CC BY
6East European Scientific Journal #8(72), 2021 9
МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ НАУКИ
УДК 616.992.282
76.29.57
Lavrushko S I.
Graduate student of intramural of Department of Skin and Venereal Disease,
Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy
Stepanenko V.I.
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of Department of Dermatology and Venereology with a course in cosmetology of O.O. Bogomolets National MedicalUniversity
MODERN DIAGNOSIS AND COMPLEX TREATMENT OF MICROSPORIA IN ATHLETES
Лаврушко Светлана Ивановна
аспирант кафедры кожных и венерических заболеваний, Украинская медицинская стоматологическая академия Степаненко Виктор Иванович д-р мед. наук, профессор,
заведующий кафедрой дерматологии и венерологии с курсом косметологии, Национальный медицинский университет имени А.А. Богомольца
СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА И КОМПЛЕКСНОЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ МИКРОСПОРИИ
У СПОРТСМЕНОВ
DOI: 10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2021.2.72.112
Abstract. This study reflects the features of the clinical course of microsporia in children and adults who attended sports sections. Athletes who attended freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling sections a typical clinical picture in the form of "athlete-wrestler's symptom" is observed: the rash was localized mainly in the right half of the head (on the right temporal, right postaural, right parietal and occipital areas), often with a migration to smooth skin on the face and neck, from 1 to 5, rounded form, with slight peeling on the surface, in the form of prints fingers. Hair in the lesion areas is broken at the level of 3 -6 mm. Features of the clinical course are caused by basic techniques and holds of hands with fingers applied in these sports.
In order to improve the exact specific diagnosis of microsporia in athletes, a method of modern molecular genetic diagnostics based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed, which allows identifying the Microsporum canis pathogen at the DNA level.
A complex method of therapy, which includes the use of probiotic-vitamin-mineral complexes "Bion 3 Kid", "Bion 3" or probiotic-vitamin preparation "Breveluck" in combination with systemic antimycotics Griseofulvin, Terbinafine and 2% cream Sertaconazole nitrate is effective and safe in microsporia treatment in athletes. All 40 patients with microsporia have clinically and etiologically recovered as a result of treatment. Developed modern complex treatment of patients with microsporia contributed to increase in the effectiveness of treatment, prevention of microsporia recurrence, acceleration of clinical and mycological recovery, prevention of the disease of athletes with acute respiratory viral infections during their stay in sports and children's groups, even in the cold periods of year.
Аннотация. В данной работе исследованы особенности клинического течения микроспории у детей и взрослых, посещавших спортивные секции. У спортсменов, которые посещали секции по вольной и греко-римской борьбе, наблюдалась характерная клиническая картина в виде "симптома спортсмена-борца": высыпания локализовались преимущественно в правой половине головы (в правой височной, правой заушной, правой теменной), часто с переходом на гладкую кожу лица и шеи, от 1 до 5, округлой формы, с незначительным шелушением на поверхности, в виде отпечатков пальцев. Волосы в очагах поражения обломаны на уровне 3-6 мм. Особенности клинического течения обусловлены основными приемами и захватами пальцами кистей, используемыми в этих видах спорта.
С целью совершенствования точной специфической диагностики микроспории у спортсменов разработана методика современной молекулярно-генетической диагностики на основе полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР), что позволяет проведение идентификации возбудителя Microsporum canis на уровне ДНК.
Комплексный метод терапии, который включает применение пробиотико-витаминно-минеральных комплексов "Бион 3 Кид", "Бион 3" или пробиотико-витаминного препарата "Бревелак" в сочетании с системными антимикотиками гризеофульвином, тербинафином и 2% кремом сертаконазола нитрата, оказался эффективным и безопасным в лечении микроспории у спортсменов. Вследствие лечения достигнуто клиническое и этиологическое выздоровление у всех 40 больных микроспорией. Разработанное современное комплексное лечение больных микроспорией способствовало повышению эффективности лечения, профилактике рецидивирования микроспории, ускорению клинического и
10 East European Scientific Journal #8(72), 2021
микологического выздоровления, профилактике заболевания спортсменов острыми респираторными вирусными инфекциями во время пребывания в спортивных и детских коллективах, даже в холодное время року.
Key words: microsporia, Microsporum canis, children, athletes, diagnostics, PCR, treatment. Ключевые слова: микроспория, Microsporum canis, дети, спортсмены, диагностика, ПЛР, лечение.
Problem statement. Relevance of the study of fungal infections today caused by their wide spread throughout the world and the annual increase of mycosis incidence among Ukrainian population, as well as among different countries of Europe and the world. Mycotic skin lesions are found in 20-25% of the world's population, which makes them one of the most common forms of infection [4, 12, 14, 15]. Mycoses take the first place in the structure of infectious pathology. Despite there are various antifungal medicines and methods for the treatment of skin mycoses and its cutaneous appendage, there is an urgent need to improve existing methods and develop new methods for fungal infections treatment at present stage [6,7].
Microsporia is a fungal disease caused by Microsporum fungi, in case of which the skin and its cutaneous appendage are affected (the hair mainly and the nail plates rarely). This is a highly contagious disease, which often affects early age children, including infants [4, 8, 16, 19, 21]. Zoophilic fungus Microsporum canis is the most common cause of microsporia on the territory of Ukraine. Available keratolytic activity of Microsporum canis causes a predominant lesion in case of microsporia of the skin and hair appendage, the main component of which is keratin [7, 11, 13, 24]. Risk factors of microsporia development: Immunodeficiency conditions, hypovitaminosis, skin microtrauma, increased ambient temperature, non-observance of the personal hygiene rules, hypothermia and decrease of the body defenses, presence of concomitant viral and catarrhal diseases. This disease refers to dermatophytosis, most common in groups of children and among athletes [1, 9, 10, 20].
Microsporia diseases are common among athletes in contact sports, especially wrestlers who attend freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling sections. It is caused by the peculiarities of these sports [10].
Development factors of microsporia in athletes:
1) close contact between wrestlers during competitions and trainings associated with basic techniques (hold of wrists with fingers, with upper limbs, sometimes with the head) and skin trauma;
2) presence of sick children-athletes participating in competitions and training;
3) insufficient medical examination of athletes during training and during competitions and trainings, especially when traveling to other cities and countries for international competitions with sick participants of the competition;
4) lack of sanitary and hygienic norms in gym halls and lack of disinfection of sports equipment, impact pads and mats;
5) overcrowding (concentration) of different age children in sports section;
6) increased sweating during sports competitions and training;
7) concealment of diseases signs (presence of rash on the body) by athletes who participate in competitions and training (since coaches do not allow sick athletes to compete, therefore they hide it);
8) attending sports camps, upon condition that sick children are present;
9) insufficient adherence to the personal hygiene rules among athletes during and after competitions and training;
10) attending meetings for the training before competition, when different age sports groups are trained and compete in the same hall almost at the same time (about 30-35 people), athletes may be infected.
Analysis of recent studies and publications which the issue has been studied in. The issues of diagnosis and treatment of microsporia remains relevant today. An important point in the treatment of microsporia is a complex treatment, which includes systemic antimycotic, depending on localization of the pathological process, and external treatment. For the treatment of microsporia of the hairy part of the head, the main medicine in Ukraine and other countries of the world is Griseofulvin. Scientists have found that Griseofulvin is one of the most sensitive antifungal antibiotics to the causative agents of dermatomycosis [2, 22]. It is one of the natural antimycotics, which is only active against dermatomycetes. Produced by the mold fungi Penicillinum nigricans, it has a fungistatic effect, it induces the activity of P-450 cytochrome.
For the purpose to reduce the side effects of Griseofulvin, increase the effectiveness of treatment and reduce its duration in case of microsporia of the hairy part of the head, "Antral" medicine is used in complex therapy in children. It belongs to the group of hepatoprotective medicines that provide antioxidant, antitoxic, membrane stabilizing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, angioprotective and immunomodulatory effects. "Antral" increases the metabolic processes activity, by activating the cytochrome system P-450, as a result of which the metabolism of simultaneously taken medicines increases, and their effectiveness increases [5, 6, 11].
During the treatment of microsporia of smooth skin, the systemic antimycotics Terbinafine has shown good performance. This is can be explained by the fact that Terbinafine is a keratophilic antimycotic that can be accumulate in keratin structures (skin, hair, nails), and can be stored for a long time in the hair follicle bulb, providing a therapeutic effect even after stopping the medicine use [8, 9, 11, 12].
During the treatment of various etiologies fungal diseases, in particular microsporia, an antifungal agent for local treatment of 2% Sertaconazole nitrate cream has proven effective. Sertaconazole has a broad
LIB 1HSM
spectrum antifungal activity against dermatophytes Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum, as well as Candida and Cryptococcus yeasts. Sertaconazole nitrate is an imidazole derivative that has a strong fungicidal effect and is highly active against various pathogenic fungal infections [18,23].
Highlighting of the unsolved part of the issue. Numerous studies have proven the presence of certain immune response disorders in patients with microsporia. Scientists consider it protective regarding cellular dermatophytes, T-cell-mediated immunity response against the pathogen antigens. Much attention has been paid to the study of immune reactivity issues in patients with zooanthroponic dermatophytes and possibilities of immunomodulatory therapy in recent years [6, 11, 17].
For the purpose to increase the effectiveness of therapy, strengthen the immunity in a natural way and restore the child's body immune protection ability in the treatment of children with microsporia at the age from 4 to 14, the original probiotic-vitamin-mineral complex "Bion 3 Kid" has proven effective. It contains three probiotic cultures (Lactobacillus gasseri, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum), 12 vitamins (A, E, D3, C, B1, B2, B6, B12, PP1, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid) and three essential minerals (calcium, iron, zinc) [6,9,11]. For children over 14 and adults, for the purposes to reduce the duration of treatment and recurrence of microsporia, it is recommended to take probiotic-vitamin-mineral complex "Bion 3", which contains original combination of probiotics (Lactobacillus gasseri, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum), balanced complex of vitamins ( A, E, D3, C, B1, B2, B6, B12, PP1, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid) and 10 minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium chloride, zinc, manganese, iodine, selenium, chromium, molybdenum ) [10]. Probiotic-vitamin complex "Breveluck" is used for the treatment of microsporia, which includes a complex of probiotic cultures: 5 lactobacillus (Lactobacillus helveticusR0052, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactisR1058, Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011, Lactobacillus casei R0215, Lactobacillus plantarum R1012), 3 bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum R0175, Bifidobacterium breve R0070, Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071), Streptococcus thermophilus R0083, 4 vitamins: vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin B1 (thiamine mononitrate), vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) and fructooligosaccharides [7]. An important mechanism of probiotics action is participation in protective local and general immune reactions activation, as well as immunological tolerance formation of the macroorganism [3].
Purpose of the research is to study the features of the clinical course of microsporia in athletes and to increase the treatment effectiveness in patients with microsporia.
Materials and methods.
There were 40 athletes from 4 to 19 observed, patients with: microsporia of the hairy part of the head
East European Scientific Journal #8(72), 2021 11 - 22, hairy part of the head and smooth skin - 8, smooth skin - 10. There were 2 adults from 18 to 19 (2 man) and 38 children from 4 to 16 (36 boys and 2 girls) among them. Almost all patients attended educational preschool and school establishments: kindergarten - 2, school - 34. 38 patients from 4 to 19 attended sports sections for various types of wrestling (2 adults and 36 children): 26 persons attended freestyle wrestling section (2 adults and 24 children (22 boys and 2 girls)), 9 persons attended Greco-Roman wrestling section (9 boys), 2 persons attended taekwondo section (2 boys), 1 person attended Thai boxing (1 boy). Only 2 children attended the football section (2 boys).
Source of infection in 36 patients were sick athletes. Their infection occurred during competitions or training and at sports camps. Source of infection has not been detected in 4 patients.
In all patients with microsporia of the hairy part of the head, single or multiple rashes (from 1 to 5) of a round-shaped with clear boundaries a diameter from 0.5 to 7 cm of pale pink color, covered with small gray scales of various localization were detected. The hair in the lesions areas was broken completely (sometimes partially) at the same level - at the attitude of 3-6 mm from the skin surface.
In all patients with microsporia of the the hairy part of the head and smooth skin, from 1 to 5 cells of round-shaped rash with clear edges, diameter from 0.5 to 5 cm of pale pink color, covered with small gray scales, with complete or partial breakage of hair in the affected areas at the attitude of 3-6 mm above the skin level of different localization. The patients had also single and multiple rush on the face, neck, trunk, upper and lower extremities.
25 athletes who attended freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling sections a typical clinical picture in the form of a "athlete-wrestler's symptom" is observed: The rash was localized on the hairy part of the head on the right: in the right temporal, right frontal, right postaural, on parietal on the right, often with a migration to smooth skin on the face and neck, size from 0.5 to 7 cm in diameter, pink color, peeling on the surface, in quantity from 1 to 5, in the form of prints fingers, so called "athlete-wrestler's symptom".
Patients with microsporia of smooth skin different localization of a pink rash of oval or round shape with a diameter from 0.5 to 3 cm, with an increase along the periphery due to nodules and crusts with peeling on the surface were detected. The patients had single and multiple rushes on the face, neck, trunk, upper and lower extremities.
For the diagnosis of microsporia, in addition to clinical signs, the results of microscopic, cultural and luminescent studies (in the Wood's lamp rays) studies were applied. Identification of the Microsporum canis pathogen in patients with microsporia was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We have developed a method of modern molecular genetic diagnosis of microsporia based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which
12 East European Scientific Journal #8(72), 2021 allows identifying the Microsporum canis pathogen at the DNA level.
All patients with microsporia were divided into two groups. The 1st group contained 30 patients from 5 to 19 (2 adults and 28 children) with the diagnosis of microsporia of the hairy part of the head and diagnosis of microsporia of the hairy part of the head and smooth skin, the 2nd group contained 10 patients from 4 to 16 with a diagnosis of microsporia of smooth skin.
Patients of the 1st group were prescribed the systemic antimycotic Griseofulvin in combination with the "Antral". Patients took Griseofulvin in tablets at the rate of 21-22 mg/1 kg of body weight 3 times/day during the meals with a teaspoon of oil. All patients were prescribed "Antral" in tablets in a dose depending on age: children from 4 to 10 - 100 mg/dose, older 10 - 200 mg 3 times/day. Systemic therapy was combined with external treatment: on the affected skin 2% alcohol solution of iodine and 2% Sertaconazole nitrate cream were applied once a day. Affected hair in the lesions was removed by epilation, then shaving once in 3-5 days. Duration of treatment was from 2 to 4 weeks.
For the purpose to shorten the duration of treatment, to strengthen the immune system and increase the body defenses, at the request of parents and the patients. 22 patients were prescribed probiotic-vitamin-mineral complexes "Bion 3 Kid" and "Bion 3" depending on age. Children from 4 to 14 probiotic-vitamin-mineral complex "Bion 3 Kid" was prescribed
- 1 chewable tablet/day after the meal; for children older 14 - probiotic-vitamin-mineral complex "Bion 3" was prescribed - 1 tablet/day during the meal. 4 patients with microsporia probiotic-vitamin complex "Breveluck" was prescribed depending on age: children from 5 to 12 years - 1 capsule 3 times/day, children older 12 and older - 1-2 capsules 3 times/day. Duration of treatment was from 1 to 3 weeks.
Systemic antimycotics terbinafine was prescribed for patients in group 2 depending on body weight: up to 20 kg of body weight - 62.5 mg/24-hour period (1/4 of pill); from 20 to 40 kg - 125 mg/24-hour period (1/2 of pill), more than 40 kg - 250 mg/24-hour period (1 pill) once a day. On the externally affected areas 2% alcohol iodine solution and 2% Sertaconazole nitrate cream were applied once a day. Affected vellus hair was removed by way of epilation, then shaving once in 3 days. Duration of treatment was from 2 to 5 weeks.
Probiotic-vitamin-mineral complexes "Bion 3 Kid" and "Bion 3" were prescribed to 4 patients depending on age. Children from 4 to 14 probiotic-vitamin-mineral complex "Bion 3 Kid"was prescribed
- 1 chewable tablet/day after the meal; for children older 14 - probiotic-vitamin-mineral complex "Bion 3" was prescribed - 1 tablet/day during the meal. Probiotic-vitamin preparation "Breveluck" was prescribed to 3 patients with microsporia depending on age: children from 4 to 12 years - 1 capsule 3 times/day, children older 12 and older - 1-2 capsules 3 times/day. Duration of treatment was from 1 to 4 weeks.
UB
BUSM
After the end of treatment, all patients with microsporia were recommended to take probiotic-vitamin complex "Breveluck" or probiotic-vitamin-mineral complexes "Bion 3 kid" or "Bion 3" during the period of 30 days for the purpose to accelerate the hair growth in lesions on the hairy part of the head due to trace elements (iron, zinc) and biotin, for prevention of microsporia recurrence, prevention of acute respiratory viral infections during their stay in groups, especially during the cold period of the year (autumn-winter and spring periods).
Clinical and etiological control of effectiveness was carried out during treatment once every 3-5 days by obtaining negative results of microscopic examination (two/three samples with five or three days intervals) and by using a luminescent examination in the Wood's lamp rays (no luminescent glow of hair), and also, if necessary - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cultural examination (absence of M. canis fungus).
Results and discussion
This research confirms that microsporia predominantly affects children under 16. Microsporia diseases are common among athletes in contact sports, especially in wrestlers who attend freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling sections. In 25 athlete-wrestlers who attended freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling sections an "athlete-wrestler's symptom" is observed: This is caused by basic techniques and holds of hands with fingers, which are used in wrestling. During competitions and wrestling training, favorable conditions are created for the fungal infections spread, namely: presence of sick athletes participating in competitions or training, close bodily contact with microsporia patients, skin trauma and increased sweating.
There were more boys than girls with microsporia: 36 and 2 accordingly, since boys are more involved in power sports than girls. Source of infection in 36 patients were sick athletes. Their infection occurred during competitions or training and visiting sports camps.
For the purpose to improve specific diagnostics, to identify the Microsporum canis pathogen in patients with microsporia, a method of modern molecular genetic diagnosis of microsporia based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed.
In all 40 patients with microsporia, clinical and etiological recovery was achieved, which was confirmed by the microscopic results, cultural and luminescent examinations.
In a group 1, with microsporia of the hairy part of the head and smooth skin, treatment lasted from 1 to 4 weeks.
In a group 2, with microsporia of smooth skin, the duration of therapy was from 2 to 5 weeks and depended on localization of the pathological process.
Introduction of probiotic-vitamin-mineral complexes "Bion 3 Kid", "Bion 3" and probiotic-vitamin preparation "Breveluck" into the complex treatment of microsporia made it possible to reduce the duration of treatment of patients in both groups by 1-2
ив
ЕШШ
weeks. Patients who took "Bion 3 Kid", "Bion 3" or "Brevelak" complexes after the end of treatment avoided the recurrence of microsporia and avoided acute respiratory viral infections during their stay in children's and sports groups, even in the cold period of year.
Tolerance to the drug was good. There were no side effects observed. Blood tests (general and biochemical) and urine tests were carried out in all patients before and after treatment. There were no deviations in laboratory values found. Results of treatment were confirmed with negative microscopic tests, luminescence and culture studies.
Patients came for the follow-up examination once a month during the period of 1-3 months after the completion of treatment. Pathological process on the skin regressed completely in all patients. They did not suffer from acute respiratory viral infections during that period. No relapses were observed.
Conclusions. Microsporia diseases are common among athletes in contact sports, especially in wrestlers who attend freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling sections.
Developed method of modern molecular genetic diagnostics of microsporia based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed, which allows identifying the Microsporum canis pathogen at the DNA level.
A complex method of therapy, which includes
the use of probiotic-vitamin-mineral complexes "Bion 3 Kid", "Bion 3" and probiotic-vitamin preparation "Breveluck" in combination with systemic antimycotics Griseofulvin, Terbinafine and 2% cream Sertaconazole nitrate is effective and safe in microsporia treatment in athletes. Developed modern complex treatment of patients with microsporia contributed to increase the effectiveness of treatment, prevention of microsporia recurrence, acceleration of clinical and mycological recovery, prevention of the disease of athletes with acute respiratory viral infections during their stay in sports and children's groups, even in the cold season.
Список литературы
1. Антонова С.Б, Уфимцева М.А. Заболеваемость микроспорией: эпидемиологические аспекты, современные особенности течения // Педиатрия. Журнал имени Г. Н. Сперанского.- 2016.- № 95 (2).- С. 142-146.
2. Ахмедова С.Д. Проспективный анализ чувствительности микробиоты при дерматомикозах // Биомедицина.- 2018.- № 1. - С. 30-32.
3. Зайков С.В. 1мунотропш властивосп пробютишв, вггашшв та мшроелеменпв // Клш. iмунол. Алергол. 1нфектол. - 2015. - № 3-4. - С. 2128.
4. Лаврушко С.1. Клшчний випадок та л^ваня мшроспори волосисто! частини голови i шгтя кисл // Укра!нський журнал дерматологи,
East European Scientific Journal #8(72), 2021 13 венерологи, косметологи.- 2020.- № 3 (78).- С. 4449.
5. Лаврушко С.1. Комплексне лшування мшроспори волосяно! частини голови у дней // Укра!нський журнал дерматологи, венерологи, косметологи.- 2019.- № 1 (72).- С. 65-72.
6. Лаврушко С.1. ОптимЬащя л^вання мшроспори волосисто! частини голови у дней // Укра!нський журнал дерматологи, венерологи, косметологи.- 2019.- № 3 (74).- С. 35-44.
7. Лаврушко С.1. Сучасне комплексне лшування мшроспори // Укра!нський журнал дерматологи, венерологи, косметологи.- 2019.- № 2 (73).- С. 37-44.
8. Лаврушко С.1., Дудченко М.О. Ошгашзащя лшування мшроспори гладенько! шшри // Укра!нський журнал дерматологи, венерологи, косметологи.- 2018.- № 3 (70).- С. 43-54.
9. Лаврушко С.1., Дудченко М.О., Павленко Г.П., Фшатова В.Л. Сучасне комплексне л^вання мшроспори гладенько! шшри // Укра!нський журнал дерматологи, венерологи, косметологи. -2018. - № 2 (69). - С. 16-22.
10. Лаврушко С.1., Степаненко В.1. Оптимiзацiя сучасного комплексного л^вання мшроспори у спортсмешв з урахуванням клшчного переб^ дерматозу// Укра!нський журнал дерматологи, венерологи, косметологи. -2020. -№3(78). - С.29-38.
11. Лаврушко С.1., Степаненко В.1., Дудченко М.О., Павленко Г.П. Сучасш погляди на л^вання мшроспори у дней з урахуванням етюлоги, патогенезу та особливостей ктшчного переб^ дерматозу// Укра!нський журнал дерматологи, венерологи, косметологи. - 2018. -№4(71). - С.16-25.
12. Agarwal U.S., Saran J., Agarwal P. Clinico-mycological study of dermatophytes in a tertiary care centre in northwest India // Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.- 2014.- Vol. 80 (2).- P.194.
13. Ali-Shtayeh M.S., Yaish S., Jamous R.M. et al. Updating the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections in Palestine with special reference to concomitant dermatophytosis // Journal de Mycologie Medicale.- 2015.- Vol. 25 (2).- P.116-122.
14. Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections // Clin Dermatol.- 2010.- Vol. 28 (2).-P.197-201.
15. Balci E., Gulgun M., Babacan O. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of tinea capitis and tinea pedis in school children in Turkey // J Pak Med Assoc.-
2014.- Vol. 64(5).- P. 514-518.
16. Brasch J., Wodarg S. Morphological and physiological features of Arthroderma benhamiae anamorphs isolated in northern Germany.- Mycoses.-
2015.- Vol. 58 (2).- P. 93-98.
17. Ciesielska A., St^czek P. Selection and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression in Microsporum canis growing under different adhesion-inducing conditions // Scientific reports. - 2018. - Vol. 8 (1). - P.1197.
14 East European Scientific Journal #8(72), 2021
18. Croxtall J.D., Plosker G.L. Sertaconazole: a review of its use in the management of superficial mycoses in dermatology and gynaecology // Drugs.-2009.- Vol. 69 (3).- P. 339-359.
19. Farag A.G.A., Hammam M.A., Ibrahem R.A. et al. Epidemiology of dermatophyte infections among school children in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt // Mycoses. - 2018. - Vol. 61(5).- P. 321-325.
20. Kallel A., Hdider A., Fakhfakh N. et al. Tinea capitis: Main mycosis child. Epidemiological study on 10 years // J Mycol Med.- 2017.- Vol. 27 (3).- P. 345350.
21. Marcoux D., Dang J., Auguste H. et al. Emergence of African species of dermatophytes in tinea capitis: A 17-year experience in a Montreal pediatric hospital // Pediatr Dermatol. - 2018. - Vol. 35 (3). - P. 323-328.
22. Mikaeili A, Kavoussi H, Hashemian AH, Shabandoost Gheshtemi M, Kavoussi R. Clinico-mycological profile of tinea capitis and its comparative response to griseofulvin versus terbinafine. Curr Med Mycol. 2019; 5(1): 15-20. DOI: 10.18502/cmm.5.1.532.
23. Seol J.E., Kim D.H., Park S.H. et al. A case of tinea corporis caused by Microsporum gypseum after scratch injury by a dog // Korean J Med Mycol.- 2015.-Vol. 20 (4).- P.109-113.
24. Uhrlaß S., Krüger C., Nenoff P. Microsporum canis: Current data on the prevalence of the zoophilic dermatophyte in central Germany // Hautarzt. - 2015.-Vol. 66 (11).- P. 855-862.
References
1. Antonova SB, Ufimtceva MA. Zabolevaemost mikrosporiei: epidemiologicheskie aspekty, sovremennye osobennosti techeniia (Rus). Pediatriya. Zhurnal imeni G. N. Speranskogo [Pediatrics. Journal of the name of GN Speranskii] (Rus). 2016; 95(2):142-146.
2. Ahmedova SD. Prospective analysis of microbiota during dermatomycosis (Rus). Biomeditcina [Journal Biomeditcina] (Rus). 2018; 1:30-32.
3. Zaykov SV. Imunotropni vlastyvosti probiotykiv, vitaminiv ta mikroelementiv (Ukr). Klin. imunol. Alerhol. Infektol [Klin. immunol. Allergol. Infectol] (Ukr). 2015; 3-4:21-28.
4. Lavrushko SI. Clinical case and treatment of microsporia of the scalp and nail (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2020; 3(78):44-49.
5. Lavrushko SI. Complex treatment of microspores of hair follicles in children (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2019;1(72):65-72.
6. Lavrushko SI. Optimization of treatment of microsporia of scalp in children (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2019;3(74):35-44.
7. Lavrushko SI. Modern complex treatment of
UB
aaa«
microsporia (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2019;2 (73):37-44.
8. Lavrushko SI, Dudchenko MO. Optimization of smooth skin microsporia treatment (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2018;3(70):43-54.
9. Lavrushko SI, Dudchenko MO, Pavlenko GP, Filatova VL. Modern complex treatment of microspores of smooth skin (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2018;2(69):16-22.
10. Lavrushko SI, Stepanenko VI. Optimization of modern complex treatment of microsporia in athletes taking into account the clinical course of dermatosis (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2020; 3(78):29-38.
11. Lavrushko SI, Stepanenko VI, Dudchenko MO, Pavlenko GP. Modern view on treatment of microsporia of children, taking into account the etiology, pathogenesis and features of clinical course of dermatosis (Ukr). Ukrayinsky zhurnal dermatologii, venerologii, kosmetologii [Ukrainian journal of dermatology, venereology, cosmetology] (Ukr). 2018; 4 (71):16-25.
12. Agarwal US, Saran J, Agarwal P. Clinico-mycological study of dermatophytes in a tertiary care centre in northwest India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2014; 80(2):194.
13. Ali-Shtayeh MS, Yaish S, Jamous RM, Arda H, Husein EI. Updating the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections in Palestine with special reference to concomitant dermatophytosis. Journal de Mycologie Medicale. 2015; 25(2):116-122.
14. Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol. 2010; 28(2):197-201.
15. Balci E, Gulgun M, Babacan O, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of tinea capitis and tinea pedis in school children in Turkey. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014;64(5):514-518.
16. Brasch J, Wodarg S. Morphological and physiological features of Arthroderma benhamiae anamorphs isolated in northern Germany. Mycoses. 2015; 58(2):93-98.
17. Ciesielska A, St^czek P. Selection and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression in Microsporum canis growing under different adhesion-inducing conditions. Scientific reports. 2018;8(1):1197.
18. Croxtall JD, Plosker GL. Sertaconazole: a review of its use in the management of superficial mycoses in dermatology and gynaecology. Drugs. 2009; 69(3):339-359.
19. Farag AGA, Hammam MA, Ibrahem RA, et al. Epidemiology of dermatophyte infections among school children in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Mycoses. 2018;61(5):321-325.
UB
lasia
20. Kallel A, Hdider A, Fakhfakh N, et al. Tinea capitis: Main mycosis child. Epidemiological study on 10 years. J Mycol Med. 2017;27(3):345-350.
21. Marcoux D, Dang J, Auguste H et al. Emergence of African species of dermatophytes in tinea capitis: A 17-year experience in a Montreal pediatric hospital. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018;35(3):323-328.
22. Mikaeili A, Kavoussi H, Hashemian AH, Shabandoost Gheshtemi M, Kavoussi R. Clinico-mycological profile of tinea capitis and its comparative
East European Scientific Journal #8(72), 2021 15 response to griseofulvin versus terbinafine. Curr Med Mycol. 2019; 5(1): 15-20. DOI: 10.18502/cmm.5.1.532.
23. Seol JE, Kim DH, Park SH, et al. A case of tinea corporis caused by Microsporum gypseum after scratch injury by a dog. Korean J Med Mycol. 2015; 20(4):109-113.
24. Uhrlaß S, Krüger C, Nenoff P. Microsporum canis: Current data on the prevalence of the zoophilic dermatophyte in central Germany. Hautarzt. 2015; 66(11):855-862.
