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зол значительно снижает их заражённость грибами - возбудителями болезней коры.
Обработка стволов и обрезочных ран маточных деревьев яблони краской с фунгицидами эффективно снижала заражённость зелёных черенков яблони грибами Phomopsis mali,
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Cytospora spp. и Sphaeropsis malorum как на возрастном, так и на молодом маточниках клоновых подвоев яблони.
Библиографический список
1. Романченко, Т. И. О присутствии грибной инфекции во внешне здоровых черенках яблони / Т. И. Романченко // Плодоводство и ягодо-водство России: сб. науч. тр. ВСТИСП. - 1999. - Т. 6. - С. 190-196.
2. Романченко, Т. И. Фомопсиоз плодовых культур, пути снижения вредоносности / Т. И. Романченко // Плодоводство и ягодоводство России: сб. науч. тр. ВСТИСП. - 2003. - Т. 10. - С. 240-249.
3. Головин, С. Е. Диагностика возбудителей микозного усыхания, корневых и прикорневых гнилей плодовых культур и система защитных мероприятий / С. Е. Головин, Т. И. Романченко; ГНУ ВСТИСП. М.: ООО «Издательство Агрорус», 2013. - 218 с.
4. Головин, С. Е. Корневые гнили плодовых культур в питомнике: вредоносность и распространённость / С. Е. Головин, Т. И. Романченко // Плодоводство и ягодоводство России: сб. науч. тр. ВСТИСП - 2004. - Т. 11. - С. 376-389.
5. Bishop, G. C. Infection of cherry trees and production of toxin that causes foliar silvering by different isolates of Chondrostereum purpureum / G. C. Bishop // Australian Journal of Agric. Res. -1979. - № 30 - P. 659-665.
6. Clifford, D. R. Cosparison of paint and gel formulations for the treatments of cankers on apple trees / D. R. Clifford, F. Gendle, T. Hunter // Annals applied Sic. - 1987. - Vol. 110, №2 3. - S. 471-487.
7. Heimann, M. Uber die Ausbreitung des pilzparasitaren Bleiglanzes (Stereum purpureum Pers) durch Wurzelverwachstungen / M. Heimann // Dt Baumschule. - 1976. -V. 28, № 2. - S. 34-37.
8. Jing, Y. Studies of latentt infection of cancer / Y. Jing, J. Wang, W. Zhou // Sci. Silw Sin. - 1991. -V. 27. - № 2. - P. 178.
9. Головин, С. Е. Защита зелёных черенков сливы при укоренении в теплице с использованием фунгицидов и налипателей / С. Е. Головин, А. Ю. Павлова, Н. Ю. Джура // Фитосанитарное оздоровление агроэкосистем: мат-лы 2-ого Всероссийского съезда по защите растений (5-10 декабря 2005 г. Санкт-Петербург): в 2 т. Т. 2. - СПб., 2005. - C. 271-273.
10. Чумаков, А. Е. Основные методы фитопатологических исследований / А. Е. Чумаков, И. И. Минкевич, Ю. И. Власов, Е. А. Гаврилова. -М.: Колос, 1974. - 192 с.
11. Романченко, Т. И. Методические указания по диагностике и профилактике болезней скелетных частей яблони в условиях Нечерноземной зоны России / Т. И. Романченко, Э. М. Дроздовский. - М.: ВСТИСП, 2001. - 61 с.
12. Головин, С. Е. Методические указания по диагностике и учёту болезней корней и стеблей земляники и малины, передающихся через почву / С. Е. Головин. - М.: ВСТИСП, 2001. - 41 с.
13. Головин, С. Е. Корневые и прикорневые гнили ягодных и плодовых культур, их диагностика / С. Е. Головин; ГНУ ВСТИСП. - М.: ООО НИЦ «Инженер», 2010.- 306 с.
14. Кирай, З. Методы фитопатологии / З. Кирай, З. Клемент, Ф. Шоймоши, Й. Вереш. - М.: Колос, 1974. - 344 с.
© Головин С. Е., Павлова А. Ю., Джура Н. Ю., Джура А. С., 2019
УДК 633.853.59:630*232.315
METHODS TO PREPARE COTTON AND ITS COMPONENTS FOR STORAGE
Rakhmanov Hayridin Kodirovich,
Doctor of Technical Sciences
Mardonova Ferangiz,
graduate students
Matyakubova Jumagul,
graduate students
Bukhara Technological Engineering Institute (Bukhara, Republic of Uzbekistan)
This article deals with regulations of the process of technical preparation of seeds for oil mills. The regulationsin-troduce technical measures for the preservation of seedsquality for the cotton oil mills. The article shows the most important physical-mechanical properties ofthe peelmicrohardness. The results of the theoretical study on heat and mass transfer contribute to the analysis of the possibility of intensify in gintegrity of heating and drying of raw cotton components.
Key words: cotton fibers, polyester, moisture, seeds, oil, drum dryer, peel, core, micro-hardness, heat treatment.
СПОСОБЫ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ СЕМЯН ХЛОПЧАТНИКА, ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕННЫХ
ДЛЯ ХРАНЕНИЯ
Рахманов Хайридин Кодирович,
доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры технологии и оборудования
Мардонова Ферангиз,
магистрант
Матякубова Джумагуль,
магистрант
Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт (г. Бухара, Республика Узбекистан)
Статья посвящена техническим требованиям обработки семян хлопка для их дальнейшего хранения. Описанные требования представляют собой меры, обеспечивающие сохранность качества семян для дальнейшей их переработки на маслозаводе. В статье представлены важнейшие физико-механические свойства микротвёрдости кожуры семян хлопчатника. Результаты проведённого изучения тепло- и массопередачи дают возможность проведения анализа, необходимого для усиления единого комплексного действия на нагрев и сушку структурных элементов хлопка-сырца.
Ключевые слова: хлопковые волокна, полиэфир, влага, семена, масло, барабанная сушилка, кожура, сердцевина, микротвёрдость, термообработка.
Cotton is known to be the most useful product in the world. It is breathable, hypoallergenic, soft to touch, comfortable for body, rather warm, easily bleached, not electrified, and absorbs moisture. Artificial fibers are sometimes added as an addition, such as polyester orlycra [1; 2].
Four species (Gossypiumarboreum, Gossy-piumbarbadense, Gossypiumherbaceum, Gossypi-
umhirsutum) of cotton began independently being used for the textile production. In general, since the beginning of the XX century a drop in employment has taken place in the cotton industry due to the development of mechanization. Today, cotton remains one of the major export goods in many countries (Table), with long-staple cotton being a large part of the annual cotton harvest [3].
Top 10 Cotton Producing Countries (in metric tonnes)
Rank Country 2016 2017 201S
1 am China 5,970,000 6,281,000 6,532,000
2 India 5,683.000 6.071,000 6,423,000
3 ffZi United Stales 3,941,700 3,412,550 3,553,000
4 Q Paki stati 1,869,000 2,312,000 2,308,000
5 ES3 Brazil 973,449 1,673,337 1,524,103
6 = XJzb eld stan 1,136,120 983,400 849,000
7 [3 Turkey S 16,705 754,600 697,000
S iiifl Australia 386,«00 473,497 501,000
9 N . Turkmenistan 230,000 295,000 210,000
10 1*1 Mexico 225,000 195,000 198,000
Source: Statistical data of top cott on pioduc errs.
Being an export crop in Uzbekistan cotton is one of the main strategic resources of the country and the main source of the country hard currency. Uzbekistan is the sixth largest producer of cotton in the world and the fourth largest exporter of fiber, which is 5 percent of the world production of
cotton fiber. Uzbekistan exports about one million tons of cotton fiber per year. In order to preserve the natural quality of the produced fiber it is necessary to comply with certain technical regulations and conditions of storage, which is the main key.
Experience shows that a significant portion of the cotton produced in the ginning factories has high humidity. In accordance with the process regulated cotton is temporarily stored before being mainly processed at the sites. The fibers and seeds are subjected to additional moisture due to rainfall. Such seeds and fiber, respectively, require a change in conditions of storage and processing in oil and fat and textile mills.
The excessive moisture and trash cause disturbances in the processing of fibers and seeds. It should be noted that the measures applied to preserve the natural qualities of technical seeds and fibers for cotton oil mills are ineffective. The raw cotton is known to be subjected to humid drying, being processed by ginning factories at its humidity within 8-9 %. However, in most cases, the seeds are of high humidity, because the residence time of raw cotton is limited to a drying drum, and the seeds are dried because they are not equal in their structure, and are composed of three main components (fiber, peel and seed core). The chemical composition of the components is different and, therefore, their humid ityproperties are different as well. The change in the humidity of cotton seeds changes its physical and mechanical properties, which depend on the processing of the material and properties of the resulting products [4].
The peel hardness is considered to be one of the important physical mechanical characteristics. Under the influence of the mechanical stress during the processing the seed peel is damaged, thereby forming a skin with a fiber and a broken seed. The degree of damage depends mainly on the strength of the seedpeel, which, in turn, is interconnected with its humidity. Therefore, to determine the influence of these factors on the seed quality some parameters were studied with laboratory species in cotton seeds, S-6524, and Bukhga-ra-6, humidity being 7-15%. When humidity is 78 %, micro hardness of seeds for breedingC-6524 and Bukhara-6 was respectively 205.8 and 191.7 N / mm2. The increase of the seed moisture up to 12 % made micro hard nessde crease up to 132.5 and 128.2 N / mm2. At that time, the growth of humidity from 12 % to 15 % made micro hardness decrease by only 14 N / mm2. The weakest section of the seed capable of destruction and de-
fect formation is an oval part. Therefore, the processing of seeds with moisture level lower than 7.0 % increases the percentage of broken seed above 9.0 %. It was assumed that controlling the temperature conditions cannot create favorable conditions that will reduce the damage and provide an even and intensive removal of moisture from the surface of the cotton component. To determine the surface temperature and moisture when heat transfer occurs in contact with other surfaces, contact unsteady equations were used to calculate heat-change satisfying conditions and selection of heat absorption of moisture when passing through these surfaces. Assuming that outer and inner surface temperature as well as humidity is the same, it is possible to put the following equation [2].
T2 = T2o(t) = TK + (T -T)Q(t),
U2 = Uu - (Uu - Uk )W(t) . (1)
Moisture on the surface of the seedsskin and core is calculated according to the formulas
u20 = u2(r1,T) = uh - (uh - uk )W (T),
uo = Uh - (uh - Uk )P^oto, (2)
T0 - initial values of temperature and moisture of some components (e.g. air) of raw cotton.
p, pi - the density of the skin, the air layer and the core
c, c1, -the heat capacity of the peel and core
Tk, Te and Tn - respectively given skin temperature, air gap and seed kernel
According to the results of numerical and experimental studies there were obtained data of temperature and humidity of the cotton fiber, peel and seed core (Fig). They show that the temperature differential between the fibers and the peel and seed kernel after 30 seconds is 47 0C and 59 0C, a moisture gradient in this case is 1.6 % and 9.6 %.
These results suggest reviewing the difficulties and the application of the high temperature for drying cotton to ensure even separation of moisture from the cotton component.
Further studies have shown that the storage of moist seed is higher than 10% without preventive measures, leading them to self-warming. The in-
tensity of this process depends on the humidity and ambient temperature. Thus, the humidity in the seeds starts their self-warming - above 1215 % on the second day, above 20 % on the third day.
When stored cotton seeds with moisture of 14.7 % its oil content changed - the data on the
first day 1 %, after 7 days 22.4 %, after 21 days 21.6 % and 18.2 % in 35 hours 17.3 %.
Increased humidity and weed seed technology led to the creation of favorable conditions for the development of fungus end biological processes, which leads to the qualitative change and reduce of their oil content.
W
30 28 26 24 22 20 18 14 12
a) b)
Fig. Temperature dependence (a) and humidity, (b) of 1-fibers, 2-peel, cores 3 times
To prevent these processes we propose treatment of cotton seeds in various ways - chemical, thermal, biochemical, electrical, etc. Each of the methods has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. However, the given storage cotton seed process is difficult to apply in industry.
One of the main ways to prevent the process of destruction of cotton seeds is heat treatment using heat and mass transfer and hydrodynamic processes. This method can be used in the processing of cotton seeds before storage or an intensification of technological processes of its processing.
The analysis of the known conditions and methods for the preparation of cotton seeds to the processing and storage has shown that it is possible to prevent the self-warming, and change of their natural properties.
The basis of the study of self-warming process is settled down not only by the humidity factor of cotton seeds, but also by biochemical and biological processes recorded by changing the speed of germination and seed oil.
To conclude, the above analysis and research develop and offer new ways of preparing cotton seeds for storage using the heat and mass transfer, hydrodynamic processes as new technologies.
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References
1. Rakhmanov, H. K. Development of effective structures and methods of preparation of the system of calculation, loading and storage of cotton in the module: Dis ... Doc. N. Sciences. - Tashkent, 2012. - 37 p. (Рахманов, Х. К. Разработка эффективных конструкций и методов расчёта системы подготовки, загрузки и складирования хлопка в модуле: дис. ... докт. техн. наук / Х. Р. Рахманов. - Ташкент, 2011. - 37 с.)
2. Rakhmanov, H. K. Primary treatment of textile raw materials textbooks / H. K. Rakhmanov. - Bukhara: Muallif, 2014. (Рахманов, Х. К. Первичная обработка текстильного сырья: учебник для вузов / Х. К. Рахманов. - Бухара: Муаллиф, 2014. - с.
3. Statistical data of top cotton producers (Статистические данные лидеров хлопчатобумажного производства). - URL: https://www.google.com/search?q=Statistical+data+of+top+cotton+producers&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=7JYMoIKQWgA5pM%253A %252CCBc5MI_Xj1AwoM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AM_-kRj2wXPotWcHYGu3SOdiGlLmQHCSg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3v5jy-pjnAhVk2aYKHaNqDtoQ9QEwC3oECAUQBw#imgrc=7JYMoIKQWgA5pM: (дата обращения: 17.08.2019).
4. Rakhmanov, H. K. The theoretical study of stress-strain state of free-bulk raw cotton layer to a limited extent. "Mechanical problems". Uzbekistan journal. 2005 - S. 13-17 (Рахманов, Х. К. Теоретическое исследование напряжённо-деформированного состояния хлопка-сырца в ограниченном объёме / Х. К. Рахманов // Проблемы механики. - Ташкент, 2005. - С. 13-17.
© Rakhmanov H. K., Mardonova F., Matyakubova J., 2019
