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10Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9 (2015 8) 1911-1918
УДК 616.28-053.5
Modern Schoolchildren's Passion for Headphones and Earphones. What are the Consequences?
Irina A. Ignatova*a,b,c, Sergey N. Shilov*c, Sergey G. Vakhrushevb and Ludmila I. Pokidyshevad
aScientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North 3g Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia bKrasnoyarsk State Medical University named after prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky 1 Partizan Zheleznyak Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660022, Russia cKrasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafev 89 Lebedevoy Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia dSiberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
Received 22.12.2014, received in revised form 28.02.2015, accepted 16.04.2015
The paper focuses on the identification of factors affecting the manifestation of hearing loss among schoolchildren. These are the state of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, their age, anxiety and stress, amount of time spent on watching TV aday (listening to loud music and using head/ earphones).
Using mathematical method of correlation adaptometry the authors revealed the significant correlations between the detected peculiarities of hearing loss pathology among schoolchildren (form and severity of hearing loss) and their age, somatic and neurological status, as well as the degree of psychic and emotional stress. The data may be useful for psychologists, otorhinolaryngologists, audiologists, pediatricians.
Keywords: children, hearing loss, risk factors, schoolchildren.
This study was funded by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation and Krasnoyrsk krai, namely the grant No 15-16-24007 "The complex studies of the small-numbered peoples, residing in the Arctic zone of Eastern Siberia, in the fi eld offundamental medicine, distance learning and social, cultural and economic activities".
DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-2015-8-9-1911-1918.
Research area: pedagogy.
© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
Corresponding author E-mail address: ignatova@mail.ru, shiloff.serg@yandex.ru
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The importance of the stated topic is high due to the high prevalence of hearing pathology, associated with its progress and modification of its course. This problem is extremely important for the young generation - the future of Russia. The number of patients with hearing impairments in Russia exceeds 13 million people. Especially alarming situation is that among children and adolescents the number of patients with hearing loss is greater than 1.000.000 people (Tavartkiladze, G.A., 2012).
In France, each year in the middle of March people celebrate the National Day of hearing. "Digital player: what is the risk for hearing?" -asked those responsible for the prevention of hearing loss. This question targets young music fans, endangering their ears. The figures in the Report of the Scientific Committee on Emerging Health Risks, having been made for the European Commission, emphasize the scale of danger: about 10 million young people are at risk of hearing loss either partly or completely.
What is a difference between hearing loss and deafness? In medicine, these terms are used for naming different extents of hearing loss. Hearing may be reduced to mild, moderate, average and severe extent (up to its complete loss).
There exist the following forms of hearing pathology: sensorineural hearing loss - a disease of the ear associated with lesions in which the root cause lies in the vestibulocochlear nerve, the inner ear, when for whatever reason the process of converting mechanical vibrations into energy of nerve impulses is disrupted, and the further transportation of the energy from the receptor to the centers of the cerebral cortex is hindered. Conductive hearing loss is a violation of sound passage to audio analyzing structure.
Sensorineural hearing loss is a disease poly-etiological character. It is caused by a lot of (more than a hundred) reasons. The
occurrence of this disease is assigned to the role of etiological factors, such as infectious diseases, acoustic and mechanical traumas, vascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis, vegetative-vascular dystonia, stress). In recent years, the identification of the role of a genetic predisposition has become extremely relevant.
Currently, otorhinolaryngologists in Krasnoyarsk actively develop methods of differential diagnosis, prevention and treatment of acute and chronic diseases of hearing; their in-depth studies involve genetic reasons of hearing loss. In addition they try introducing new ways of treatment and prevention. Besides, they invented the term "Three M".
Medical genetics - a system of knowledge about the role of hereditary factors in forming human pathology.
Medical and genetic counseling - a communicative process, during which the doctor-geneticist tells the patients and their family about the risk of hereditary disease, its course, methods of prevention and treatment.
Mendelian inheritance - the inheritance of characteristics, coded in a single gene.
Hereditary forms are divided into: syndromic forms - 15-30 % (400-700 nosological units) and non-syndromic forms - 70-85 % (autosomal and recessive - 75 %, autosomal and dominant - 25 %). The number of known genes is more than 60. Most significant genetic disorders are mutations in the gene GJB2 (connexin 26). Statistics of its frequency today is 10-37 % (1 per 2.000 births), while the frequency of other genes is not more than 5 %.
The researchers studied the frequency of GJB2 gene mutation among the healthy population in Russia. Mutation of 35delG in the connexin gene is 26, i.e. 1 per 25-46 people (2 % - 4 %).
There are international studies of mutations in the GJB2 gene (the gene of connexin 26) in case of congenital and neonatal deafness. The
results are following: in Spain - 35delG - 44 %, 1 per 43 people (2.3 %); the Mediterranean area -53 %, 1 per 25 people (4 %); in US - 37 %, 1 per 30 people (2.5-3.3 %); in England - <10 %, 1 per 100 people; Japan - no, 28 % - 235delC, V37I; China - 2 carriers per 203 (1 %); Korea - 20 %; Turkey - 33 %, including 167delT; Israel - 4 % of carriers among Ashkenazi Jews. This is the statistics of international research in this area.
What is the prevalence of hereditary forms of sensorineural hearing loss? They are the reason for about 50 % cases of congenital and neonatal hearing loss, or 20 deaf children out of 40 - 50.
In Russia some research was done in the field of search for mutations in the GJB2 gene, which cause the hereditary deafness. The results are shown by the following figures.
Moscow - 35delG, 36 % (1 per 46); St. Petersburg - 38 % (1 per 25-30); Rostov Oblast -45 %, 1 per 35 (0-5 %); Ufa, Bashkortostan -69 % (Russians), 50 % (Tatars), 6 % (Bashkirs -carriers were not identified), Altai - 47 % (Russians), 8.3 % (Altaians); Chuvashia - 42 % (Russians), 5 % (Chuvashes); Yakutia - 42 % (Russians), 1 per 35, and 2 % (Yakuts), 1 per 247; Kirov Oblast - 32 %.
Our aim: to investigate the incidence rate and form of deafness among schoolchildren in Krasnoyarsk, and the relationship of its occurrence with the following biological factors: age, gender, heart rate, blood pressure, psychic and emotional stress.
Material. The study involved more than 500 schoolchildren in Krasnoyarsk. The sample of the report included 170 schoolchildren aged 6-17 years (86 boys and 84 girls). All students were divided into groups according to age (6-10 years, 11-14 years, 15-17 years).
We used the following methods. ENT: complex audiological examination was carried out with the application of an otoscope and diagnostic audiometer AD-226. Neurological
methods: we evaluated somatic and neurological status; evaluated the students' emotional status according to Eysenck and Navy tests (on memory, thinking, attention) and with the help of psychological and diagnostic tests developed by E.N. Rogov. All schoolchildren had full physical examination, including obtaining the medical history; pediatric examination of major organs and systems; measurement of heart rate, blood pressure; evaluation of physical and sexual development; collection of data on motor activity, mental and physical performance; data on chronic diseases; information about the number of hours spent watching television, using the computer and listening to loud music through headphones. Statistical methods included correlation and logistic regression analysis and non-parametric methods of correlation analysis: Spearman methods - to study the relationship of quantitative traits, regardless of the type of their distribution, the quantitative and qualitative ordinal characteristics. The applied mathematical methods included: logistic regression analysis, which allowed creating a model to predict the probability of an event on the basis of the available data. The regression model is designed to solve the problem of predicting the values of a continuous dependent variable.
For the ENT examination the researchers together with prof., cand. of tech. sciences L.I. Pokidysheva developed an expert system containing the records of patients and able to make initial diagnosis in the field of otorhinolaryngology. System features enable: to gain knowledge about the studied area and the relevant decision making method; to explore the causal factors affecting the diagnosis; to save personal medical history of patients; to record any number of medical checks; to form the archive of case histories, to edit them and make the search; to make diagnoses according to medical checks,
as well as to import and export these data in the format of Excel.
The method of correlation adaptometry was used to determine the degree of relationship between the studied parameters of hearing pathology and a form and severity of somatic and psycho-emotional abnormalities.
Results: the development of autonomic dysfunction syndrome - ADS (one of the leading etiological causes of hearing loss due to neurosensory genesis) depends mainly on the individual and typological characteristics of a child. In this regard, we investigated the emotional status of schoolchildren, as well as assessed the level of their emotional stress on a H.J. Eysenckl iest on "neuroticism-emotional stability". As a result of neurological examination of schoolchildren, we revealed the following: childien with ADS have similar to healthy children orientation of tKe emotional status disteibutionn accompanied by a statistically significant predominance of exlraverted type. In this group of children sensoeineutal heaeing loss is more frequent.
The avenage value of the emotionan instabriity among the adolescents in Krasnoyarsk goes beyond the high emotional instability and reaches
a very high level of emotional instability (18,5 ± 0,31 points), while among children of elementary school age in Krasnoyarsk this value falls in the range of high emotional instability (17,27 ± 0,26 points).
The increased level of personal anxiety among adolescents with ADS is combined with the development of insecurity, mood swings, tendency to delay emotions. The results reflect the formation of asthenic neurosis and subsequent personality traits in children with ADS and their strengthening with the age.
When considering the total value of strong relationships in correlation graph G of indicators ot hearing among schoolchildren in different age groups, we obtained the results shown in Fig. 1.
The diagram shows tire weight G of the studied age groups (p <0.05). The highest value of weight G specifies the group of 11-14 year old children. We can assume that in this age the hearing system enperiences the greatest stress. This is probably due io the fact that at this age mann children, according to their medical histony, use hegdphones or earphones to listen to loud music, which further contributes to the development of their hearing loss.
Fig.l. A weighted correlation graph G of indicators of hearing among schoolchildren in different age groups
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Conclusion
Thus, as a result of the study we revealed the dominant factors influencing the appearance of hearing loss: the state of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, age, anxiety and stress, the number of hours spent watching TV every day (listening to loud music and using
headphones and earphones). The researchers proved the significant correlations between the detected peculiarities of the hearing pathology among schoolchildren (form, the severity of hearing loss) and school age, somatic status, neurological status, as well as the degree of psychological and emotional stress.
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Увлечение современных школьников наушниками. Каковы последствия?
И.А. Игнатовааб'в, С.Н. Шилов", С.Г. Вахрушев6, Л.И. Покидышева1
аНаучно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера Россия, 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 3г бКрасноярский государственный медицинский университет
им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого Россия, 660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1 вКрасноярский государственный педагогический университет
им. В.П. Астафьева Россия, 660049, Красноярск, ул. Лебедевой, 89 гСибирский федеральный университет Россия, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79
Статья посвящена исследованию выявления факторов, влияющих на проявление тугоухости среди школьников: состояние слизистой оболочки верхних дыхательных путей, возраст, беспокойство и стресс, количество часов просмотра телевизора в день (прослушивание громкой музыки и использование наушников).
С помощью математического метода корреляционной адаптометрии выявлено наличие достоверной корреляционной связи между обнаруженными особенностями патологии органа слуха среди школьников (форма, стадия тугоухости) и возрастом школьников, соматическим статусом, неврологическим статусом, а также степенью психоэмоциональных нагрузок. Сведения могут быть полезны для психологов, оториноларингологов, сурдологов, педиатров.
Ключевые слова: дети, тугоухость, факторы риска, школьники.
Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РГНФ и Красноярского края в рамках научного проекта № 15-16-24007 «Комплексные исследования коренных малочисленных народов арктической зоны Восточной Сибири в области фундаментальной медицины, дистанционной педагогики, социально-культурной и экономической деятельности».
Научная специальность: 13.00.00 - педагогические науки.
