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20Отже, на 0CH0Bi проведених експерименталь-них та розрахункових дослщжень можна ствер-джувати, що наступи квантово-хiмiчнi параметри, а саме, Ehomo, Elumo, I, А, х, корелюють з ефек-тивнютю експериментального гальмування.
Лiтература
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МИНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ КОРНЕЙ CALЫGONUMЛРШЬШМ, СОБРАННЫХ В АТЫРАУСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ
Оразова Н.К.
Студент, специальность «Химия» 5В060600 Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н.Гумилева
Нур-Султан, Казахстан Рахмадиева С.Б. Доктор химических наук, профессор Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н.Гумилева Факультет естественных наук, кафедра химии Нур-Султан, Казахстан Аширбекова А.
Докторант, специальность «Химия» 6Б060600 Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н.Гумилева
Нур-Султан, Казахстан Имекова Г.
Магистрант, специальность «Химия» 6М060600 Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.Н.Гумилева
Нур-Султан, Казахстан
MiNERAL COMPOSiTiON OF CALLiGONUMAPHYLLUMS ROOTS COLLECTED iN ATYRAU
REGiON, KAZAKHSTAN
Orazova N.
Student
Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyova
Nur -Sultan, Kazakhstan Rakhmadieva S. Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyova Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry
Nur -Sultan, Kazakhstan Ashirbekova A.
Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyova
Nur -Sultan, Kazakhstan
Imekova G.
Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyova
Nur -Sultan, Kazakhstan
АННОТАЦИЯ
Объектом исследования являлось растительное сырье - корни растения Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke, которые были собраны на территории Атырауской области Курмангазинского района 7 июля 2019 года. Исследование соответствия качества проводилось в соответствии требованиям Государственной Фармакопеи Республики Казахстан. Растительный материал по полученным показателям соответствует качеству. Содержание металлов в твердых растительных материалах изучали с помощью атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой Leeman Lab Profile Plus, а предварительное геле-образование образца проводили в лаборатории Azimut Geology. ТОО в Караганде. Сделан вывод о том, что корни растения Calligonum aphyllum имеют богатый минеральный состав, присутствуют все жизненно важные элементы, такие как фосфор, железо, кобальт, марганец, цинк, хром, кобальт. Анализируя содержание тяжелых металлов в растительных материалах, отметим, что наличие элементов соответствует значениям ПДК, за исключением меди, содержание которой в 17,2 раза больше, чем ПДК, и цинка с содержанием в 3,5 раза больше, чем MPC.
ABSTRACT
The object of the study was plant raw materials - the roots of the Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke plant, which collected on the territory of the Atyrau region, Kurmangazi district on July 7, 2019. The study of quality compliance was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Plant material according to the obtained indicators of good quality corresponds to quality.The metal content in solid plant materials was studied using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Lee-man Lab Profile Plus, and preliminary gelation of the sample was carried out in the laboratory of Azimut Geology LLP in Karaganda. Concluded that the roots of Calligonum aphyllum plant have a rich mineral composition, all vital elements are present, such as phosphorus, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, chromium, cobalt. Analysing the content of heavy metals in plant materials, we note that the presence of elements corresponds to the MPC values, with the exception of copper, whose content is 17.2 times more than the MPC, and zinc with a content of 3.5 times more than the MPC.
Ключевые слова: Calligonum aphyllum, минеральный состав, тяжелые металлы, атомно-эмиссионная спектрометрия.
Keywords: Calligonum aphyllum, mineral composition, heavy metals, atomic emission spectrometry.
Introduction
Medicinal plant material is widely used in medicine for various medicines: infusions and decoctions, tinctures, extracts, total preparations, etc. Recently, the release of new types of products from LRS (briquettes, filter bags, powders, tablets, etc.) has increased. Currently, Russia uses drugs that are derived from substances of synthetic, plant, animal, mineral origin. About one third of all medicinal products approved for medical use are obtained from herbal raw materials [1].
The use of herbal remedies is primarily due to their high biological activity, complex effects on the patient's body and safety in the treatment of various chronic diseases or for prevention [1].
Calligonum (Zhuzgun, or Dzhuzgun, or Kandym) - a genus of perennial branched shrubs belonging to the family Polygonaceae [2]. This species of plants grows in a typical sandy desert on fine-hilly, semi-fixed and fixed sands, at the foot of dunes and sand ridges (see figure 1).
The use and economic value of this plant is its use as a plant aroma, as a phytomeliorant [2]. In addition, wood is used as fuel. Camels and sheep eat green shoots and apple-flavored fruits. It is also a very valuable plant for fixing moving sands, making them resistant. The growth on the old trunk is used to grind spoons, tubes, etc. [3].
Fig. 1. Calligonum aphyllum 's roots
Calligonum aphyllum is distributed in the European part of the former USSR, the Lower Volga region, in the Caucasus, in Western Siberia, in Central Asia [4]. In Kazakhstan, it is found in the Caspian lowland, the Emba plateau, the Turgai, Zaysan, Aral, Kyzylorda regions, in the Betpak-Dala desert, Moyun-Kum, in the Balkhash-Alakol lowland, in the Kyzyl-Kum desert (see figure 2) [5].
( «n#e*pn^rt>w AL 1 \ \ V ^ A* :
\ / ) -J> /' %
i Mtf* A. t i
.~r> f : M .
m A^y u
W\ i> m-
•j >■' / / "W/Vl
' s V IV U
' i f: i w. J y \
CZI -..... »imm
" HL?
Fig. 2. Natural distribution area of Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke in the Republic of Kazakhstan [6]
Medicinal plants have immense importance in healthcare worldwide for the prevention and treatment of various acute and chronic ailments. The standardization and quality control of herbal drugs are crucial for the production, evaluation, regulation, and safety surveillance of plant-made pharmaceuticals [1].
The influence of environmental pollution can cause the accumulation of ecotoxicants in the raw materials of medicinal plants [7]. Mineral elements contained in plant materials come into it from the soil. The study of the content of toxic elements and minerals in the raw materials of this region is relevant [8]. Essential oil plants are widely distributed and used in pharmaceutical practice in different countries, which necessitates comparative studies of medicinal plant materials of certain regions.
Materials and methods
The object of the study was plant raw materials -the roots of the Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke plant, which were collected on the territory of the Atyrau region, Kurmangazi district on July 7, 2019. Using a laboratory mill LZM-M1, vegetable raw materials were crushed to sizes passing through a sieve of 0.5-3 mm in size. Weighings were performed on an Ohaus AR2140 analytical balance. To determine the humidity, a Binder oven was used.
The study of quality compliance was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan [9]. Determination of humidity, total ash, ash insoluble in 10% HCl, sulfate ash and the content of extractives carried out according to the methods given in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan [9].
The metal content in solid objects of plant raw materials was determined by the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma Leeman Lab Profile Plus, and preliminary gelation of the sample was carried out in the laboratory of Azimut Geology LLP in Karaganda [10].
Results and discussion
Before starting to analyze herbal ingredients, their quality values were calculated in accordance with recognized standards established by the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The following parameters were studied to determine the good quality of the raw materials of the Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke plant: moisture content; extractive substances; total ash content: sulphate ash content; ash insoluble in 10% HCl (see table 1).
The results obtained after determining the loss during drying amounted to 5.2988 ± 0.61, which showed that the samples were properly dried in air and contained less moisture. Extractive values were determined using solvents of alcohol, water, hexane and ethyl acetate, which were 4.5254 ± 0.58% for alcohol-soluble extractive substances, 7.4374 ± 0.87% for water-soluble extractive substances, 9.7239 ± 0.42 % for hexano-soluble extractive substances and 0.7771 ± 0.69% for ethyl acetate-soluble extractive substances. However, the pharmacopoeial limit for alcohol-soluble and water-soluble extractive substances is not <15% and 18%, respectively.
The total ash content for Calligonum aphyllum samples was 1.9740 ± 0.21%, which was again in the limit (no more than 15%). The value of the ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid was 0.0064 ± 0.10%, and the sulfate ash was 1.2805 ± 0.24%, which is less than 5% and, thus, passes the test.
Thus, this plant material according to the obtained indicators of good quality corresponds to quality.
Table 1
The results of determining the mineral composition of the extract of the roots of Calligonum aphyllum
Plant Moisture Total ash Insoluble in 10% Sulphate ash Extractives, %
organ content, % content, % HCl ash content, % content, %
Extraction in 4,5254
water
Extraction in hexane 9,7239
Roots 5.2988 1.9740 0.0064 1.2805
Extraction in 7,4374
70% ethanol
Extraction in 0,7771
ethyl acetate
The mineral composition was determined using analysis was carried out under the following mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. conditions: at a temperature of 23.50 ° C, pressure 717 The measurement results are shown in table 2. The mm Hg (see table 2).
Table 2
The results of determining the mineral composition of the extract of the roots of
_Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke_
Determined elements Composition, mg/kg Composition, %
1 Silver Ag <0.1 <0,1*10-4
2 Aluminum Al 1264 1264*10-4
3 Arsenic As <0.1 <0,1*10-4
4 Boron B <1 <1*10-4
5 barium Ba 595 595*10-4
6 Beryllium Be <0.05 <0,05*10-4
7 Bismuth Bi <0.1 <0,1*10-4
8 Cadmium Cd <0.05 <0,05*10-4
9 Cerium Ce 71.38 71,38*10-4
10 Cobalt Co <0.1 <0,1*10-4
11 Chromium Cr 2.6 2,6*10-4
12 Copper Cu 52.2 52,2*10-4
13 Iron Fe 1551 1551*10-4
14 Gallium Ga <0.1 <0,1*10"4
15 Germanium Ge <0.1 <0,1*10"4
16 Hafnium Hf <0.1 <0,1*10"4
17 Indium In <0.1 <0,1*10"4
18 Lantanum La <0.05 0,05*10-4
19 Lithium Li <0.1 <0,1*10"4
20 Manganese Mn 51.1 51,1* 10-4
21 Molybdenium Mo <0.1 <0,1*10-4
22 Niobium Nb <0.1 <0,1*10-4
23 Nickel Ni <0.1 <0,1*10-4
24 Phosphorus P 293 293*10-4
25 Lead Pb 3.8 3,8*10-4
26 Selenium Se <0.1 <0,1*10-4
27 Antimony Sb <0.1 <0,1*10-4
28 Scandium Sc <0.1 <0,1*10-4
29 Tin Sn 0.2 0,2
30 Strontium Sr 299.2 299,2
31 Tellurium Te <0.1 0,1
32 Thorium Th 0.20 0,2
33 Titanium Ti 15 15
34 Thallium Tl <0.1 0,1
35 Uranus U <0.05 0,05
36 Vanadium V <0.1 0,1
37 Tungsten W 0.2 0,2
38 Yttrium Y <0.1 0,1
39 Ytterbium Yb <0.1 0,1
40 Zinc Zn 35 35
41 Zirconium Zr <0.1 0,1
The results of the analysis show that the roots of plant materials are rich in micro- and macroelements. This analysis proves the presence of all 41 elements. Of these, trace elements, the content of which is high, are aluminum (1264 mg / kg), barium (595 mg / kg), cerium (71.38 mg / kg), copper (52.2 mg / kg), iron (151 mg / kg), manganese (51.1 mg / kg), phosphorus (293 mg / kg), strontium (299.2 mg / kg), titanium (15 mg / kg), zinc (35 mg / kg). The concentration limits were determined for elements whose content was not more than 0.1 mg / kg. They are silver, arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lanthanum, lithium, molybdenum,
The accumulation of heavy metals in soils occurs mainly through technogenic emissions of dust, smoke, and aerosols into the atmosphere. The plants accumulate heavy metals (copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, cadmium) [11].
Soil pollution with heavy metals occurs due to the irrational use of natural resources, including during oil and gas production. The main sources of pollution of the biosphere during oil production are the construction of oil and gas wells (wastewater and sludge, well emissions, fuels and lubricants, etc.), the collection and transportation of oil through pipelines; oil preparation for refining; oilfield refining and storage, cream and liquid operations [12].
Conclusion
The results of the analysis show that plant material according to the obtained indicators of good quality corresponds to quality. The roots of plant materials are rich in micro- (silver, arsenic, beryllium, nickel, selenium, antimony, scandium and etc.) and macroelements (aluminum (1264 mg / kg), barium (595 mg / kg), cerium (71.38 mg / kg), copper (52.2 mg / kg), iron (151 mg / kg), manganese (51.1 mg / kg), phosphorus (293 mg / kg) and etc.). Roots of Calligonum aphyllum plant have a rich mineral composition, all vital 41 elements are present, such as phosphorus, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, chromium, cobalt. Analyzing the content of heavy metals in plant materials, we note that the presence of elements corresponds to the MPC values, with the exception of copper, whose content is 17.2 times more than the MPC, and zinc with a content of 3.5 times more than the MPC.
References
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niobium, nickel, selenium, antimony, scandium, tellurium, thallium, uranium, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, zirconium. Based on the results in table 2, we can conclude that the roots of Calligonum aphyllum plant have a rich mineral composition, all vital elements are present, such as phosphorus, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, chromium, cobalt.
Analyzing the content of heavy metals in plant materials, we note that the presence of elements corresponds to the MPC values, with the exception of copper, whose content is 17.2 more than the MPC, and zinc with a content of 3.5 times more than the MPC (see table 3).
3. Cherepanov S. K. Trees and shrubs of the USSR. - 1951. - V. 2. - P. 108.
4. Komarov V.A. Flora of the USSR // USSR publishing house. - Moscow, Leningrad, 1936. - V. 5. - P.538-539.
5. Pavlov, N.V. Flora of Kazakhstan // publishing house of sciences of the kazakh ssr. - V.3. - Alma-Ata, 1960. - P.125.
6. Rakhmadiyeva S., Khalelova D., Kushnare-vich D., Ichshanova I., Mineral composition of Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gurke // Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Advances in Applied science and Environmental Technology. - 2015. - P. 93-97.
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11. Ishchanova N.Y., Dyusenov B. Heavy metals in soil and plants of the Tengiz oil and gas field in the Atyrau region // Academician Satpayev and his role in the development of science, education and industry in Kazakhstan: Traditional International Symposium, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of birth. K.I. Satpaev. - Almaty: KazNTU, 1999. - P.1. - P.288-290.
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Table 3
Comparison of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in the roots of a plant
№ Element Content in roots, mg/kg MPC
1 Pb 3.8 10
2 As <0.1 2
3 V <0.1 15
4 Cd <0.05 8
5 Co <0.1 23
6 Cu 52.2 35
7 Zn 35 10
