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0INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY: THE VIEWPOINT OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS" _25-26 SEPTEMBER, 2024_
MICROBIOTA-DRIVEN MODULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES AND VACCINE EFFICACY
1Divyadarshan Lohani, 2Asim Rahman, 3Ayeza Sarwar Kalam, 4Faheem Haider
1Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 2Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 3Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 4Associate Professor, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13828275
Abstract. The gut microbiota exerts a significant influence on the modulation of vaccine efficacy by shaping immune responses through microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as particular taxa such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Researchfindings emphasize the possible role of gut microbiota as a natural adjuvant, potentially improving vaccine responsesfor various ailments, such as influenza and COVID-19. Scholarly research underscores the imperative to incorporate microbiome science into the vaccine development process, with the objective of devising personalized vaccination strategies to optimize efficacy and enhance public health outcomes on a global scale.
Keywords: Microbiota, Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA), COVID 19, Vaccine
Introduction
Vaccination remains one of the most effective approaches to preventing infectious diseases within the realm of healthcare. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be affected by an array of factors, comprising host immunity, hereditary traits, nutritional status and environmental exposures [1]. Recent studies have highlighted the important impact of gut microbiota on shaping immune responses and, as a result, influencing vaccine effectiveness. Recent studies have underscored the significant role of gut microbiota in modulating immune responses, thereby impacting the effectiveness of vaccines. The gut microbiota generates a variety of metabolites, the most well-known of which are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which impact both the innate and adaptive immune systems to control immunological responses [9]. Despite this, studies on how microbiota-derived metabolites affect vaccine effectiveness are still emerging, indicating that more studies are necessary to fully understand their role on immune responses induced by vaccines.
Recent findings highlight the significant influence of gut microbiota on vaccine effectiveness, pointing to its potential as a vaccine adjuvant. In-depth research is done on the dynamics of gut microbiota, especially how they change with age and health. Several key mechanisms are discussed, including the role of gut microbiota in acting as an adjuvant through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to enhance immune responses. Furthermore, metabolites originating from the microbiota, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), promote the differentiation of Th1 or Th17 cells and augment antibody production [11]. Another important mechanism is the cross-reactivity between epitopes from microbiota and those derived from target vaccine antigens, which further strengthens the immune response. These insights underscore the potential of gut microbiota in modulating immune responses and improving vaccine efficacy, paving the way for personalized vaccine strategies [2].
Wang et al. performed a study investigating the gut-lung axis in relation to influenza using a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. The research identified 19 gut microbiota species
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY: THE VIEWPOINT OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS" _25-26 SEPTEMBER, 2024_
and 75 immune cell types associated with influenza susceptibility. Notably, CD64 down-regulation on CD14- CD16- cells was found to mediate the protective effects of certain gut microbiota against influenza. This study enhanced the understanding of how gut microbiota impact influenza and provided new insights into host-microbiota interactions [12].
Li et al. undertook an investigation examining the influence of the gut microbiome in mediating the impact of resistant starch (RS) supplementation on obesity-related parameters. In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial comprising 37 participants classified as overweight or obese, the findings indicated that an 8-week regimen of RS supplementation resulted in a statistically significant reduction in body weight (an average decrease of 2.8 kg) and enhancements in insulin sensitivity. These favourable outcomes were closely correlated with modifications in the gut microbiota, notably a notable increase in Bifidobacterium adolescentis. This particular microbial species was associated with the mitigation of obesity in the study subj ects and, in male murine models, conferred protection against obesity induced by dietary factors. Mechanistically, the alterations in gut microbiota prompted by RS influenced bile acid profiles, diminished inflammatory responses by restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and curtailed lipid absorption. The research concluded that RS promotes weight reduction and metabolic enhancements via the gut microbiota, with B. adolescentis assuming a pivotal role [3].
Additionally, recent research has shown a correlation between gut microbiota and the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine, discovering that the immunogenicity and side effects of both the inactivated and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are correlated with the microbiota makeup [8]. Ng et al. elucidated that the composition of gut microbiota is associated with the immune response as well as the potential adverse effects of both inactivated and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. It was discovered that those who had received the CoronaVac vaccination and had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies also had higher gut concentrations of Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Additionally, their gut microbiome revealed an enrichment in pathways linked to the metabolism of carbohydrates, suggesting a connection between gut microbes and vaccination immunogenicity [6]. The review also emphasizes the potential for microbiome alteration to optimize vaccine outcomes by focusing on the impact of probiotics and antibiotics on vaccine efficacy and their relationship to gut microbiota [10]. Clinical studies provide evidence supporting the correlation between specific microbiota profiles and vaccine responses, whether enhanced or diminished. Future research directions are outlined, advocating for a personalized approach to vaccination that incorporates microbiota composition [7]. To strengthen vaccination responses and advance disease prevention, this review highlights the importance of integrating microbiome research with vaccine development and public health initiatives. Microbial Metabolites and Their Roles in Modulating Immune Responses
Metabolit Produced By Immune Effect Reference
e Impact on
Vaccine
Efficacy
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY: THE VIEWPOINT OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS" 25-26 SEPTEMBER, 2024
Short- Bifidobacteriu Enhance Increase [2]
chain fatty m, Firmicutes T- d
acids regulatory antibody
(SCFAs) cell producti
function, on,
promote improve
anti- d
inflammat immune
ory memory
responses
Bile acids Gut microbiota Modulate May [4]
(via bile acid T-cell enhance
metabolism) differentia Th1/Th1
tion 7
(Th1/Th1 response
7),regulat s,
e cytokine improvin
productio g
n vaccine-
driven
immunit
y
Indole Lactobacillus, Regulate Enhance [13]
derivatives Clostridium intestinal d
barrier immune
integrity, response
reduce gut ,
inflammat improve
ion d gut-
lung axis
function
Polysacch Bacteroides Activates Improve [5]
aride A fragilis TLR2, d
(PSA) promotes mucosal
IL-10 immunit
productio y,
n (anti- potential
inflammat enhance
ory) ment of
oral
vaccines
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY: THE VIEWPOINT OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS" 25-26 SEPTEMBER, 2024
Lipopolys Gram-negative Triggers Excessiv [5]
accharides bacteria inflammat e LPS
(LPS) ory may
cytokine reduce
release, vaccine
activates efficacy
PRRs due to
overstim
ulation
of
immune
system
Conclusion
In conclusion, the growing body of research underscores the significant role of gut microbiota in modulating vaccine efficacy, emphasizing its potential as a key determinant of immune response variability. The gut microbiota significantly contributes to the modulation of vaccine efficacy by affecting immune responses through microbial metabolites and particular taxa such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis. This interplay indicates that the composition of the microbiome is essential for the optimization of vaccine outcomes. The capacity of gut microbiota to function as a natural adjuvant presents opportunities for the development of personalized vaccination strategies. Subsequent investigations should focus on elucidating these mechanisms further, incorporating microbiome science into vaccine development and public health initiatives to improve global disease prevention.
REFFERENCE
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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY: THE VIEWPOINT OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS" 25-26 SEPTEMBER, 2024
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