CC BY
85
UDC 51-76:613.2.038
Doi: 10.31772/2587-6066-2018-19-4-631-636
For citation: Kovalev V. S., Manukovsky N. S., Tikhomirov A. A. [Modeling components of bioregenerative life support system intended for space purposes]. Siberian Journal of Science and Technology. 2018, Vol. 19, No. 4, P. 631-636. Doi: 10.31772/2587-6066-2018-19-4-631-636
Для цитирования: Ковалёв В. С., Мануковский Н. С., Тихомиров А. А. Моделирование компонентов биорегенеративной системы жизнеобеспечения космического назначения // Сибирский журнал науки и технологий. 2018. Т. 19, № 4. С. 631-636. Doi: 10.31772/2587-6066-2018-19-4-631-636
MODELING COMPONENTS OF BIOREGENERATIVE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM INTENDED
FOR SPACE PURPOSES
V. S. Kovalev*2, N. S. Manukovsky1, 2, A. A. Tikhomirov1,2
1Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technologies 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation 2Institute of Biophysics SB RAS 50/50, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation *E-mail: kovalev49@mail.ru
We have developed a linear model for compiling and optimizing food components in a bioregenerative life-support system (BLSS) intended for space purposes in the Excel environment using OpenSolver public add-in with COIN-OR-CBC solver.
The independent variables in the model are the masses of ingredients used in dishes. The objective functions of modeling are to minimize the total mass of the daily diet and maximize its antioxidant potential. The daily intakes of nutrients in the menu are limited to NASA standards. The upper and lower limits are also imposed on independent variables and the masses of dishes. We have found the content of nutrients in ingredients in open databases. The menu includes the first course, the second course, snacks, desserts, drinks, bread and water. We have presented an example of a concrete calculation of the daily menu consisting of 12 dishes: fresh-soup, chicken with rice, the roast, sausages, tofu, chickpeas, candied nuts, bread, goat milk, soy milk, cocktail and water. These dishes are prepared using 24 ingredients: table salt, water, wheat grains, rice, quinoa, millet, sweet potato, white potato, carrots, safflower oil, soybeans, chickpeas, lentils, cowpeas, strawberries, tomatoes, onions, garlic, chili pepper, quail, pork, tilapia, goat's milk and sugar. The ingredients being used represent edible biomass of plants and animals that are candidates for inclusion in BLSS. Caloric content of a daily diet is assumed to be equal to 2800 kcal. It is shown that food imbalances in the estimated daily menu are caused by a shortage of estimated daily intake ofpantothenic acid, and also by an excess of iron, phosphorus and saturated fats. Excess intake of iron and phosphorus may not be critical for the health of the users of BLSS. The minimum weight of the daily menu is 2641 g, and its antioxidant potential can reach 14 mmol Ttrolox-equivalent.
Keywords: variables, objective function, ingredient, dish, nutrient.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ БИОРЕГЕНЕРАТИВНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ЖИЗНЕОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ КОСМИЧЕСКОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ
В. С. Ковалёв2*, Н. С. Мануковский1,2, А. А. Тихомиров1,2
1 Сибирский государственный университет науки и технологий имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газ. «Красноярский рабочий», 31
2Институт биофизики СО РАН Российская Федерация, 660036, г. Красноярск, Академгородок, 50/50 *E-mail: kovalev49@mail.ru
В среде Excel с использованием решателя COIN-OR-CBC в составе общедоступной надстройки OpenSolver разработана линейная модель для составления и оптимизации пищевого звена биорегенеративной системы жизнеобеспечения (БСЖО), предназначенной для использования в космосе.
Независимыми переменными в модели являются массы источников пищи, используемые в блюдах. Целевыми функциями моделирования являлись минимизация общей массы суточного рациона и максимизация его антиок-сидантного потенциала. Суточное потребление нутриентов в составе меню было ограничено стандартами НАСА. Верхние и нижние ограничения накладывали также на независимые переменные и массу блюд. Содер-
жание нутриентов в источниках пищи находили в открытых базах данных. В схему меню включены первое блюдо, второе блюдо, закуски, десерты, напитки, хлеб и вода. Представлен пример конкретного расчёта суточного меню, состоящего из 12 блюд: уха из тиляпии, цыплёнок с рисом, жаркое, колбаски, тофу, нут, козинак, хлеб, молоко козье, молоко соевое, коктейль и вода. Эти блюда были скомпонованы из 24 ингредиентов: поваренной соли, воды, зёрен пшеницы, риса, лебеды, проса, батата, картофеля, моркови, масла сафлоро-вого, бобов соевых, нута, чечевицы, вигны, земляники, томатов, лука, чеснока, перца чили, перепелятины, свинины, тиляпии, молока козье и сахара. В качестве ингредиентов использовали съедобную биомассу растений и животных, являющихся кандидатами для включения в БСЖО. Калорийность суточного рациона принята равной 2800 ккал. Показано, что пищевые дисбалансы в расчётном суточном меню обусловлены недостатком расчётного суточного потребления пантотеновой кислоты, а также избытком железа, фосфора и насыщенных жиров. Избыточное потребление железа и фосфора, возможно, не является критическим для здоровья обитателей БСЖО. Минимальная масса суточного меню составила 2641 г, а его антиоксидантный потенциал может достигать 14 ммоль тролокс-эквивалента.
Ключевые слова: переменные, целевая функция, ингредиенты, блюдо, нутриент.
Introduction. It is known that a space diet was calculated by the method of one-criterion optimization using AMPL environment [1]. In that study we assigned the masses of dishes as independent variables. The balance of ingredient masses in the dishes remained constant, whereas the use of ingredient masses as independent variables may enhance the efficiency of diet optimization. Minimizing equivalent system mass (ESM) of foods was the objective function of optimization
z = min ^ cjmdj, (1)
jzF
where Cj is the "cost" of 1 gram of the j-th dish in terms of ESM units; mdj is the mass of the j-th dish; F - a set of dishes. Nowadays, ESM calculation can be carried out on the basis of terrestrial test-beds [2]. In space conditions, the results of the calculation may not be relevant. Therefore, as an objective function, it is advisable to use the minimization of the daily food mass. This objective function is a variant of ESM minimizing, if in the equation (1) the coefficients c = 1.
Space radiation induces oxidative stress in cosmonauts' bodies after a long space flight on the International Space Station [3; 4]. Partial solution to the problem of oxidative stress is in the selection of ingredients that have antioxidant properties. Dietary countermeasures are food products and preparations that, when ingested into a cosmonaut's body, may have the potential to reduce the effects of ionizing radiation [5]. It is of interest to calculate the antioxidant potential of a diet.
The purpose of this work was to develop a computer model using masses of dish ingredients as independent variables for minimizing the daily food mass consumed in BLSS and maximizing food's antioxidant potential.
Selecting dish ingredients. When compiling the list of ingredients for diet modeling, the following conditions were met: a) data on the biochemical composition of the ingredients should be publicly available; b) the ingredients were used previously in experimental or theoretical studies of BLSS. Ingredients obtained from plants [6] partially meet these conditions; these ingredients are: wheat, rice, oats, quinoa, millet, sweet potato, potatoes, beets, lettuce, carrots, oyster mushrooms, Pinto beans, soybeans, chickpeas, lentils, cow peas, strawberries, tomatoes, cantaloupe, onions, garlic and chili.
To fulfill the norm of the content of animal protein in the diet for cosmonauts [7], we also added to our list the ingredients of animal origin that were considered as candidates for cultivation in BLSS: quail meat [8], quail eggs and pork [9], tilapia [10], milk [11], as well as table salt, water, sugar and safflower oil. Thus, the list of ingredients included 31 names.
Model Description. We conducted simulations in the Excel environment using the COIN-OR-CBC solver in the OpenSolver add-in [12]. We used the following objective functions: minimizing the daily food mass and maximizing its antioxidant activity. We assigned the masses of dish ingredients as independent variables. We considered the daily food mass as sum of dish masses. Our linear model was based on the matrix A:
X11 X12 "' X1 j "' X1v
where u is the number of dish ingredients in the dishes; v - number of dishes in the daily diet; xtj - mass of t-th ingredient in the j-th dish.
The rows in the matrix A represented the distribution of dish ingredients along the dishes and the columns represented the masses of dish ingredients in the dishes.
The total masses of ingredients in the daily menu were represented by a column vector:
VTM = [[ X2 "• Xt ••• Xu ]', (3)
where Xi = ^ xtj - mass of i-th ingredient in the daily
j=1
diet.
We calculated the mass of the j-th dish using the following formula:
u
mdj=E xy. (4)
i=1
We represented the content of nutrients per 100 g of ingredients as a matrix B:
B =
2 j
1p
2p
(5)
N =[n
'j 2
J.
(6)
We calculated the mass of the j-th nutrient in the daily menu as the scalar product of the vectors:
mnj = Nj :
VTM/100.
(7)
TM = min £ mdj
j=1
(8)
To maximize the antioxidant potential of the daily food mass, the following formula was used:
AP = max £ aiXi / (100 x 1000)
(9)
Table 1
Menu plan
Meals
1 2 3 4
Main course Snack First course Snack
Bread Drink Main course Drink
Drink Snack Dessert Bread Drink
u1 u 2 uj up y
where p is the number of monitored nutrients; u is the number of ingredients in the dishes.
The rows in matrix B represented the nutrient content of the ingredients, and the columns showed the nutrient distribution along ingredients. Data on the content of nutrients in 100 g of ingredients was taken from open databases [13-15].
We recorded the distribution of the j-th nutrient along ingredients as a column vector:
Specific menu plan Table 2
Eating
1 2 3 4
Chicken with rice Morning sausages Fresh-soup Nut
Bread Soy milk Roast Goat milk
Water Tofu Candied nuts Bread Cocktail
We carried out the minimization of the daily food mass using the formula:
where AP - antioxidant potential of the daily food mass, expressed in mmol Trolox-equivalent; ai - antioxidant efficacy, expressed in ^mol Trolox-equivalent [16] per 100 g of i-th ingredient [17].
Planning the daily menu: an example. We planned four meals that included soup, main courses, snacks, dessert, bread and drinks. We arranged the dishes according to the plan (tab. 1).
We chose a list of dishes and the composition of the ingredients in the dishes, taking into account the fact that the ingredients were included in the list given in the section "Selecting dish ingredients". The specificity of the menu plan (tab. 1) is shown in tab. 2.
Some constraints were imposed on the masses of variables and dishes. The daily intakes of nutrients were restricted by NASA standards [7]. The calorie value of the daily menu was accepted to be 2800 kcal in accordance with the daily energy consumption of the explorer in the BIOS 3 complex [18] and the estimated energy consumption of the lunar base inhabitant [19]. We carried out the calculation of caloric content of the daily menu according to the Atwater formula:
E = 4 [ protein] + 9 [ fat ] + 4 [carbohydrate], (10)
where [protein], [fat], [carbohydrate] - masses of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the daily menu.
These 12 dishes (tab. 2, 3) include 24 ingredients (tab. 3). The data in tab. 3 were obtained as a result of optimization of the daily menu with the use of minimizing the total mass of the daily diet as an objective function.
The minimum weight of the daily diet was 2641 g, and its maximum antioxidant activity was 14 mmol Trolox equivalent. Currently, the norm on the antioxidant activity of the daily diet is not established [7]. It should be noted that the antioxidant activity of the products is determined in vitro [16], whereas in vivo the properties of the products are likely to vary.
The calculated diet was not balanced for four nutrients: iron, phosphorus, pantothenic acid and saturated fat. The values of daily intake of iron, phosphorus and saturated fats exceeded NASA standards, while the diet was deficient in pantothenic acid.
It is known that excessive intake of iron and its accumulation in the body can provoke cancer and heart disease [20-22]. In this regard, the installation of low iron consumption seems justified. Nevertheless, the range of both Russian and American products used on board the ISS to complete joint diets did not allow to maintain a low daily iron intake rate (8-10 mg) in accordance with the desire of the American side. In Russian-American joint diets actually used in the 1st-7th expeditions, iron intake was 21 mg/day. Metabolic parameters did not exceed the limits of permissible physiological fluctuations and did not indicate violations of the nutritional status of crew members. The data obtained show that the joint Russian-American diets adequately ensured the energy and constructive metabolism of the crew members during the seven long-term expeditions to the ISS and contributed to the maintenance of the operability sufficient to carry out the flight programs [23].
i=1
Table 3
Calculated masses of ingredients in dishes and masses of dishes
Ingredients Dishes
Fresh soup Chicken Roast Sausages Tofu Chickpeas Candied nuts Bread Goat milk Soy milk Cocktail Water
Table salt 2 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0 0,1 0 0 0 0
Water 238 20 40 30 200 30 0 0 0 241 100 100
Wheat grains 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 218 0 0 0 0
Rice 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0
Quinoa 0 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Millet 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sweet potato 0 50 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
White potato 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carrot 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Safflower oil 3 4 10 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soybeans 0 5 0 2 17 0 0 0 0 80 0 0
Chickpeas 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lentils 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vigna 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Strawberries 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0
Tomatoes 0 5 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Onion 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Garlic 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chili pepper 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Quail 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pork 0 0 5 85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tilapia 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goat's milk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 0 0 0
Sugar 0 0 0 0 2 5 7 0 0 7 7 0
Masses of dishes, g 400 201 142 139 219 50 107 218 600 328 137 100
Thus, the daily iron intake (23 mg) calculated in this model is probably not critical. If we consider the consumption of iron in relation to its available form, the NASA requirement looks more realistic.
The upper permissible level of daily intake of phosphorus is not established. Therefore, it is likely that the daily consumption of phosphorus calculated in this work (2685 mg against the normative 1800 mg) can be considered unacceptable after setting an upper limit on the daily intake of phosphorus.
To prevent the excess of phosphorus and saturated fat in the diets, we can recommend the selection of ingredients with the reduced content of these nutrients. Deficiency of pantothenic acid can be overcome through the use of vitamin products and / or vitamin preparations.
Conclusion. We described the algorithm for calculating the daily diet in BLSS intended for space purposes
using the masses of ingredients in dishes as independent variables. We simulated the menu in the Excel environment using the public OpenSolver add-in.
The distinctive features of the model are:
- the use of the free-for-all add-in of OpenSolver;
- the ability to vary the masses of components in dishes.
The calculation of the daily diet presented in this study is demonstrative in nature, since it does not take into account the compatibility of ingredients and the taste of the dishes. The prognosis of the antioxidant activity of the daily menu will be of practical significance when the corresponding dietary standard for cosmonauts is determined.
We see the prospects for further investigation of the problem in the development of recipes and the expansion of the variety of dishes intended for the use by cosmo-
nauts in BLSS, taking into account individual preferences. In addition, the results of the work provide a basis for expanding the diversity of plants species included in the phototrophic link of closed ecosystems and planning studies to assess the tolerance of the cenosis of these plants to environmental factors in such ecosystems.
Acknowledgements. The work was carried out within the framework of the State Program on the subject No. 56.1.4, section VI of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences for 2013-2020.
Благодарности. Работа выполнена в рамках Государственной программы по теме № 56.1.4, раздел VI Программы фундаментальных научных исследований Российской академии наук на 2013-2020 годы.
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© Kovalev V. S., Manukovsky N. S., Tikhomirov A. A., 2018
