CC BY
2
„ „„„, Baltic Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 7 No. 3, 2021 ---
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-3-9-19
MIGRATIONS AS A RESULT OF THE GLOBALISATION
Marian Mesaros1, Josef Reitspfs2
Abstract. The globalisation of the world economy is a driving force of the development of the individual countries in the world. Mineral resources in some countries are very important for the development of such countries, however they also attract world economies that offer new technologies and new possibilities in the development of the infrastructure. The technological progress of less developed countries also brings undesirable accompanying phenomena, namely the dependence on spare parts, the inability of such countries to carry out an independent research development, and an inconspicuous lifestyle change of the population. Cheap labour force lures foreign capital and later, as a result of the change of political regimes, begins to have enhanced demands, including various trade union demands. This is the moment when the particular government starts being influenced, the population is dissatisfied and the dissatisfaction results in social riots. However, the foreign capital has meanwhile achieved its business interests and that is why it leaves the particular country. Subsequently, this results in internal problems and many times in migrations of the dissatisfied population. Research tools used to write this article was analysis, analysis, synthesis of available information, reports, scientific articles on the subject and subsequent deduction to identify conclusions. Following the latest findings, it takes at least ten years for migrants to start accepting laws and habitual practice of a particular foreign country. The same holds true for migrants from South America who decide to leave their home country to live in the USA. That is why the assimilation problem has to be solved very carefully and, if it is possible, to solve the problems of potential migrants on the territory of their home country.
Key words: migrations, security, globalisation, fellowship, criminality, riots, capital. JEL Classification: O15, F52, D24
Introduction
According to the history of humankind, the past and the present societies have had and have the same signs and used and use the same procedures in favour of achieving their aims. All this is represented by the desire for tangible property that is officially hidden by the aid to developing countries. Anyway, it is always about the material part of everyday life.
It is not necessary to cite well-known authors to understand that the disintegration of the bipolar world follows its own regularities and tries to adapt to a particular time.
At the time of food surplus and tangible property people started to be divided into rich people and those that had to rely on manual work.
In spite of the fact people as a species come from Africa, nowadays this continent is the poorest one, though having a lot of mineral resources.
Corresponding author:
1 University of Security Management in Kosice, Slovakia. E-mail: vsbm@vsbm.sk
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4826-0130
2 University of Security Management in Kosice, Slovakia. E-mail: vsbm@vsbm.sk
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-5758
As to the content of this paper, it is necessary to mention the fact the capital in general needs to be reproduced (Mesaros, Losonczi, 2019). In developed countries, the conditions for expanding the capital are limited so this fact results in moving the capital into the industrially less developed countries. Except, cheap labour is a breeding ground for investments and subsequent globalisation, namely an aimed globalisation or a random one. A typical and unpleasant phenomenon that follows is represented by subsequent disintegration of the society in a particular country. A typical example of this is the so-called African spring. However, the Colonising of Asia, Africa and America also had unexpectedly positive manifestations, namely the origins of strong states as a result of revolutions and the subsequent using of the acquired knowledge. Anyway, globalisation is a clear source of migrations that worried Europe in the past
as well and should attack again and with a new power. However, is Europe prepared for such a situation?
1. Migrations as a phenomenon of the 21st century
1.1 Migrations and their short history
One of the most frequently used words at the present time is "SAFETY". This word refers to the safety of a person, a group of persons, nations, nationalities, countries or a group of persons of the same religion. Fear for one's safety usually refers to an environment not protected enough. Attacks on social and/or personal safeties have been promoted to an important strategy of achieving not only personal, but also group interests.
The world economy globalisation and the desire for wealth result in war conflicts that are frequently reflected by religious and/or racial forms of fanaticism. It is remarkable that countries not being in immediate need for solving such problems employ/use the third countries in favour of both presenting themselves as "peacemakers" and building and renewing what was destroyed by war conflicts. One does not have to be familiar with this fact as much as Eric Margolis1 is to understand that designating potential enemies as allies of Al-Qaeda represents a way of how to withhold their political and human rights and make such enemies illegal. A similar conception was created by Israel, namely the conception aimed at Palestinians. However, it has been not confirmed up to now whether Al-Qaeda, so much glorified and at the same time condemned, was really so powerful and whether it was not only a creature of the western world representing a kind of a bridge enabling by an authorisation of the UNO trouble free entering this country full of crude oil and huge mineral resources (Mesaros, Losonczi 2019).
Other examples of how a propaganda can become a reality can be provided by Egypt. The majority of the population of this country elected its government voluntarily, namely in favour of stabilizing political and social lives. The brave men who decided to bear this burden were immediately designated as terrorists and the country trying to stabilize its position was destabilized again.
It is not necessary to look for the reason of such a problem as a similar situation, however a more bloody one, can be observed both in Syria and near the frontiers of Slovakia, namely in Ukraine.
1.2 Migrants - a protected species
Designating migrants (2017) a protected species not only expresses the situation in an apt way, but also in a frightening one. Such a designation of human beings,
i.e., a protected species, as a result of their effort to save their lives is unsuitable but not dignified. However, characterizing the present migration (that will be, in the future, compared to the migration period, i.e., the late 4th up to the early 7th century) necessitates to mention the fact the present humankind also exists as a result of a migration.
After homo sapiens evolved in Africa (about 150 000 years ago), it managed to occupy the whole African continent. However, the appearance of the then African continent was absolutely different, i.e. living conditions were excellent, that is why the designation SPECIES is suitable and apt (Mesaros, 2011). Anyway, this quite stabilized species decided to leave Africa 80 000 years BC. Its journey was absolutely different from the journey of the current migrants. On their way to the New World the then migrants discovered unknown kinds of mineral resources, new crafts were coming into existence and agriculture was being perfected. People got to Europe through Asia 40 000 years ago, and started occupying America 20 000 years ago. Such a demanding and complicated mission reached its top thanks to the technical revolution in the 18th and 20th centuries.
Though the present humankind (7 thousand million people) seem to be able to live and reproduce quietly, it was not so in the past and it will not be so in the future either (Mesaros, Losonczi, 2019).
Through the increase in relative welfare one started to divide labour and personal property as well. Rich people started to exploit poor people, which many times resulted in various riots and war conflicts. Modern political scientists wrongly confuse and compare the migrations from Europe to America (19th and 20th cent.) with the present migration (early 2015). Migrants who came to America 80 000 years ago were blessing for that continent and a driving force of the next development. Many of the migrants stayed in the new continent, however a lot of them went back and brought not only money, but also invaluable knowledge in science and technology. So those who went back tried to give to their home countries what they lost through their leaving for the New World.
In connection with migration, it is necessary to ask the following questions?: What is the reason so many migrants leave their home countries? Who has caused or contributed to such a situation? The answer is there cannot be only one culprit similar to the following experiment: if one wants to cause anybody to move, what is necessary is the first impulse that can be accidental or intentional, however it has to be followed by other impulses.
All those of us dealing with foreign safety policy realize the intention of such an impulse (migration) has consisted in the economic globalization, whatever its
1 Eric Margolis - writer and foreign editor of Sun National Media, Canada
form may be. Striving for profit knows no frontiers and is characteristic of searching for weak points of opponents and abusing them even through a political way. The desire for power of the individual political parties, mainly of the third countries, represents a breeding ground for the world powers, which they can properly use as well. The forms of abusing unstable states have a long tradition and are supported by the desire for power and personal benefits.
1.3 Migrant between the period 2016-2019
Based on the relevant findings, one can allege 90% of migrants are people younger than the middle age. They are not ashamed of taking young children and old people (even 100 years old) with them. It is one of the calculations of Arabs, namely to arouse compassion of the Europeans. To a certain extent they have been successful. After one year, however, it has been found out 90% of the migrants (nearly 1 million) in Germany do not have any work skills, as in their home countries they lived a very comfortable life and did not have to work a lot (or at all). In Europe they have no relatives, they are believers and not able to respect laws and rules of countries where they have intended to get (Germany, Sweden, Great Britain).
The preliminary estimate of German employment specialists says the majority of migrants will only be able to be employed as early as in 10 years. Within 2018 other 2.5 million migrants came, however there is not a specialist that would estimate the costs of tax payers for covering their life during the following 10 years.
1.4 Integrating migrants into the city
The migration policy is in close connection with the process of integrating migrants into the society. The result of this process shall ensure similar chances and perspectives in their life in comparison to the majority population. The integration policy is a set of instruments that should contribute to successful integrating migrants into their life in host countries (Mesaros-Losonczi, 2020).
The importance of integrating migrants into society is being stressed, as unsuccessful integrating will result in their staying at the edge of the society. We can say migrants are marginalized (they are numerous in lower social strata) and segregated (they live in isolated communities). Unsuccessful process of integration will result in their difficult finding a better paid job and/or getting university education, and their chances of success will drop very much if they do not manage to learn the language of the host country. Nowadays, they are frequently discriminated against and abused as cheap labour. Living at the edge of the society forces them to solve the situation contrary to the law.
2 The globalisation as a driving power of the increasing migration wave early in the 21st century
2.1 The beginnings of the globalisation
The globalisation can be considered as a phenomenon concerning everybody. The origin of this phenomenon was contributed by Spanish, Portuguese, British and Dutch seafarers and businessmen. Thanks to their discovery journeys and business expansion into the newly discovered regions, their home countries became the first global powers.
The gradual interconnection of the world happened in the years 1875-1925, namely by accepting the Gregorian calendar and the unification of the time zones. An important supporter of world business expansion was the Industrial revolution in the second half of the 19th century. The development of the business expansion was stopped under the influence of World War I. At that time the particular countries responded by taking the respective measures against the free market. The measures were made even stricter after the Great Depression in the 1930s.
The beginning of the globalisation process can be dated after 1945 when multinational corporations began coming into existence, air traffic was perfected and widened, and the communication technologies started expanding. The top of the chronicle into the history of the globalisation is represented by the Internet providing all the necessary information. This top of the process of globalisation needs to be accepted with all its innovations and problems (Mesaros, 2010; Mesaros, 2011).
On the other hand, globalisation is opposed by localisation or nationalism. The effort of nationalism is to weaken globalisation trends and preserve the specifics of the independent states.
The ideology of nationalism is in some countries based on chauvinism and favouritism.
2.1 Types of the globalisation
Globalisation represents one of the most discussed topics at the present time and necessitates to be considered from several aspects. Globalisation can be considered from several viewpoints, namely from the economic and the socio-political viewpoints, from the viewpoint of its instruments, manifestations, economic impacts and the activity of world organisations and institutions, mainly business institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund and their structure. These are considered to be symbols of the globalisation.
2.2 Characteristics of globalisation
Globalisation can be characterized as a marginalisation of the national, economic and racial individualities
of the individual independent states, their mutual bringing close to each other, and a common direction. The characteristic feature is the effort of bringing the economy to life, growing the economy in less developed countries and adapting such countries to the world standard set by developed countries.
As to the social part of globalisation, it is characteristic of limitations and unfair (protectional) advantages of the individual countries, giving countries close to each other and the effort of achieving an intensive friendship and cooperation. Next, the social part of globalisation intensively tries to develop the communication, mutual interconnection of the separated parts of the world, and rapid development of the information technologies and their mass availability. The globalisation is a process focusing on interfering in all parts of the world, creating the same conditions in all countries of the world, and adapting the whole legal system to the standard of developed democratic countries. All this means the same life conditions should be created in all countries, namely with an emphasis laid on the democratic and political system and on observing the human rights.
Globalisation is represented by various political and business organisations working worldwide and focusing on economic and political reforms in less developed countries, whereas the most economically and politically developed countries have got the main say there.
The main aim of such organisations is to reduce the poverty in the world to the lowest possible level, and to ensure observing the basic human rights and freedoms in all countries in the same way. In achieving such aims there are often mistakes made, namely as a result of an unsuitable procedure and wrong decisions made by competent people (Mesaros, 2010).
2.3 Globalisation vs. localisation
The opposite of globalisation is localisation. Localisation tries to change the methods causing globalisation in favour of the local business. Localisation is based on a simple principle, namely countries get all possible economic means on their own territory. The international business shall only be limited to supplying goods and raw materials countries can not get on their own territory.
The policy of localisation tries to enhance the powers of the sovereign states (regions, municipalities etc.) and to gain the superiority over the powers of international organisations. It means, the local decentralized control of the matters concerning a particular place. Such a control should contribute to the enhancement of social unity, to the reduction of poverty and inequality, the improvement of the quality of life, the improvement of the social infrastructure and consideration for the ecology. Just the consideration of the ecology represents the most serious paradox, i.e., the aims of the supporters
of globalisation and localisation are in substance the same, however, the means and procedures in favour of achieving their aims are absolutely different. This fact enables doubting both the directions, i.e., globalisation and localisation. This is the reason why it is difficult to decide for one of them. Probably, none of the two directions is the right one, so that forces people to look for the golden middle way or absolutely new starting points.
The globalisation and many of the word connections containing the adjective of this noun, i.e., "global", represent a group of similar words whose meaning seems to be exact. In fact, very few people are able to define the term exactly, as the explanations of the term and opinions about it markedly differ from each other. There are two very frequent mistakes:
- believing the process of unifying the world does not concern us and is happening out of us;
- imagination that within the process of globalisation one has a possibility of selection. This is accompanied by the enthusiasm for the existence of possibilities, or frequently also by anger and dislike for consumerism.
What is to consider is not the question whether we are for or against globalisation, but how to come to terms with it. Globalisation is difficult to be assessed as it represents a threat for some people, however a chance for others. It is a process that has begun and represents a common destiny for the population of the whole world.
This new and enormously discussed phenomenon can be considered from two different levels, which contributes to at least a basic clarification of this notion (Mesaros, Losonczi, 2020).
The levels are represented by:
- globalisation of the world economy, its instruments, trends and problems resulting from it;
- the socio-political globalisation, its manifestations, perspectives, but also its adversaries.
These viewpoints are interconnected and mutually influenced. The socio-political and economic changes as a result of globalisation occur at the same time and are interconnected in favour of creating conditions for "the new world order".
2.4 Development of the economic relations
The subject of developing the economic relations worldwide, i.e., globally, is not an absolutely new phenomenon. It started drawing one's attention as early as in the time when the world economy began achieving its top, i.e. when all countries of the world joined the worldwide system of economic and political relations in various ways. This happened at the turn of the 19 th century.
The form of the then interconnection of the individual parts of the world economy was determined by the colonial and semi-colonial relations among industrially
developed countries and economically less developed and/or underdeveloped countries.
Within the 20th century the character of these relations changed substantially. At the present time, these colonial and semi-colonial relations are being entered by politically independent states (or economic subjects within the states). However, the degree of their economic maturity continues to be markedly different. This is remarkable in comparison to the present industrially developed countries on the one hand, and developing countries on the other hand. This fact is also remarkable in comparison to the particular economic subjects belonging to one group of the countries or to the other one.
The development of the globalisation processes in the last decades have been markedly supported by the ongoing revolution within the information technologies. Also the acceleration of globalisation was caused by the continuing strong effort to enforce the free market in the whole world, political changes in favour of effort expanding free business, and the care of common care of the environment.
At the present, the forming of the world economic contacts take an even more noticeable shape than in the previous decades. One of the main trends within the 21st century having a worldwide impact is represented by the expansion of the global economy. The world economic powers cross the international borders, which is reflected in more democracy, more freedom, more business, more opportunities and prosperity. Through the business exchange between the individual countries the world is heading for one economy. One economy and one market represent the most natural degree in the history of the economy. The process of the re-division of the economic roles between the individual national economies that is typical of the present time contributes to deepening their economic dependency.
The global economy based on the above mentioned presupposes an absolutely free market, i.e. creating business conditions successfully functioning within national economies. Bringing economies close to each other is documented the most noticeably by the integration processes in Western Europe. The free market has played a key role in the present development of the EU countries and continues to be a support of their further economic development (Mesaros, 2012).
The next development of the relations between the developing and the developed countries necessitates to have a close look at the adj ective "developing" (especially in the meaning of providing the economic aid, and/or in the meaning of setting conditions of providing such an aid). The developing countries do not represent a homogeneous group.
According to the economic maturity, the developing countries can be divided into three basic types: - developing countries requiring the humanitarian aid;
- developing countries that have created conditions for the economic growth, or the entry of foreign investors in the national economies;
- "new" less developed countries (primarily countries of Central Europe and Eastern Europe).
The group of the developed countries uses a wide scale of the economic development models that can be used in developing countries as well. However, as regards the specific value and cultural and religious systems, some countries refuse the models. That is why they have to look for the inspiration of their further development in other resources. Some of the developing countries may be influenced by nationalism, ethnic identity or a certain form of religious or cultural fundamentalism.
In spite of the fact the globalisation processes are being slowed down by the mentioned problems and/ or preferential tendencies of some other countries, there are also optimistic prognoses that free business, for the time being developed in regions, will quickly and unstoppably grow into the world free business. The economic globalisation of the individual countries and their adaptation to the conditions of the world free market frequently happens according to a similar model. Countries being found in such a form of economic development hand over their experience in solving possible problems, and also instructions and procedures in solving them ("know-how" within the economic aid) to less developed countries. However, if the same model of adapting the economic globalisation is used in countries having different economic conditions, this causes various problems. Moreover, as the economy of any country has its specifics, a unique model of the economic growth cannot always be used.
From the political viewpoint, such investments are primarily expected to enhance the national production, the employment growth and to improve the standards of living. The importance of the new technologies and products in the economy of the receiving countries and the immediate effect on the balance of payments are important as well.
A majority of the foreign direct investments (FDIs) is carried out by big companies in private ownership, i.e., multinational corporations (multinational and/ or transnational companies). By means of investments abroad multinational corporations increased their turnover within the last decades. This activity helped multinational corporations develop into a resolute multinational economic giant.
2.5 Globally organised companies
A remarkable part of "foreign business" is represented by movements of goods and capital inside globally organised companies. The aim of their strategy is increasing the profit of the whole chain of the individual units of global corporations. The activity
of a global company includes research, development, production, distribution and finally sale and marketing, which represents an internationally integrated unit. A global company uses the cheapest resources to get the necessary raw materials, it produces or completes products in countries providing the cheapest labour, and uses its managerial and technical resources in the most economic way. This enables a global company to behave at the markets of the individual countries in a very flexible and effective way. In the competitive fight with domestic companies, a global company is usually more successful than small companies which can result in their gradual being weak or finally liquidated. This means if there is only one big company, it has a dominant position, which often leads to creating a monopoly and abusing.
A country whose economy is dominated by foreign companies gradually becomes dependent on such companies and their economic strategy, that is why it is difficult for such a country to keep its overall political and economic powers. This partially makes such a country weak and disturbs its independency, and does not represent a globalisation but bipolarisation, i.e. a division of the world into rich and strong countries on the one hand and poor and dependent countries on the other hand. Rich countries are represented by home countries of the global companies that behave as multinational corporations producing investments. By means of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) such countries influence other countries and try to strengthen their political and economic powers more and more. Poor countries are represented by the countries accepting investments from abroad, whereas their economy gradually becomes dependent on other countries.
On the other hand, when at the market of one country there are two or more equally strong companies (of the same specialisation), this can have a very positive effect. This results in an equivalent competitive fight where each of such companies has the same conditions and chances and the companies are mutually influenced. This situation seems to be the most suitable for customers who have a possibility of choice. That is why a great emphasis should be laid on the anti-monopoly laws, and also the legislation should focus on directing the economic situation in favour of achieving such a state.
Primarily small economies are afraid of large investments by foreign companies. What they often refer to are possible adverse and long-term effects of the FDI on the balance of payments (leak of profits, licence fees etc.). The policy of foreign companies is not compatible with the aim of national economic and social policies as to their national security. Various aspects of direct foreign investments and different national aims lead to various reactions of the individual governments and to the control of the FDI.
As to the outflow of capital in the form of the FDI, most governments do not decide for any limitations. In case of inflow of capital and investments from abroad, a wide range of procedures has been created: from the inflow of capital that is not prevented (except cases when the inflow of capital threatens the national economy) to very strong restrictions connected with preferential policy.
The economic globalisation is accompanied by the globalisation in the socio-cultural and political senses. Such a globalisation is manifested by the amendment of various laws and rules and their reform in compliance with the "world standard". Such a legal standard for the development of democracy is indisputably profitable as it creates the same living conditions and environment in all countries.
Moreover, globalisation influences the whole culture and society, whereas opinions referring to globalisation are different. In all countries influenced by the globalisation there are the same social trends, whereas differences typical of such countries gradually decline. This is the moment when a "global culture" comes into existence that represents the culture of consumerist society. At the expense of the consumerist society traditional values begin declining in most countries. This is the reason for the origin of many problems concerning any manifestation of the globalisation, namely economic or a social ones. A new "universal international life style" comes into existence that influences fashion, human behaviour, language etc. An important role in socio-political globalisation is in the hands of the mass media and information technologies.
2.6 Globalisation supported by the private mass media
The development of the mass media and information technologies accelerated a lot within the previous years and this has resulted in the influence of the mass media as a provider of information. As regards to this fact and under the influence of some other facts (personal or political interests of the owners of the private mass media, their foreign ownership, etc.) the mass media, primarily the private ones, started spreading ideas of cultural globalisation. In global societies, information, its availability and the extent of objectivity become one of the most important matters in enforcing political interests. What frequently happens is that the mass media culture is connected with consumerism and is considered to be one of the globalisation instruments.
This tendency to equality, universalism and internationalism is opposed by an important anti-tendency that is manifested by the resistance to uniformity, desire to enforce uniqueness of the national culture and language and to refuse foreign examples. Such trends do not oppose each other, but they are mutually interconnected. The more the lifestyle is
unified, the more people adhere to the old values such as religion, culture and history. The more the external worlds are similar to one another, the more people rely on traditions that divide them. Against the growing homogenisation it is necessary to focus on preserving the identity, namely religious identity, cultural identity, national identity, language identity and racial identity.
2.7 Adversaries of globalisation
The more extensively the globalisation is being manifested, the more one can observe resistance to it and strong responses of various critics asking for a remedy. The resistance and disagreement with the globalisation can be heard from many sides and has a lot of reasons, either reasonable or false ones. Adversaries of the globalisation are divided into several main directions that are subdivided into various smaller groups. All the directions have something in common, however they are diametrically different. The first of the main directions of the resistance to the globalisation is represented by the extremist left that is divided into several kinds, and the most famous of them are: social and revolutionary anarchists, radikal socialists, communists etc. The left-hand extremists are usually part of various movements, organisations (legal or illegal ones), associations of citizens or political parties, and are manifested mainly by political and agitative activities, whereas they are typical of organizing demonstrations. Such manifestations are usually non-violent, however in case of important events they get the form of violence and conflicts with the public order units. In such situations the militant section of extremist organisations is manifested, however it does not declare its support for any of such manifestations.
2.7.1 The left-hand extremists
The ideology ofthe left-hand extremists is very close to the communist ideology and, following several changes, got the name social (or revolutionary) anarchism. The notion of globalisation is for left-hand extremists a synonym of Americanisation and imperialism. They also promulgate hatred towards capitalism and class enemies that are represented by rich "bourgeoisie", i.e., employers, private businessmen etc. The left-hand extremists want to give the power into the hands of the working class, i.e. the proletariat. This should result in real social justice and a society founded on the equality of all working people. The effort to achieve this aim by means of dictatorship of the proletariat is deep-seated in history and has not been really successful anywhere so far. Moreover, the socialism and communism are connected with the internationalism that represents globalisation to a certain extent. That is why, the ideology of the left-hand extremists seems to be irrational, purely utopian and idealistic. It seems to be
more probable that their persuasion tries to hide envy and incapability of adapting themselves rather than show the social injustice and exploitation of the working class.
2.7.2 Ecologists
The second group of the adversaries is represented by ecologists. Opinions within this direction are no more differentiated, that is why the adversaries of globalisation are divided into several movements and organisations only that are nearly all legal. They are usually manifested non-violently, i.e., by means of demonstrations, however pressure activities and blocades are also very frequent. The subject of their critique are primarily organisations in connection with globalisation (mainly the World Bank), whereas some of their projects in favour of helping the developing countries had an adverse influence on the environment and caused ecological disasters. Representatives of the second group of globalisation adversaries criticize inconsideration of the competent influential people who try to achieve profit, though at the expense of the irretrievable destroying of the environment. Some of their protests can be exaggerated or without purpose, however a large majority of the phenomena they criticize has its justification. For the overall process of globalisation, the ecologists are a beneficial critique in comparison to adversaries, and their warnings should be taken seriously.
2.7.3 The extreme Right
The third group of globalisation adversaries is represented by the extreme or even extreme Right. Just like the Left, the Right adversaries of the globalisation are also divided into several groups. They are nationalists, chauvinists, neonationalists and right-wing extremists (that are difficult to be defined). The moderate part of this political spectre has the form of a political party or an association of citizens (legal or semi-legal ones). The nationalism is a movement of a nation-oriented policy that should represent interests of the nation as a whole. Programme of the nationalist or the national parties primarily focuses on protecting and preserving the traditional values, i.e. mostly religion and/or culture. Nacionalist parties usually represent the conservative right-wing policy. The nationalist ideology is in some parts of the world politically deep-seated.
2.7.3.1 Chauvinists or right-wing extremists
Chauvinism is a movement spreading hatred and spitefulness towards other nations and ethnic groups. This movement highlights one's own nation and considers it to be superior to the other nations. It is
accompanied by ignoring the basic facts and refusing not only the external, but also the internal critiques. Chauvinism does not consider an individual and their attitude as important. For this movement it is essential to have an overall (negative) image about an enemy nation or an ethnic group, which is based on the historical experience.
The fact the ideology of chauvinism consists in hatred towards other nations and ethnic groups indicates denying and judging any globalisation tendencies, international friendship and cooperation. Such a persuasion is not supported by any logical reason, that is why this movement seems to be rather irrational and artificial.
2.7.3.2 The right-wing extremists
The radical wings primarily represented by neonationalists and other types of the right-wing extremists are organized in illegal militant and political movements and organisations. The substance of such movements and organisations is the production and/ or distribution of publicity and information materials, or providing information about various activities etc. The activity of some right-wing extremists focuses only on violent manifestations in the form of terrorist attacks or the pursuing of certain groups designated by their movement as an enemy group. However, such manifestations are not very frequent.
Nationalists at the present time and neonationalists have nearly the same opinion in connection with globalisation. They consider globalisation as the effort of certain "upper classes" to have world power and to defeat independent and strong countries. The notion "upper classes" represents or refers to the most eminent world financiers and the most influential politicians, whereas many of them are ofJewish origin, i.e. one can talk about Jewry (zionism) serving the interests of the Jewish religion.
2.7.3.3 Freemasons
Many politicians or influential people who are not Jews are designated as freemasons or hangers-on. They reject globalisation or international integration as they see it in the weakening of countries accompanied by the decline of traditional values and national principles that freemasons consider to be the most important. Characteristic of them is resistance and frequent hatred towards immigrants because these represent for them a threat of weakening the national idea at the expense of the idea of cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism. Some of the problems referred to by the adversaries of globalisation have got their justification and that is why the ideology of freemasons can not be designated as absolutely negative or positive. As to the starting points of their ideology, the opinions of the individual
subgroups are very different and the spectrum of the offered starting points goes from the moderate and partial reforms to radical and revolutionary steps.
2.7.3.4 Independent economists, political scientists and sociologists
The last important group ofadversaries ofglobalisation are represented by individual economists, political scientists and sociologists. It is difficult to include them in subgroups as they cover the whole opinion spectrum, namely from the moderate to radically critical ones, and from poor theories to practical remarks. The remarks of some of the members of this group concern only a few particular points and manifestations of globalisation, whereas other members criticize the globalisation as a whole and as a principle mistake in directing the humankind that will result catastrophically in all its directions.
This group as a whole of adversaries of the globalisation represents the biggest contribution from the above mentioned groups, namely because it offers particular and acceptable solutions and starting points from various problems as a result of the globalisation.
2.8 Globalisation and important world organisations
The notion of globalisation is inseparably connected with the activity of several multinational business and political institutions. They primarily include the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the political and military organisations that are represented primarily by the United Nations Organisation (UNO) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
The solution of the present problems of humankind requires new forms of cooperation of the interested countries, creation of effective mechanisms in favour of creating a really developing effective system of relations. This is necessary because at the present it is not possible to carry out neither the security interests nor the economic ones outside the system of the relations. Connecting the operating process of the national economy on the government level with the activities of world organisations such as the World Bank, the World Trade Organisation or the International Monetary Fund has become a necessity. The sphere of competence of a particular country is being reduced and its ability to act is bound by increasingly narrower borders and external restrictions.
2.8.1 The Slovak Republic
Slovakia is connected with the world through thousands of various relations. The relations can not be interrupted, on the contrary it is necessary to
always look for new contacts, new markets and new friendships. The present independent Slovakia is a country dependent on export and import. The country is dependent on the basic energies, fuels and raw materials. In connection with the entry of Slovakia into the worldfull of global and regional problems, the question of protection of our national and state interests is very important. The membership of Slovakia in the NATO and the EU has started a new discussion on Slovak national and state interests. The transformation of these organisations and their adaptation to new mainly security challenges provide Slovakia with an opportunity and certainty to make discussions in compliance with its long-term interests.
2.8.2 The influence
of the multinational corporations
The notion of globalisation indicates the fact that one experiences the origin of the unstoppable and gradual processes of creating an absolutely new quality on the worldwide level. The processes lead to worldwide integrating and organising the production (production processes), trade (trade processes), bank and financial operations, technologies and information in connection with the phenomenon of the world supremacy of the multinational corporations that influence and determine the global political processes among the participants of the world politics more and more, namely security crisis and risks, world migration (influenced not only by the population explosion and the deepening unbalance between the north and the south), new quality of the organized crime and solutions of the global ecologic crisis, Moreover, the processes also accelerate the civilisation conflicts, the decline of maintaining human rights, culture, morals, religious systems and other not quite subsidiary problems in national (state), regional and municipal systems. Many studies deal with the relation between the globalisation, migration and terrorism (Krizovsky, 2020; Roznak, 2020; Wright, 2019; Lighutaia, 2021).
The driving force of this process is the globalisation of the economic activities that within the previous thirty years connects production and markets of various countries. The present phase of the globalisation is typical of the unbalance between the economic power of multinational corporations (the unbalance is strongly concentrated and works on the worldwide level and the individual companies, such as postmodern associations of citizens of the globalisation core (in the north), postcolonial societies within the globalisation (in the south); these companies are organised in 196 or 197 sovereign "national" and multinational states. Countries are usually not willing to hand over their decision-making powers to multinational institutions. Moreover, resistance and unwillingness to the negative aspects of the globalisation is increasing.
Many theoreticians dealing with the subject of the globalisation processes in Europe and in the world realize a lot of positive and possible negative aspects and certain difficulties.
In a simple way, the globalisation means "Americanism" of the cultural life, is a synonym of the supremacy of multinational concerns and "normalisation" of the consumerist society.
It is said the society is heading for creating a one dimensional people, which is able to overcome the worst anxieties ahead of humankind.
The following table (Table 1) represents positive and negative aspects of the process of globalisation, including possibilities of solving the aspects.
From the real extensive subject and a wide range of the positive and negative aspects of the globalisation process that is typical primarily of crossing the frontiers of any state (the romantic provincialism is ending) this paper offers only a typical and significant casuistry of the most serious aspects. The globalisation problem forces to multidimensional, multicultural (multicivilisation) and universalistic thinking about the world.
2.8.3 Social aspects of the globalisation
In thinking about the notion of globalisation we consider the marginalizing of the national, economic and racial substances of the individual independent states, their coming closer to each other and the common direction. Following the economic efforts and the economic wake-up, the basic feature in the globalisation process is also represented by the growth of the developing countries and their adapting to the world standard set by the developed countries.
The social part of the globalisation includes restricting the preferential efforts, their coming closer to each other and the effort to achieve the most intensive friendship and cooperation between the individual countries. The accompanying phenomenon in the social part of globalisation is intensive developing the communication and interconnection of the countries separated so far, the above standard development of the information technologies and their mass accessibility. It is the process whose aim is to interfere in all countries of the world and to create the same conditions, next to adapt the national legal system to the standard of the countries having a developed legal system. The aim of the globalisation process is to create the same living conditions with the emphasis on the democratic and political systems and on the human rights observance in all countries (Mesáros, 2011).
Such efforts are represented by various political and trade organisations working worldwide whose main activity is helping and directing economic and political reforms in less developed countries, whereas
Table 1
Positive and negative aspects of the globalisation (Mesaros, 2010)
Positive aspects of globalisation Negative aspects of globalisation Possible solutions of negative aspects of globalisation
An increasing offer and quality of goods The world economy is more inclined to sudden collapses (the casino economy) Strict regulating the activity of multinational companies and preventing their further interconnection
Falling production and sale prices The differences between the poor south and the rich north are the biggest in history and are always increasing Reducing the speculative flowing the capital
New work opportunities Poor territories of the countries are more frequently famine, wars and illnesses than ever before Collecting taxes from the transfers of capital and dividing money in poor territories
The standard of living within the consumerism is increasing The economic and political migrations and xenophobia are increasing. Abolishing the international financial institutions (IMF and WB) and their replacing by a new establishment in the form of a world monetary parliament
A wider and freer access to information (information democracy) In the northern territories the differences between the highest and the lowest incomes are deepening, i.e. the middle stratum is disappearing Making the rules for the environment protection stricter and subordinating the economic growth to the rules of the permanent sustainability
Communication possibilities are getting wider (information society and education society). The economic and political influences of the multinational companies are increasing (the insufficient amount of legitimacy of the global authorities) To unleash a revolution for the purpose of bringing down the world capital
Pressure on the global justice and the universality of human rights The environment is getting worse, deserts are getting wider. etc.
Clashes of the civilisations are getting accelerated.
Crisis of the religious systems
The global crime is getting worse, terrorism and extremism are getting increased.
Migrations
the developed countries have a decisive say. The direct consequence of such a model are mistakes caused by wrong procedures and decisions, by abusing the powers, non-respecting the racial, religious and other differences, which results in achieving the exact opposite of the main intention theory.
As a result of all this, one can allege the globalisation processes bring huge security risks whose consequences deny advantages of the globalisation.
Conclusion
The present form of migration represent a threat that influences all countries of the world. Arab and African migrants consider the EU countries the Promised Land, and many times such an imagination is true. The EU asylum Law, mainly the one concerning Germany and The Great Britain (irrespective of Brexit), is generous and suitable for postsocialist countries as well. In the first years of the stay in their Promised Land family relations of the migrants will help them a lot. If migrants
have no relatives in the Promised Land, they have to rely on the refugee camps.
However, following the latest findings, it takes at least ten years when migrants start accepting laws and habitual practice of a particular foreign country. The same holds true for migrants from South America who decide to leave their home country to live in the USA. That is why the assimilation problem has to be solved very carefully and, if it is possible, to solve the problems of potential migrants on the territory of their home country.
As stated above, the home countries of many migrants are destroyed as a result of war conflicts that were enormously contributed by the world globalisation and its consequences. However, the principle of solidarity does not mean the efforts of the domestic population trying to build their home country according to their imaginations and in favour of their children will be made difficult by the European countries, namely on behalf of the voluntary aid. Though such considerations are true, they are necessary to be achieved upon the principle of fellowship and solidarity.
„ „„„, Baltic Journal of Economic Studies Vol. 7 No. 3, 2021 ---
References:
Mesáros, M. (2010). Bezpecnosi, bezpecnostná veda a vzdelávanie v procese globalizácie. Kosice: Multiprint s.r.o, 165 s. ISBN: 978-80-89282-45-C
Mesáros, M. (2012). Ochrana osdb a majetku v kontexte ochrany fudskychpráv a chránenych záujmov. Bratislava: SAV, 399 s. ISBN: 978-80-224-1240-7
Mesáros, M. (2011). Teória bezpecnosti. Kosice: Multiprint s.r.o, 96 s, ISBN: 978-80-89282-61-6
Mesáros, M., Losonczi, P. (2020). Právna ochrana osdb a majetku v EÚ a SR. Vysokoskolská ucebnica,
ISBN: 978-80-8198-039-8
Rozñák, P. Hrala, M. Drotárová, J. (2020). Mobile Einheit der Fremdenpolizei gegen illegale Migration in der Tschechischen Republik. In: Kriminalistik unabhängige Zeitschrift für die gesamte kriminalistische Wissenschaft und Praxis, vol. 74, No. 10, p. 610-615.
Brodeur, Abel, Wright, Taylor (2019). Terrorism, immigration and asylum approval. In:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, c. 168, p. 119-131. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.10.002
Krizovsky, S., Kavecanská, A., Drotárová, J. (2020). Criminal Aspects of Illegal Migration. In: Security Dimensions: International and National Studies., vol. 33, No. 33, p. 74-83.
Light, Michael, Thomas, Julia (2021). Undocumented immigration and terrorism: Is there a connection? In: Social Science Research, No. 94. Available at: doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102512
Mesáros, Marián, Losonczi, Peter (2019). Migrácie v kontexteprincípov terorizmu. Kosice: Vydavatel' VSBM v KE, 372 s. ISBN: 978-80-8185-035-5
