CC BY
4
DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2022_2_102_130
Kosimov Kh.S. associate professor department of economic and social geography National University of Uzbekistan
MODERN CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES IN
THE WORLD
Abstract: This article partially highlights the modern features of the development of cities in the world, as well as provides information on the factors influencing the development of cities and their historical formation. The features of urban development in different regions of the world were also discussed.
Keywords: cities, urbanization, clustering, urban functions, millionaire cities, global cities, ghost towns.
Introduction. Cities arose from the most ancient times and, together with villages, are one of the two main types of settlements of the population. Cities have historically emerged and developed as a result of the social and geographical division of labor. In ancient times, it arose in cities on the basis of crafts, trade, political management, defense work, religious centers and shrines. [1]
There is clear that the historical formation of the development of cities was very slow until the 19th century. In 1800, 3% of the world's population lived in cities. Along with the formation and development of industry in the 18th century, cities also developed rapidly. And in developing countries of the world, urbanization processes began in the middle of the twentieth century due to positive changes in the socio-economic and political spheres and continue at a high pace to this day.
Method of the research. Over the next 2 centuries, the share of the city's population from the total number of inhabitants of the world grew regularly. In 1800, approximately 3% of the population lived in urban areas. By 1900, the figure was 14%, in the 50s of the 20th century, the world urbanization rate was 29%, in 1990 this figure would reach 45%, in 2001-47%. By 2010, the share of townspeople in the world population increased by more than 50%, and now it is more than 55%. [3]
Analysis and results. Urbanization develops through 3 main stages. [5493]
1. At the stage of forming urbanization, the share of the urban population is less than 50%, new cities are formed, some rural areas move into the category of urban settlements. At this stage, large cities begin to grow rapidly. According to this, the largest city is going much further than the others. The growth of the largest cities is in some cases in the form of "fake" urbanization, that is, the
compaction of housing of low-income residents who moved from the village on the outskirts of the city. A number of developing countries in Asia and Africa are currently undergoing this stage of urbanization.
2. At the stage of developed urbanization, the part of the population from 50% to 75% falls in cities, and there is a high-pace growth of "millionaire" cities. Around large cities, the emergence of agglomerations is observed, and new cities practically do not arise, while existing cities, especially large ones, develop rapidly, systems of urban settlements are formed. This stage of urbanization is typical for most countries in Eastern Europe, the CIS countries, Latin America, North Africa, Southwest Asia, Oceania.
3.The stage of mature urbanization in the most developed countries of Europe, the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, Israel. In these countries, more than 75% of the population falls in cities. Residents gradually move from the downtown of large cities to the suburbs, but continue to work, study, conduct various activities in the city. As a result, the downtown of cities, mainly entrepreneurship, the banking and financial sector, become areas of development of management, and the population will increasingly move away from the center, and suburbanization will come to existence.
As mentioned previously, the development of cities varies in different regions. In developing countries, the development of cities is taking a sharp turn. Along with the growth in the state economy of countries, the development of cities is in sync. An example of this is the processes in China, India and Arabian countries. Also, in the countries of tropical Africa, cities are developing as a result of the migration of the population to cities in order to live and work comfortably.
It can be seen that the development of cities in this world region is developing differently at different stages. In countries in large regions such as Europe, North America, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, urbanization has not been observed, with an average increase of more than 70 percent, with the pace of Urban Development slowing considerably. (Table 1)
Table 1
Urbanization rate of the world and major regions (2021)
№ World and major regions Urbanization rate, at %
1 World 54.7
2 Developed countries 78.3
3 Developing countries 49.1
4 Europe 75
5 Asia 49
6 Africa 43
7 North America (USA and Canada) 81
8 Latin America 80
9 Australia and Oceania 70
10 Central Asia 47
The table is compiled by the author based on data from the UN Population
Fund. [10]
Iceland is clearly visible in countries with an urbanization rate above 90 percent, such as Great Britain, Belgium, Denmark, The Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Venezuela.
The total level of urbanization on the Asian continent, which consists of 60% of the world's population and half of the world's urban population and mainly developing countries, is slightly lower, around 50%, and continues to grow. In Africa, however, the urbanization index is just over 40 percent. But on both continents, there are highly urbanized countries. In particular, in Asia, countries such as Japan, South Korea, Israel, the Arabian countries of the Persian armpit, Thailand, and in Africa, such as Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and the ravine are distinguished in this regard. At the same time, the level of urbanization in Bhutan, Burundi, Malawi, Uganda, Chad, Afghanistan and other countries does not reach even 25 percent. But in recent years, the total population of the city and its share in the world population have been increasing precisely due to urbanization processes taking place in Asian and African countries, especially internal migration to live well. The most significant contribution to this belongs to the countries of China and India, whose cities are growing at a much higher pace.
In the development of cities in the world, the development of international trade and economic and financial relations, the expansion of the sphere of activity of transnational corporations, the emergence of modern transport and communication networks, as well as the rapid development of international tourism are of paramount importance. The number of inhabitants of such cities is equal to several million people, and large transnational corporations and international organizations are distinguished from other cities by the location of their headquarters, the largest port in the world, industrial enterprises, banking, financial savings and exchanges. In relation to cities of this category, the term global (or World) Cities is used. Among the Global cities, first of all, such trade
and financial and transport potential as New York, London, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Paris, Dubai, Singapore will be included in extremely large cities. The ranks of Global cities are expanding more and more, while the sphere of their influence covers all continents and their large parts. In the following years, a number of South-West Asian and some East Asian cities are gaining global importance. [4]
China has seen a significant increase in the city's population since the beginning of its opening and reform policy in the late 1970s. The city's population increased from 172 million in 1978 to more than 60% in 2020 to 799 million in total. As a result of the large-scale urbanization process in China, the country's economy rose sharply. In addition, the entire Chinese society is also increasingly modernized. The trend parallel to rapid urbanization in the country is increasing income inequality. The gap is getting bigger and bigger.
In the 2000s, the government of the people's Republic of China approved a project to build a number of new cities. The notable thing about planning is that the design and construction was carried out on the basis of an approved urban planning plan with the formation of a complete infrastructure. At the same time, the process of settling new cities is far behind the completion of their construction. In modern China, the phenomenon of ghost cities appeared. [7139]
The usual ghost town is modern cities built from scratch. It has residential areas, sites for industrial facilities, real estate for tenants, hospitals, schools, universities, airports. Modern roads and various communications connect all this. Despite the fact that there is still a small population there, the infrastructure was kept in good condition. The main reason for the slow migration of the population in these cities was that the reclaimed city was located mainly in western and northern China. Initially, the development of the country's cities developed in the seaports, while at the later stage, cities located relatively close to the sea in neighboring areas developed rapidly in these areas. One example can be said of Wuhan and Tianzin, close to Shanghai and Gangok. The number of millionaire cities in China is also increasing. Currently, there are more than 40 millionaire cities in China alone.
Indian cities are unique. Compared to cities in Western countries, cities expand in different ways. In India, this growth is unplanned and uncontrollable in terms of infrastructure and urban planning.
From the second half of the 20th century, there was a rapid growth of four major metropolises in India: Calcutta, Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. An industrial revolution took place in the country's economy, which led to an increase in the standard of living of the population living in cities. The growth of the public sector has led to the development of public transport, roads, water supply, electricity and other infrastructures in cities.
According to statistics, in 2001, the urban population of India was more than 285 million people, with an urbanization rate of 26%. On the same day,
more than 30% of the country's population lives in cities, but according to forecasts, by 2050 their number increased by 60%. The increase in population in such cities will further expand circulation in the bustling cities of India.
By the 21st century in South-West Asia, a number of mammals had improved significantly in the countries in exchange for benefits from natural resources. As a result, several cities grew and grew at a very fast pace, as a result of these countries diverting capital to the construction of modern cities and the establishment of tourism centers, Dubai, a fishing village in the 1960s, is now a highly developed mega polis. The cities of this region are represented as major financial and tourism centers.
Because of the processes, the urbanization rate of the region increased from 80 percent to 90 percent in Katar Kuwait and the UAE. The construction of new cities in this area has also become much more intensive in later times. In the UAE itself, other cities from Dubai and Abu Dhabi are almost newly built. In Saudi Arabia, too, the city of Jeddah has been newly built, while Saudi government plans to build a so-called City called Nero, which stretches for 150 km in the Red Sea coast (with the aim of providing water by freshening the seawater).
In addition, in Iran and Turkey, the level of urbanization is 50-60%, respectively, the development of cities in these countries is somewhat slow. The other region of Asia, while in South - West Asia, urbanization took a sharp turn in the 21st century. In Indonesia, the migration of many residents to cities caused a sharp increase in population, especially in the capital Jakarta. As a result, the capital of the country is marked by resettlement from the densely populated island of Java on the island of Kalimantan, where the population is sparse. There is also rapid growth of large cities in the Philippines and Vietnam.
About 60% of the population of the African continent is in a straight cut in rural areas, urbanization on the continent is increasing. In the last thirty years of the 20th century (from 1972 to 2000), the number of inhabitants of the cities of the African continent doubled. In addition, a significant increase in the population of the city is observed in almost all regions of the continent. The most rapid increase in the population of the city was observed in the northern, western and southern parts of the mainland. The highest proportion of the city's population is 54% in North Africa. The level of urbanization is in the countries of western, South and Central Africa, the share of the urban population is 40%. The least urbanized area is East Africa, where only 23% of the population lives in cities. [7]
Taking into account the following process of urban development in Africa, industrial and cultural development of countries, deepening of ethnic processes and other positive processes are developing with cities. However, at the same time, in terms of economic growth, a false urbanization is characteristic of countries and regions that are practically absent. As a result, in most cases, African cities have not become leaders in economic growth and
structural changes in the economy. On the contrary, in many cases they play a role as the main centers of the socio-economic crisis. Unemployment has become the center of acute social contradictions, such as the housing crisis, crime. Thanks to this, according to statistics, the first ten cities in the world with the lowest quality of life are nine cities in Africa: Brazzaville, Pointe-Noir, Khartoum, Bangui, Luanda, Ouagadougou, Kinshasa, Bamako and Niamey.
Despite the many common features of urban development in Africa, there are significant regional differences, especially between North, Tropical and South Africa.
According to calculations, if in 2000-2015. If the city's population grew by an average of 3.5% per year, then in Africa the share of the city's population approached 50%, and the share of this continent in the world's urban population rose to 17%. In 2025, the urban population of Africa exceeds 800 million people; its share in the total population is 54%. In North and South Africa, this share increases to 65% and even 70%, while in East Africa, which is now the least urbanized, it is 47%. At the same time, the number of millionaire agglomerations in tropical Africa can reach 110.
Conclusion. Urbanization processes are an integral part of social economic development and their direct derivative, and also cause a number of problems. The scope of these problems is wide and is characterized by aspects of environmental, economic, social, medical, cultural, spiritual and moral, and especially an increase in the crime rate. [10-215]
In this case, the most relevant are the increased pressure that production transfers to the environment, deficiencies in water supply, the spread of diseases associated with the urban lifestyle, increased crime and other problems.
Hence, the modern stage of World Urbanization is being formed in its own way by quantitative and qualitative characteristics, as well as problematic aspects of various manifestations.
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