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4TOURISM AND RECREATION
MODERN DIMENSIONS IN TOURISM AS A RESULT OF
GLOBALIZATION
Ch. Ass. Dr. Atanasova Veselina Ph. D. Kopprinarov Bratoy
University of Bulgaria "Prof. Dr. Asen Zlatarov , the Faculty of of Social Sciences
Abstract. The interrelationship between tourism, globalization andpostindustrial development of modern societies is not contrived. Each of these three components is part of the others or is caused by them. International tourism, reviewed in economic terms, represents the largest flow of people, goods, services and capital. Its functioning is associated with the presence of a single information space. The subjects of tourist business are largely the elements of a global network. The presence of tourists all over the world connects more "places" in the global economy.
Keywords: tourism, globalization, development
INTRODUCTION. The impact of globalization on tourism takes place on two levels. The first level concerns the prerequisites and conditions for the implementation of tourism as an activity. This level can be called "infrastructure level". It is related to the transport infrastructure, to the nature of the information system, to the structure of work and leisure and so on. These are factors, whose profound change in the process of globalization entails transformations in the conditions, the nature, scale and trends in the development the modern tourism.
The other level concerns those changes in the lifestyle of the modern man, which are caused or at least are favoured by globalization and are directly related to the motivation for tourism [3]. This refers to changes in the life of the modern man, which create a "will for tourism." This level can be designated as " level of meta-motivation for tourism." Tourism is a growing social and economic phenomenon. The aim of the report is to identify the main trends in the change of the global tourism market, analyzing its two sides - tourism demand and tourism supply.
Global tourism demand. International tourism demand worldwide launched with 25 million international tourist visits in 1950, and has reached 1 billion and 87 million visits in 2013. [2] The average annual growth in the number of visits of foreign tourists in the examined 52 year period is 5,5%. The average annual growth in the last decade of the XX-th century amounted to 4.2% and for the first decade of the XXI century it is 3.4%. The last 13-year period begins with the favorable 2000 in which the growth compared to the previous 1999 was 6.8%. It is followed by the conditioned by the terrorist attacks against the United States crisis 2001 in which is registered a decrease in the number of international trips by 0.5%. The pessimism in the tourism industry and the gloomy forecasts were contradicted by the results of the tourism market in 2002 The number of visits by foreign tourists changed in a positive direction, noting an increase of 2.7% compared to 2001 [2]. The next 2003 was again a crisis one for the tourist market. The decrease in the number of international tourist arrivals was 1.7% compared to 2002. In the next period 2004-2008, the number of visits of foreign tourists worldwide grew annually. That growth was interrupted by the global financial and economic crisis in 2009, in which was registered a decline of 4.6%. Tourism demand is recovering quickly from the crisis and in the last four years (2010-2013) is characterized by an annual increase in the number of visits of foreign tourists by over 4%.
Similarly to the natural indicator, the value indicator for the volume of international tourist market showed annual growth in the second half of the XX-th century. Starting from 2 billion and 100,000 state dollars in 1950, revenues from international tourism reached in 2000 up to 473 billion and 400 million state dollars and exceed 1 trillion and 159 billion state dollars in 2013. For the period 1961-2013 the average annual growth in worldwide revenue from international tourism, accounted for at current prices, excluding the revenues from international transport, amounted to 10.7%. The same indicator for the period 1990-2000 was 6.1% and for the period from 2000 to 2013 amounted to 7.6%.
As a result from the terrorist attacks in the USA in 2001, the revenue for the same year decreased by 2.9% compared to 2000 and amounted to 459 billion and 500 million state dollars. Over the next 12 years, there has been a growth in the revenue, except for the crisis 2009, when a significant
decline of 9.9% was registered in comparison to the previous year. [2] The volume of revenues from international tourism is recovering quickly from the crisis and marks a stable annual growth rates of over 7% during the last four years (2010-2013).
The analysis of changes in the number of visits of foreign tourists and revenues from international tourism worldwide suggests that the impressive growth of the international tourist market in the 70s and 80s of the XX-th century is followed by a decrease in annual growth rates of observed market indicators.
An important feature of global tourism demand is the distribution of international tourist visits by purposes for traveling. Studies by the World Tourism Organization show that at the end of the XX-th and the beginning of XXI-st century holiday travels with a recreational purpose have a dominant market share. In 2013 the distribution of international trips goals is as follows: 52.0% were holiday, 27.0% - visits of friends and relatives; 14.0% - business and 7.0% others. [1]
Over the past ten years there has been a transfusion from the first to the second tourism travel group. The share of holiday trips decreased from 62.6% in 1990 to 61.6 percent in 1995, to 54.0% in 2000 and stood at 52.0% in 2012 and 2013. Visits of friends and relatives share increased from 16.3% in 1990 to 22,5% in 2000 and 27% o in the last 7 years.
The structure of global tourism demand depending on the prefered by the tourists transport shows that road and air transport dominate significantly. In 2000 tourist travel by plane have a market share of 40.4% and by car - 49.9%. Trips by water and rail transport have shares of 6.8% and 2.9%. Gradually air transport is replacing road transport in tourist trips and in 2013 the share of the first was 53.0% against 40.0% for the second.
Structure of global outbound tourism market. Along with the volume of international tourist market, an important feature of global tourism is the structure of the market and the changes that occur in it.
Regarded as outbound, the international tourism market is distinguished by regional structure, in which dominate industrialized regions of Europe, Asia / Pacific and America.
In the last decade of the XX-th century the United States, Germany, Britain, Japan, France and Italy invariably occupied the first six places in the ranking of countries in international tourism spending. In 1990 the following countries accounted for 51.5% of the volume of international tourism demand in terms of value. Their market share dropped down to 44.8 % in 1996, and after 2000 it fluctuated between 45.0% and 46.0%. The share of the 10 countries in the top of the list for expenditure in tourism worldwide was 62.5% in 1990, 56.6% in 2000 and respectively 48.7% in 2013. Meanwhile in recent years there are significant changes among the leaders in expenditure in international tourism. In 2012, China climbed up to the first place and keeps its leadership position in 2013. The Russian Federation is also moving forward, taking fourth place and in the top ten is also Brazil.
Structure of the global inbound tourism market. The inbound regional structure of the international tourism market does not differ materially from its regional structure in outbound aspect.
By number of international tourist arrivals and volume of income received from international tourism, leadership in the world in the years after World War II until today occupies Europe. In 2013 the European continent welcomed 563.4 million international tourist visits and achieved a market share worldwide of 51.8 percent. For the same year the revenues of the continent from international tourism amounted to $ 489.3 billion and formed a market share of 42.2%. The second largest regional inbound market by revenues from international tourism in the world is Asia / Pacific, which shifted America region in the last decade from the second place. In 2013 the Asia-Pacific region welcomed 248.1 million foreign tourists and realized $ 358.9 billion. America realized 114.3, which formed a market share of 24.1%. After 2000 America recorded annual reduction of both its revenue from international tourism and the number of tourist visits.
The structure of the international inbound tourism market, based on nationality is characterized by uneven distribution of the tourist flows. In 2012 the first 10 countries in the ranking of the number of international tourist arrivals attracted 43.9% of tourist worldwide. Viewed in historical perspective, this market share has decreased over a long period of time, which is the most significant structural change at the end of last and the beginning of this century. In 1990 the 10 leading national destinations are encompassed 56.9,% of international tourist arrivals worldwide, in 1995 -54.2%, while in 2000 their share was already 51.3 percent. The conclusions could be confirmed and in the analysis of the distribution of revenues from international tourism. The market share of 10 nations leaders in tourism revenue worldwide was 60.9 percent in 1990, 53.3% in 1995, 54.1% in 2000 and 47.5% respectively in 2012.
Over the past two decades, until 2012, there were no serious shifts in the ranking of countries-leaders. By number of international tourist visits throughout the entire considered period, the leading four is unchangeable and includes France, USA, Spain and Italy. Significant change occurred in 2012
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WORLD SCIENCE
when China overtakes Spain and Italy in the number of preceived tourists.
Quartet in order USA, Spain, France and Italy is a leader long years by the indicator revenues from international tourism. The four countries topped the ranking during all the years after 1990, while until 1995 France occupied second place and Spain is fourth. Other major reshuffles at the top of the rankings on this indicator causes the rise of China, Hong Kong and Poland after 1990, as well as Greece and Turkey after 1995 .
Results of the survey. The analysis of the international tourist market in outbound/inbound aspect by combining regional, subregional and national indications for territorial structure shows that the majority of tourist trips have intra-regional and inter-subregional character. In 2013, 77.3% of all international tourist arrivals and 840 million visits are intraregionals.
In summary, it must be concluded that the global tourism market in the early 21st century is different from that in the 90s of the 20th century. In the first decade of the new century, the international tourism market is under negative impacts of events such as terrorist attacks in the US, the war in Iraq, the SARS outbreak, the strong devaluation of the US dollar against the euro, the devastation of the tsunami in the Indian Ocean region and the financial and economic crisis in 2009. The subsequent amendments in the global tourism market after 2000 are the following:
• Decrease of the amount of annual growth in the volume of international tourist market;
• Redistribution of the markets due to changes in the trend for preemptive growth in interregional travel. After 2000 the growth of domestic regional tourist visits is higher than that of interregional. This trend is unfavorable for distant destinations and favorable for the nearby ones. Countries like Croatia, Greece, Slovenia, Bulgaria earn from this, while destinations from Asia / Pacific (China and Hong Kong), America (Canada and USA) and some major European destinations such as France and Italy lose from this;
• Redistribution of the market due to strong price competition between Europe and America and as a result of the weak US dollar. The destination like Caribbean - Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica and South American earn.
CONCLUSION. The studies of contemporary global tourism and the forecasts for its development outline lasting qualitative and quantitative changes in demand and supply as its main components. In the long term the forecasts for the development of global tourism state: [2]
• It is expected that international tourist arrivals will grow by an average of 3.3% in the period from 2010 to 2030, and in 2030 their number will reach 1 billion and 800 million;
• For the period 2010-2030 faster growth (4.4% per year) of arrivals in developing tourist destinations is predicted, and growth of 2.2 percent annually for developed destinations;
• It is expected for the market share of developing countries to reach 57% in 2030, equivalent to 1 billion international tourist arrivals.
REFERENCES
1. UNWTO. Tourism Highlights. 2001-2014 Edition
2. UNWTO. Tourism Towards 2030
3. Marinov, S. "Tourist dimensions of the mobile person," Coll. doc. a summer scientific meeting of "mobile man: cultural projections and prospects", Varna, 03-04.07 2010
