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Hakimov Abdumukhtor Abduxalimovich, The base doctorate of history of Andijan State University E-mail: wolffar7@mail.ru
MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE BRONZE AGE IN SOUTHERN CENTRAL ASIA AND URBAN CULTURE
Abstract: This article explores the ancient history of Central Asia on the basis of numerous archeological findings. The author points out the migration processes, cultural relations, and the role of urban culture in the ancient civilizations of the East.
Keywords: Central Asia, ancient history, ancient civilizations, urbanization processes, migratory processes, Bactria, Margiana, tribes in the north, Andronov culture, urban.
Central Asia is located at the center of the Eurasian con- many centers in Iran - Gissar, Shohtepa, Trangtepa, Shahri
tinent, and the natural conditions of these lands are the main reason for the uneven and distinctive historical development of Bronze Age in different parts of the region. Moreover, it has a significant impact on ethnic and cultural relations. In the southern regions of Central Asia, during this period, the Ancient East was a region of extreme farming and civilization, while northern regions were part of Eurasia's largest cultural heritage area, which mainly grew in animal husbandry. The whole area of Central Asian was a center of permanent intertribal relationships and migration that caused cultural interactions and interference in diverse cultural traditions.
The cultivated farming culture is originally spread to South Turkmenistan, South Uzbekistan, and northern Afghanistan. There are several historical and cultural sites that are unique to these regions. The rapid development of cultures that have been constantly cultivated for many thousands of years is observed in the northern plains of Kopetdog in southern Turkmenistan. Historical cultivated farming culture which are literally basic of ancient cultures, develop in the territories of Margiana and Bactria. At the southernmost edge of Turkmenistan, a culture close to North Iran is developing. In the Bronze Age, in northeastern Afghanistan, the ancient tribe of Harappa, an ancient Hindu country, appears.
In the Central Asia, the Dasht tribes were mainly located in the South Aral Sea, the Ferghana valley and the foothills of Central Asia. The Dasht region is surrounded by the present-day northern Tajik territories and the tribes of different cultures are located in Zarafshan Valley, which occupies the central regions of Central Asia.
The collapse of the southern Turkmenistan and the South Uzbekistan society has led to the collapse of the Bronze Age. There are many expectations of the researchers (military-political situation, migration, natural-geographical situation, etc.) about the crisis and dislocation of major destinations in these regions. It should be noted that the similar crisis occurs not only in the southern part of Central Asia, but also in
Sokhta, as well as Mundigak in southern Afghanistan and the largest centers of ancient Hindu civilization in Harappa and Mohinjo-doroda.
For many years, there were opinions that the reason for these vacancies was the emergence of the Oriental people who brought the desert culture from the north to the farming zones. However, according to recent studies, these centers have been dissolved before the orientalism, and the vacancies are gradual. The long-term drought, shortage of water, and the weakening of the land for a long time will lead to socio-economic downturn. As a result, life in large centers is stopped, and their inhabitants move to new places. This is precisely the case with Iran's plain and ancient India. The crisis surrounding such bigger regions also changes the political situation in the Middle East. That is, if some civilizational centers are empty, new cultural centers are formed in large oasis.
These new centers will appear in the Central Asian region of Margilan and Bactria. The genesis of these cultures is associated with many migratory processes by researchers. For example, according to V. M. Masson idea, the appearance of the initial sites in the Murgob basin is connected with the expansion of the developed culture in the Kopetdag Prefecture. The researcher noted that the Kalleli complex was unique to the Oltintepa archaeological complex, and the scientist did not deny the consequences of the emergence of populations in Margiana and Bactria, who were rapidly intertwined with the local population from northwestern Iran.I.Masimov and A Askarov also dubbed V Masson 's Kopetop Mountain Plains after Margai while supporting the idea of migration processes in Bactria.
I. Sariyarii acknowledged that the tribes of South Turkmenistan initiated the development of the Murgabian Basin, and recognized that the archeological culture of Elam and Margiana was associated with the culture of that era.
P. Amene believes that the nomadic people of the Elam population have been formed by specific communities and
Section 4. Study of art
have played an important role in trade relations with the regions. Therefore, the researcher suggests that the groups of bands closest to nomadic craftsmen in Bactria and Margiana may have originated. The fortified castles or fortresses belonged to that same class.
According to V. Alyoshkin, the poplar culture of Central Asia will then spread to the plains of Margiana and Kopetdag. B. N. Udemurodov predicts the origin of the Margins of the Bronze Age.
Analyzing the opinions of the researchers, the assumption that urban populations are located in the foothills of Kopetdag, Margara, is relatively reliable. Reducing the number of locations in one area and re-emerging in another region, the very similarity in the material culture (except for the castle architecture) testifies to this. It is difficult to explain the appearance of the castles created in their unique architectural style with genetic or migration processes. V. S. Saryanidi connects them with the influence of architectural traditions in Mesopotamia and Iran. According to V. Masson, the square castles in Margiana and Bactria appeared under the influence of the Harappa architecture. A. Frankfort compares them with Mundigak in the South of Afghanistan.
As a result of the comparative analysis of many researchers' thoughts, it is possible to conclude that the architectural laws of Bactria and Margiana or the culture of the city have been developed locally and are a product of local civilizations. It is also worth mentioning that in this process, the cultural traditions emerged in other areas have a certain influence and have been developed on a new basis developed by the local population.
Undoubtedly, the tribes of southern Turkmenistan have been involved in the formation of cultural complexes in Bactria and Margiana. But it is important to note that just before BC. In the second quarter of the 2nd millennium, it is doubtful that the development of such an area is connected with the migratory population living in the same region. In addition, Kopetdog continued its life on the plains and continued at a number of locations in the Vatican City VI (2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC).
In the 1800-1600 BC, the major centers of north-eastern Iran were also liberated. For thousands of years tribes living in this region have developed in close contact with the population in southern Central Asia. Bactrian and Margilian culture
and similarities in the material culture of North-Eastern Iran are observed in stone products in metallurgy, in various jewelry and in worship.
Ceramic cooking technologies in the southern part of Central Asia have long tradition of glazed or light colored ceramics. It was during that period that the predominance of the gray vessels in North-East Iran (which was dependent on the special bottles) was predominant. Some of Bactria's and Margiana's monuments have been found in some of the bottles brought from Iranian cultural centers. Nevertheless, in the southern part of Central Asia, the traditions of local grape bottles continue. However, in South Turkmenistan it is possible to connect genesis of a number of non-advanced containers (with the presence of local technology) to the North-East Iran.
It should be noted that Sopollitepa has found a set of gray bats, which is the first phase of this culture. Moreover, it is likely that the tribes of the North-East Iran could have used the method of decorating or impregnating the surface of pottery in Central Asia. According to the results of the research, the northern tribes of Iran participated in the formation of cultural complexes in the southern part of Central Asia.
In the II millennium BC, tribes from the current political and climatic conditions of Central Asia were the scene of mass migrations. An example of this is the identification of traces of Harappa culture on the banks of the Amu-Darya, where some groups of tribes, from the East to the West. The Harappa settlements in these lands are formed not at the beginning of the advanced Harappa period, but at the end of this period, ie in the first quarter of the II millennium BC. The Kharappa tribes in Bactria were not only linked to economic relations but also were part of the migration processes that took place in many Central Asian states in the beginning of the II millennium BC.
In conclusion, it is evident from the findings of the study that in the II millennium BC, as in many regions ofCentral Asia, migratory processes and cultural exchanges of ancient tribes take place. This phenomenon was initially reflected in material culture, but also had a significant impact on socio-economic life. However, it should be noted that migration and cultural relations have a positive impact on the development of civilization, without the radical change in the traditions of the local people. The ancient population of Uzbekistan did not miss it.
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