзору тенденции развития зеленых рабочих мест и траекториям профессионализации на рынке гидроэнергетики в России. Являясь одним из мировых лидеров в производстве гидроэлектроэнергии, Россия обладает огромным экономическим и техническим потенциалом по возможностям реализации уже установленных мощностей гидроэнергетики ВИЭ и потенциал развития МГЭС в будущем на ближайшие 15-30 лет. На основе правительственных отчетов проанализирован кейс создания и поддержки зеленых рабочих мест на примере компании «Рус Гидро» как главного монополиста по созданию, эксплуатации ГЭС в России. Анализ включает оценку количества рабочих мест, описание политики устойчивого развития компании, социальной политики, организацию профсоюзов, принципы охраны труда, требуемую профессиональную сертификацию и навыки, поддерживающие компанию проекты устойчивого развития. Вклад развития ГЭС России в мировую копилку опыта развития гидроэнергетики ценен ввиду применения особых мер поддержки в уникальной централизованной энергетической системе, позволяющей на протяжении десятилетий создавать стабильные фонды занятости, зеленые энергетические активы, развиваемые не только в секторе ГЭС, но и других ВИЭ, создавая новые трудовые рынки внутри основного.
Ключевые слова: возобновляемые источники энергии, ВИЭ, зеленые рабочие места, зеленые профессии, декарбонизация, зеленая экономика, экосоциология, экологическая модернизация, гидроэнергетика, энергоэффективность.
The absolute leader in hydropower generation per capita are Norway, Iceland Sweden, Canada (the share of hydropower in the total output is up to 98%). The largest hydropower producers, including pumped storage stations in absolute terms are China, Canada, Brazil and the United States, closes the top five leaders is Russia. Most of the economically feasible hydro potential has already been mastered, in particular in Europe for 75%, in North America for 70%, and in developing countries the hydro potential has not yet been revealed. Africa has developed 21% of the world's hydropower in Asia, 39%, while they contribute only 5 and 18% to the world's hydropower generation respectively[1]. South America and Australia have 15% of the hydro resources, provide only 11% of the world's hydroelectricity. According to the estimates of the International Energy Agency, in the next one and a half to two decades, up to 80% of the increase in hydroelectric capacity will be accounted for by developing countries, where there the untapped hydro potential is large, and environmental considerations play a lesser role (both due to less stringent environmental standards and due to the low politicization of environmental issues).[2] (fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Hydropower plants in% in the World by IRENA
IRENA estimates jobs in in the main segments of the value chain in life cycle of HPS: manufacturing, construction and installation, operations and maintenance, its about approximately 1.93 million people worldwide worked in the hydro sector in 2019. Mostly of them in China, India and Brazil are the largest employers, and the next line represented by Pakistan, Viet Nam, Russian Federation[3].
Hydropower energy in Russia is a branch of the Russian electric power industry. As of 2018, there are 102 hydroelectric power plants and pumped storage power plants (with a capacity of more than 10 MW) with a total capacity of 51.7 GW were operated in Russia (including hydroelectric power plants with a total
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capacity of 48,506.3 MW were operated as part of the Unified Energy System of Russia). Hydropower accounts has for about 20% of the installed capacity of the Russian electric power industry and 17-18% of electricity generation in Russia. As of 2019, most of the capacities of Russian HPPs are operated by RusHydro (30.2 GW HPP and PSPP)[4]. Other large operators of hydroelectric power plants in Russia are EuroSibEnergo - 15.1 GW, PJSC TGK-1-2.9 GW, Tatenergo - 1 GW, JSC Norilsk-Taimyr Energy Company - 1 GW. Hydroelectric power plants generate about 17-18% of electricity in Russia, which is more than 99% of electricity generation based on renewable sources in the country (by the end of 2018, hydroelectric power plants generated 197.3 billion kWh/h, all other power plants based on renewable energy sources - about 1 billion kWh/h). In some regions (Magadan Oblast, most of the republics of the North Caucasus), hydropower accounts for more than 90% of the generated electricity[5].
The bulk of Russia's hydropower resources are concentrated in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The technical hydropower potential of Eastern Siberia and
the Far East is 1347.7 TWh (81% of the total Russian), the economic potential is 644 TWh (76% of the total Russian). About 9% of the world's hydropower reserves are concentrated on its territory. The Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030 and the draft Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035 envisage an increase in electricity consumption, including through the development of available hydropower resources in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The development of hydropower resources in Russia is 21.5%. In the zone of influence of the IES of the European part of Russia, more than 41% of the economic potential is developed, in the zone of influence of the IES of the Asian part - less than 16%. The unused balance of the economic hydropower potential of Siberia is 277 TW. h, including: Eastern Siberia - 233 TW. h, the Far East - 270 TW. h. The construction of hydroelectric power plants in most cases, especially in remote underdeveloped and difficult for the population of areas, gives an initial impetus to economic development and improvement of the territory, and the social aspect of hydroelectric projects increases employment of the population[6] (tabl. 1).
Table 1. Assessment of jobs in the RES sector in the Russian Federation (according to NP "Market Council")[7]
Indicator 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Summary
Wind jobs 725 725 1450 2175 2175 2900 10150
Solar jobs 1274 1820 2275 2457 2457 2457 12740
Micro Hhp 104 496 496 564 636 636 2932
Interdisciplinary secor 8412 12164 16884 20784 21072 23972 103288
It is assumed that the WPP is estimated at 2.9 people per 1 MW of energy produced, SPP - 9, 1 person per 1 MW, and SHPP 1.6 people per 1 MW. Related industries - 4 jobs per place in the field of renewable energy sources. In Russia, small hydropower includes HPPs with a capacity not exceeding 30 MW The number of employees of the RusHydro Group as of December 31, 2018 amounted to 69,665 people (including the RAO ES East Subgroup, facilities in the Russian Federation and abroad), which is less than the previous period by 816 employees, or 1.2%. Most of RusHydro's employees are employed on a full-time basis (98.6% for the RusHydro Subgroup and 99.6% for the RAO ES East Subgroup) and on the terms of an open-ended employment contract (87.5% for the RusHydro Subgroup and 97.2% for the Subgroup of R RusHydro is a Russian energy company, owner of most of the country's hydroelectric power plants, one of the largest Russian generating companies in terms of installed capacity of plants and the third largest hydroelectric company in the world. Full name - Public Joint Stock Company Federal Hydro-Generating Company - RusHydro. Registered in Krasnoyarsk, headquartered in Moscow. ¡jo The controlling shareholder of RusHydro (over 60% q of shares) is the Russian Federation as monopolized ^ sector (tabl. 2).
In terms of gender composition, the staff is heterogeneous: there are three times more men than women
among managers; among specialists and employees there are 1.7 times more women than men, and among workers there are more than four times more men, given the specifics of heavy physical work. A third of all staff have reached the age of 35.
Table 2. Staff of Rushydro group in regions
Russia
Central Federal District 3 858
Southern Federal District 621
Northwestern Federal District 919
Ural federal district 311
Far Eastern Federal District 52 801
Siberian Federal District 3 439
Volga Federal District 3 557
North Caucasian Federal District 3 727
Foreign countries
Armenia 401
Tajikistan 31
RusHydro Group recruits additional workforce as part of seasonal employment. The selection of personnel in the RusHydro Group, including managerial positions is carried out on a competitive basis. This approach allows hiring motivated specialists who meet
qualification requirements and are potentially capable for professional development. Candidates are admitted to competitions for vacancies without restrictions on gender, age and nationality, the main selection criterion is the candidate's qualifications. In 2018, due to the increase in the volume of work and the commissioning of energy facilities, 1,253 new jobs were created in the RusHydro Group. The salary of entry-level employees is equal to the minimum wage or exceeds it by up to 9.4 times, depending on the region of presence of the companies of the RusHydro Group, which speaks of the competitiveness and reliability of PJSC RusHydro as an employer. The assessment of the potential of employees in order to form a talent pool for managerial positions is carried out by the branch of PJSC RusHydro - KorUng using various methods for assessing professional and managerial competencies, including using an assessment center[8].
Professional certification
The personnel undergo certification are assessed for the suitability of their positions in the process of which the professional, business and personal qualities of employees and their achievements. The certification is passed by managers, specialists and employees of the company, regardless of gender, once every three years. To achieve strategic goals, RusHydro Group participates in the development and implementation of professional standards, develops professional and managerial competencies of employees, implements professional orientation programs for talented schoolchildren and students. To this end, RusHydro Group implements programs of advanced development of human resources, forms a personnel reserve, and provides training for employees. The system of continuous training of personnel allows to develop the competence of employees in accordance with the requirements for the positions held, as well as in order to move them within the framework of training the personnel reserve. The company has the opportunity to undergo professional retraining, including in accordance with professional standards. The cost of personnel training and development in the RusHydro Group increased to RUB339 million according to professional standards. 153 people were trained under five professional retraining programs, 190 people under 14 professional development programs. In addition, the Corporate University in 2018 implemented 51 corporate programs for other personnel of the RusHydro Group, in which 3,244 people took part. 12 356 courses were implemented in the distance format. The training was attended by employees of PJSC RusHydro and controlled companies.
In 2018, within the framework of the approved programs for training the personnel reserve, the following modules were organized and carried out:
"Professional training";
"Development of personal effectiveness";
"Project management";
"Management of production assets";
"Digital transformation"
In 2018, within the perimeter of the RusHydro Group, was created a specialized legal entity, RusHydro Qualifications Assessment Center, which will assess the compliance of employees with the qualification requirements of industry professional standards. In September 2018, the Electricity Professional Qualifications Council (ESPK) empowered the Qualifications Assessment Center to conduct an independent assessment of professional qualifications in accordance with previously developed professional standards for electricity and heat. The assessment of qualifications will be carried out from 2019, in accordance with the requirements of the legislation, in the format of a professional exam, which includes a mandatory theoretical part to test knowledge and a practical part to test the professional skills of applicants.
Examination sites in addition to Moscow will be the Volzhsky training center of the branch of PJSC RusHydro - KorUng and training centers of the controlled organizations of PJSC RusHydro in the Far East, namely the private educational institution DPO Uchebniy Kombinat (Artem) and the Personnel Training Center named after IN Dolzhenko of the Khabarovsk Generation branch of DGK JSC (Khabarovsk). The professional examinations will be attended by the Company's production experts, who have already been involved in the development of professional standards and materials for the assessment[9].
Goals and objectives of social policy implementation
- implementation of the socially responsible position of the RusHydro Group;
- development of the practice of mutual social responsibility and social partnership;
- increasing the attractiveness of the RusHydro Group as an employer to attract and retain young and highly qualified specialists.
- creation of an institutional environment for attracting and retaining young professionals;
- formation of a high degree of employee commitment to the goals and principles of PJSC RusHy-dro;
- improvement of the system of labor relations, taking into account the interests of the employer, employees, shareholders and the state.
In social policy, RusHydro Group follows international standards and best practices in the field of human rights, labor relations, environmental protection, anti-corruption and stakeholder engagement (International standard ISO 26000) and the general principles of the UN Global Compact (UNGC Corporate Sustain-ability) in the field of human rights, labor relations, environmental protection and anti-corruption, the Social Charter of Russian Business, as well as the Industry Tariff Agreement in the electric power industry of the Russian Federation.
RusHydro also participates in solving the problems of employment of the local population, budgetary provision, construction and financing of social infrastructure facilities, urban improvement, support for education and health care, development of culture and sports, caring for veterans and disabled people, carrying out
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technical measures to reduce environmental impact, and also provide assistance to victims of natural disasters or other disasters. Also, non-state pension provision (hereinafter referred to as NPO) for employees of RusHydro branches in 2018 included several pension plans designed to finance pension savings of various target groups of employees. The company continues to implement a program to improve housing conditions for employees. The priority right to participate in the program is given to young specialists under the age of 30 who do not have separate housing in their property, specialists invited to work in a branch and who have moved from another area in this regard, key and highly qualified specialists, as well as employees who are large and single parents[10].
Sustainable development
RusHydro implements projects in the field of wind energy in the Far Eastern Federal District developes in 2013-2018, two wind farms were commissioned in the Kamchatka Territory, two in Yakutia and one in the Sakhalin Region, the total installed capacity of the wind farm was 2.175 MW. Also in 2013, a wind power plant was commissioned in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District.
The development of wind power in remote settlements isolated from the unified energy system allows for the payback of projects due to partial replacement of the generation of diesel power plants and the corresponding significant savings in expensive diesel fuel. The greatest effect is achieved when creating integrated wind-diesel complexes, including wind turbines, highly efficient diesel power plants and energy storage systems. The first such complex was built by RusHydro together with Japanese partners in 2018-2020 in the Arctic village of Tiksi.
RusHydro develops various areas of renewable energy - small hydropower, wind, solar and geothermal energy.
Small hydropower
RusHydro operates 35 small hydropower plants (less than 50 MW), most of them are located in the North Caucasus and four in Kamchatka. In 2016 was mastered the Zaragizhskaya HPP with a capacity of 30.6 MW was put into operation, in 2017 - the small HPP "Bolshoi Zelenchuk" (1.26 MW), in 2020 - Verkhnebalkarskaya SHPP (10 MW), Ust-Dzhegutinskaya SHPP (5, 6 MW) and Barsuchkovskaya SHPP (5.25 MW). The design and construction of four more small hydroelectric power plants is underway, these projects are being implemented within the framework of the state program for supporting the electric power industry based on renewable energy sources with the conclusion of agreements on the provision of capacity, which guarantees their payback.
E Wind power
e RusHydro implements projects in the field of wind energy
£ in the Far Eastern Federal District. In 2013-2018 two wind
S farms were commissioned in the Kamchatka Territory,
Ц two in Yakutia and one in the Sakhalin Region, the total
installed capacity of the wind farm was 2.175 MW. Also in 2013, a wind power plant was commissioned in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District.
The development of wind power in remote settlements isolated from the unified energy system allows for the payback of projects due to partial replacement of the generation of diesel power plants and the corresponding significant savings in expensive diesel fuel. The greatest effect is achieved when creating integrated wind-diesel complexes, including wind turbines, highly efficient diesel power plants and energy storage systems. The first such complex was built by RusHydro together with Japanese partners in 2018-2020 in the Arctic village of Tiksi.
Solar energy
Projects in the field of solar energy are also being implemented by RusHydro in the Far East in order to provide power supply to remote settlements isolated from the unified energy system. Sakhaenergo JSC (part of the RusHydro group) successfully operates 21 SPPs with a total capacity of 1.606 MW. In 2015, within the framework of an agreement with the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the largest polar solar power plant with a capacity of 1 MW was built in the Batagai settlement of the Verkhoyansk region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). SPP in Batagay is also included in the Guinness Book of Records as the northernmost solar station in the world. The annual savings in diesel fuel of all commissioned solar power plants is more than 460 tons.
In 2019, solar panels with a capacity of 1275 kW were put into operation in the Amur Region on the territory of the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP. This is the first project in Russia to create a combined hydro-solar generation. The production of solar panels is used to meet the own needs of the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP, which increases the efficient supply of electricity by the station. Also, in 2020, the first floating solar power plant in Russia was commissioned at the Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP.
Geothermal energy within the Company is represented by operating stations in Kamchatka (Pauzhet-skaya GeoPP, Verkhne-Mutnovskaya GeoPP, Mut-novskaya GeoPP are part of a subsidiary of PJSC Kamchatskenergo) with a total capacity of 74 MW[11].
The specific of Occupational safety policy of RusHydro
The specifics of the RusHydro Group (production electrical and thermal energy; transmission, distribution and marketing electrical and thermal energy; repair and service) associated with exposure to personnel of the following dangerous and harmful production factors:
- electric current - injury by dangerous voltage levels when touching or approaching an unacceptable distance to live parts of the equipment are fatal, renders, electrochemical, biological, thermal effects electric arc;
- high temperature, including in case of fire - burns, due to the impact on the body of the worker of the
working environment (water, steam, gas) and contact with the uninsulated surface of the equipment temperature more than 420C;
- differences in height - when performing work, falling an employee from a height or falling objects onto an employee due to the location of the workplace at a height from the ground, floor or other surfaces more than 1.8 m;
- production equipment, structural elements of buildings and structures - the defeat of an employee by moving, unprotected parts of equipment, impacts on fixed elements five constructions. As a result of equipment destruction or collapse the employee is damaged: by a shock wave, including as a result detonation of explosive gas mixtures, when emitted (breakthrough) under pressure of liquid, vapor or gas, fragments of equipment and tools; flooding of premises in which work is carried out;
- water area (water depth, waves of the water surface) - drowning or injury to an employee when working near water (on water), performance of diving works on maintenance of hydraulic structures;
- road transport - injury to workers as a result of road accidents;
- hazards associated with exposure of workers to animals and insects - bites and tears, infestations;
- toxic gases and substances - poisoning by gaseous substances of general toxic and other harmful effects (ammonia, chlorine and other compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases) due to leakage from cylinders, barrels, tanks;
- electromagnetic fields of industrial frequencies -long-term and regular exposure can lead to increased fatigue, sleep disturbances, headaches, decreased blood pressure, decreased frequency heart rate; disorders in the immune, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular systems; the development of cancer; development diseases of the central nervous system;
- insufficient illumination of the working area - can lead to to diseases of the organs of vision;
- increased dustiness of the air in the working area -may lead to respiratory diseases;
- an increased level of noise and general vibration (in machine rooms, compressor and other rooms and structures) - can lead to diseases of the hearing organs and the body as a whole, fatigue, human reactions;
- low or high air temperature in industrial premises, high air humidity - can lead to frostbite; thermal shock.
The main goal of RusHydro Group in the field of labor protection is preserving the life and health of employees in the process of work through:
- prevention of industrial injuries, occupational diseases;
- ensuring compliance with the relevant regulatory labor protection requirements;
- assessment, management and reduction of professional risks. At all facilities of the RusHydro Group in key performance indicators effectiveness, measurable security objectives must be established la-
bor in relation to occupational injuries in the key performance indicators.
The policy aims to enforce the following principles in labor protection:
- the priority of preserving the life and health of workers before the results of production activities;
- leadership at all levels of management in matters ensuring labor safety and meeting labor protection requirements;
- zero tolerance threshold for violation of requirements industrial safety and labor protection rules, as well as low the level of responsibility and non-fulfillment by the employee of official responsibilities;
- the priority of preventive measures in relation to reactive measures;
- delineation of responsibilities and functions of management entities occupational safety at all levels of management;
- continuous improvement of activities in the field of labor protection;
- attracting employees to participate in labor protection management;
- ensuring the safety of personnel based on management risks associated with the work performed;
- information transparency of the activities of the RusHydro Group in the field of labor protection;
- strict observance of regulatory security requirements labor[12].
Interaction with trade unions
Employees of RusHydro Group enterprises have the opportunity to fully exercise their right to freedom of association. Trade unions have been established and operate freely at most enterprises of the RusHydro Group, and in 2018 there were 35,882 members of trade union organizations in the RusHydro Group. Collective agreements have been concluded in all generating branches of PJSC RusHydro and 40 controlled companies. 96% of RusHydro Group employees in 2018 were covered by collective agreements. PJSC RusHydro and 12 controlled organizations are members of the All-Russian Industry Association of Electric Power Industry Employers, the ERA of Russia Association, three more controlled organizations are joined to the Industry Tariff Agreement in the Electric Power Industry of the Russian Federation. The sectoral tariff agreement forms a unified standard for regulating social and labor relations in the industry and establishes a minimum level of guarantees for employees. The presence of such a standard greatly facilitates the dialogue between the parties to social partnership at the level of companies in the industry and the RusHydro Group, and makes it possible to compare and assess the level of guarantees provided to employees of the holding and the industry.
All companies - members of the ERA of Russia Association comply with the key norms of the Industry Tariff Agreement: the size and frequency of indexation of MMTS, the provision of such additional benefits and guarantees to employees as the payment of a onetime remuneration when leaving on the main paid vacation, material assistance in connection with the on-
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set of significant events (marriage, childbirth, death of close relatives), a lump sum payment upon dismissal in connection with retirement, payment to a family in connection with the death of workers at work and death from a general illness or an accident at home, as well as other benefits provided by the Industry a tariff agreement in the presence of financial and economic capabilities of the Company (50% discount of the established payment for electric and thermal energy, compensation of expenses for the maintenance of children of employees in preschool institutions, monthly compensation payment to employees on parental leave, etc.). It should be noted that PJSC RusHydro in terms of providing benefits and guarantees to employees provides for norms that exceed the Industry Tariff Agreement both in terms of the list and in terms of the amount of social benefits provided. RusHydro carries out charitable activities, guided by the Policy of Charitable and Sponsorship Activities of the Company (approved by the decision of the Board of Directors, Minutes No. 280 dated 07.12.2018). The main goal is to create conditions and opportunities for sustainable development of the regions where RusHydro Group enterprises operate, to create a favorable social environment and to contribute to the growth of the spiritual, scientific, technical and intellectual potential of Russia.
In terms of work with specialized professional educational institutions, the key event in 2018 was the opening, with the support of PJSC RusHydro, of the Institute of Hydropower and Renewable Energy Sources at NRU MPEI. The Institute has combined education and training of engineering personnel for hydropower and renewable energy sources into a single center. The training center was created on the basis of the departments "Hydroelectric power and RES", "Hydromechanics and hydraulic machines", "Innovative technologies of technogenic safety", which train bachelors, masters and graduate students in the profile specialties of PJSC RusHydro.
Volunteer movement
• The RusHydro Group develops corporate volunteering, supporting the individual and collective participation of employees in socially significant projects.
• Corporate volunteers of PJSC RusHydro take an active part in the environmental program "PROVIDE" for cleaning the banks of rivers, reservoirs, lakes from debris in the regions where RusHydro Group facilities are present.
• Employees of the enterprises of PJSC RusHydro participate in donor campaigns organized by the Company in conjunction with the Blood Service. Compensation payments for rehabilitation after donation up to 75% of volunteers are sent to the
^ needs of the wards of charitable foundations[13].
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- Conclusion
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~ In sum, the social consequences of RES development
sb closely depend on the general indicators of the quality
of life, which RES can be influenced, on the one hand, acting as an employer in direct and related industries, on the other hand, as a mechanism to reduce environmental risks and stimulate long-term changes by reducing the cost of the resulting energy and opportunities to redistribute the profits from renewable energy sources to other industries that contribute to these changes. It is possible to fix the qualitative mechanism of social costs: a change in the structure and nature of social interactions and energy communications, affecting related sectors of the economy, culture, economy on different scales. Quantitative indicators taken as the calculation of jobs are important at the planning stage, but will be insufficient in the framework of the regional development program, since it only fixes jobs, and not the possibility of long-term planning for the redistribution of future capital investments from profits to other infrastructures that require additional financial inflows. To do this, it is necessary to consider the infrastructure of the region, taking into account the indicators of the quality of life, with the fixation of the most problematic places and industries. The jobs based on renewable energy sources can be primarily provided for enterprises that provide the city's main profit, and for the most import-intensive or scarce industries. In Russia, the policy of supporting renewable energy sources provides for a certain degree of localization of the implementation of WME projects, which contributes to the development of domestic production, the creation of additional added value and jobs within the country. In addition, the construction of new renewable energy facilities is labor-intensive in comparison with other traditional generating technologies, therefore, provision is required not only for renewable energy sources, but also for the means of their production.
MODERNIZATION OF GREEN JOBS AND PROFESSIONALIZATION IN THE HYDRO ENERGY SECTOR IN RUSSIA
Ermolaeva Yu.V.
Federal center of theoretical and applied sociology Of the Russian Academy of sciences
This article is devoted to analytics and reviews of the development trends of the green jobs in hydro energy sector market in Russian Federation. As one of the world leader in hydropower generation, Russia has a huge economic, technical potential of developed hydro RES power. On the base of governmental reports there are described green jobs analyses on the case of the Rus Hydro company as a monopoly of Hhps energy in Russia, there are included assessment of the number of jobs, sustainable development policy, social and trade union policies, labor safety principles, professional certification and skills, sustainable development projects. The Russian experience in hydropower remains one of the leading at the world level. The contribution of the development of hydroelectric power plants in Russia to the world's accumulation of experience in the development of hydropower is useful, taking into account the peculiarities of support measures in a unique centralized energy system, which allows for decades to create stable and employment funds, green energy assets, developed not only in the HPP sector, but also in other renewable energy sources, creating new labor markets within the mainstream. The contribution of the development of hydroelectric power plants in Russia to the world experience has a value due to the application of special support measures in a unique centralized energy system, which allows for decades to create stable employment funds, green energy assets, developed not only in the hydroelectric power plant sector, but also in other renewable energy sources, creating new labor markets within the core.
Keywords: renewable energy sources, RES, green jobs, green professions, decarbonization, green economy, ecosociology, ecological modernization, hydroenergy, energy efficiency
References
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