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49ЭКОНОМИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НАРОДНЫМ
ХОЗЯЙСТВОМ
WORLD TRENDS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 1 2 Markosyan H.A. , Margaryan H.S. (Republic of Armenia)
Email: Markosyan238@scientifictext.ru
1Markosyan Hayk Ashotovich - PhD in Economics, Senior scientific Researcher; 2Margaryan Hrant Stepanovich - PhD in Economics, Junior scientific Researcher;
INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS NAMED AFTER M. KOTANYAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA YEREVAN, REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
Abstract: implementation of energy projects crucial to any country's economic security. Energy projects are of long-term nature, leaving their influence on the competitiveness of production processes. In this regard, it is necessary to study the global trends in the development of energy infrastructure in the process of economic policy development. Based on the comparative analysis, the global trends in traditional energy development have been presented in the article. The change of the volumes of electricity produced by nuclear power plants and renewable power plants has been studied since 1971. The results of the survey show that the volumes of electricity generated at nuclear power plants have a decline, while renewable energy has a tendency to grow.
Keywords: energy, atomic energy, renewable energy, world tendencies.
МИРОВЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ЯДЕРНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ 12 Маркосян А.А. , Маргарян Г.С. (Республика Армения)
1Маркосян Айк Ашотович - кандидат экономических наук, старший научный сотрудник;
2Маргарян Грант Степанович - кандидат экономических наук, младший научный сотрудник;
Институт экономики им. М. Котаняна Национальная Академия наук Республики Армении, г. Ереван, Республика Армения
Аннотация: реализация энергетических проектов играет решающую роль в контексте экономической безопасности любой страны. Энергетические проекты носят долгосрочный характер, оказывая свое влияние на конкурентоспособность производственных процессов. В связи с этим, при разработке экономической политики необходимо рассмотреть глобальные тенденции в развитии энергетической инфраструктуры. В статье на основе сравнительного анализа были показаны тенденции развития ядерной энергетики. Изучены изменения объемов производства электроэнергии атомными электростанциями и возобновляемыми электростанциями, начиная с 1971 года. Результаты исследования показали, что объемы электроэнергии, вырабатываемой на атомных электростанциях, снижаются, а возобновляемая энергия имеет тенденцию к росту. Ключевые слова: энергетика, атомная энергия, возобновляемая энергетика, мировые тенденции.
One of the most important infrastructures of sustainable economic development of any country is the national energy system, whose effectiveness has a significant impact on the development of the economy and its branches. Resistance of international energy companies to meeting the requirements of the market- involvement of high-quality specialists and, in general, the staff's effective employment are one of today's important problems. This is not
only an internal problem of an electric power system, but also a guarantee of socioeconomic stability and growth in any country's economy.
The composition of the sources that are part of the traditional energy is constantly being changed in the long-term, and therefore the large-scale sources of energy currently used in the energy industry will be used to study its trends.
1974-2016 Gross production of electricity has increased from 6,298 TWh to 25,082 TWh, which means that average annual growth was 3.3% [1]. 2015 to 2016 production growth was 2.9%. Overall, since 1974, the world's annual electricity generation trend has a positive trend, with the exception of 2008-2009 during the crisis years, when the gross production declined considerably. According to the data of 2016 [1], 67.3% of gross energy output was produced by thermal power plants, of which 65.1% were fossil fuel and 2.3% based on biofuels. Hydroelectric power stations produced 16.6%, nuclear power plants - 10.4%, and geothermal, solar, wind, wave and other sources - 5.6%. As a fossil fuel, mainly coal and natural gas are used, their shares in 2016 were respectively 27.7% and 27.3%. Coal-based thermal stations are widely used in China, where in 2015, the share of coal-based thermal power stations in the electric power industry was 70.3% in the power industry.
5,60%
u Thermal Biofuels ¡J Hydroelectric Plants y Nuclear Power Plants —i Solar, wind and so on
Fig. 1. Worldwide Power Generation According to Used Energy Sources, 2016
Nowadays, the electricity generated by nuclear power plants has a significant role in the energy balance of many countries of the world. This is evident by the indexes published by US Nuclear Energy. Table 1 lists countries having a share of more than 20% of nuclear energy in their energy balance.
Number of stations Angular force (MW) Production (GW) %
France 58 63,130 386,452.9 72.3
Slovakia 4 1,814 13,733.4 54.1
Ukraine 15 13,107 76,077.8 52.3
Belgium 7 5,913 41,430.5 51.7
Hungary 4 1,889 15,183.0 51.3
Sweden 10 9,740 60,647.4 40.0
Slovenia 1 688 5,431.3 35.2
Bulgaria 2 1,926 15,083.5 35.0
Switzerland 5 3,333 20,303.1 34.4
Finland 4 2,764 22,280.1 33.7
Armenia 1 375 2,194.9 31.4
Korea 25 23,077 154,306.7 30.3
Czech Republic 6 3,930 22,729.9 29.4
Spain 7 7,121 56,102.4 21.4
World 451 391,521 2,476,671.2 -
It is noteworthy that only 14 out of 31 countries in the world use nuclear energy with a share of more than 20% in the energy balance, and most of them are European countries. At the same time, it should be noted that the world leader in the production of electricity by nuclear power stations is the United States, where 99 nuclear power plants with a total capacity of 99 GW are functioning. The electricity generated by 2017 was 20% of the electricity produced in the country [3].
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
1 m L/l Ol 1 m 5 Ol 1 m 5 Ol 1 m 5 Ol 1 m 5
8 8 8 8 00 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 (N 2 2
Fig. 2. Share of Electricity Generated by Nuclear Power Plants in the World in Total Electricity
Balance (%) [4]
As illustrated in Figure 2, the peak of the volumes of nuclear electricity production was calculated from 1990-2002, when the index was 16.6% on average. Until 1996 the essential annual growth in volumes of electricity production can be explained by the increase in demand for electricity throughout the world. After this there is a steady decline, and in recent years, starting from 2010, this indicator did not exceed 12% threshold, in comparison with 1996- down by almost 7 percentage points. There is no doubt that on this phenomenon the development of electricity from alternative and renewable sources has a great impact.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
^HfOL/ll CTl^HfOL/ll CTl^HfOL/ll 0^*Hf0L/}l CTl^HfOL/l
Fig. 3. The share of electricity generated by renewable energy in the world in the total electricity balance, excluding hydropower (%) [5]
As we can see in Figure 3, the share of electricity generated by renewable energy in the world (without hydropower) does not have a big share in the overall electricity balance. It has grown dramatically since 2006, and in 10 years the index has progressed two times higher.
Thus, it can be stated that the volumes of electricity generated at the nuclear power plants along with the increase in the volumes of global electricity production have a downturn tendency and, conversely, renewable energy has a tendency to grow. Particularly, the share of electricity generated by renewable energy (without hydroelectric power plants) increased from 1.17% by 5 percentage points, reaching 6.76%, with the reduction in atomic energy from 17.5% in 1996 to 10.7% in 2015. So, it is evident that 21st century is going to become an era of radical changes in the field of energy, it is visible from the statistics' indexes which anticipate those global changes from traditional energy production to more cheap, clean and safe sources of electricity production like the usage of solar, wind and even more alternative sources.
References / Список литературы
1. Publications of the International Energy Agency official website. [Electronic recourse]. URL: https://www.iea.org/statistics/electricity/ (date of access: 20.10.2018).
2. Nuclear Energy Institute. [Electronic recourse]. URL: https://www.nei.org/resources/statistics/world-nuclear-generation-and-capacity/ (date of access: 20.10.2018).
3. World Nuclear Association. [Electronic recourse]. URL: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx/ (date of access: 20.10.2018).
4. Publication of the World Bank's official website. [Electronic recourse]. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.NUCL.ZS/ (date of access: 20.10.2018).
5. Publication of the World Bank's official website. [Electronic recourse]. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.RNWX.ZS/ (date of access: 20.10.2018).
