CC BY
0METHODS OF PARALLEL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY BETWEEN DIESEL
GENERATORS
MURADOV FARID
Baku Engineering University, master's student in" automation and control engineering of
technological processes"
Abstract: The article covers the method of parallel distribution of energy between diesel generators, torque and angle control. For this, the system of automatic connection of the reserve and the elimination of possible non-static errors in the system were studied. The main goal of the research work was the realization of an autonomous mode for AMF panels. In modern diesel-generator automatic control systems, AMF panels (Automatic Grid Fault panels) are sometimes called ATS panels. Like ATS systems, AMF panels monitor the incoming power supply from the mains, while also paralleling power distribution between grid-connected generators and automating switching to a backup generator source in the event of a fault. Having an AMF panel in the circuit means that users can manually switch to a standby generator in an emergency. they won't have to manage, which could lead to data loss or a major breach.
Keywords: Parallel power distribution, automatic grid fault panels, automatic backup connection system, ATS circuit, Hall effect
DIZEL GENERATORLARI ARASINDA ENERJi PARALEL PAYLANMASI
METODLARI
Xulasa: Mdqald dizel generatorlari arasmda enerjiparalelpaylanmasi metodunu, firlanma ani va bucaq nazaratini ahata edir.Bunun uqun dsas olaraq ehtiyyatin avtomatik qo§ulmasi sisteminin va sistemdaki yarana bilacak qeyri-statik xatalarin aradan qaldirilmasi sistemlari tadqiq olunacaq. Tadqiqat i§inda asas maqsad AMF panellari uqun avtonom rejimin realizasiya olmu§dur. Muasir dizel-generatorunun avtomatik idaraetma sistemlarinda AMF panellarina (Avtomatik §abaka Xata panellari) bazan ATS panellari deyilir. ATS sistemlari kimi, AMF panellari da elektrik §abakasindan daxil olan enerji tachizatina nazarat edir,eyni zamanda §abakaya qo§ulmu§ generatorlar arasinda enerjinin paralel paylanmasi va nasazliq zamani ehtiyyat generator manbayina keqidi avtomatla§dirir. Dovrada AMF panelinin olmasi o demakdir ki, istifadaqilar fovqalada vaziyyatda gozlama generatoruna keqidi al ila idara etmak macburiyyatinda qalmayacaqlar ki, bu da malumat itkisina va ya boyukpozuntuya sabab ola bilar.
Agar sozlw. Paralel enerji paylanmasi, avtomatik §abaka nasazliq panellari, avtomatik ehtiyat qo$ulma sistemi, ATS dovrasi, Hall effekti
СПОСОБЫ ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГИИ МЕЖДУ
ДИЗЕЛЬ-ГЕНЕРАТОРАМИ
Аннотация: В статье рассмотрен метод параллельного распределения энергии между дизель-генераторами, управления крутящим моментом и углом. Для этого была проработана система автоматического подключения резерва и устранения возможных нестатических ошибок в системе. Основной целью исследовательской работы была реализация автономного режима для панелей АМФ. В современных системах автоматического управления дизель-генераторами панели AMF (панели Automatic Grid Fault) иногда называют панелями ATS. Как и системы ATS, панели AMF контролируют поступающее электропитание от сети, а также параллельно распределяют мощность между подключенными к сети генераторами и автоматизируют переключение на резервный источник генератора в случае неисправности. Наличие панели AMF в цепи означает, что пользователи могут вручную переключиться на
резервный генератор в случае чрезвычайной ситуации. им не придется управлять, что может привести к потере данных или серьезному взлому.
Ключевые слова: Параллельное распределение электроэнергии, автоматические панели неисправностей сети, автоматическая система резервного подключения, схема АВР, эффект Холла.
A diesel generator is a combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator (usually an alternator) to generate electricity. The principle of operation of these engines is based on the principle of compression and ignition, i.e. heating, and is usually designed to run on diesel fuel, although there are some types that can run on other liquid fuels and or adapted for natural gas (CNG). The diesel generator is mainly used for more complex applications such as grid support and export to the power grid, such as emergency power supply in off-grid locations or when the grid fails. The size of the diesel generator minimizes low load or power failure. very important to download. Measurements are complicated by the characteristics of modern electronics, especially non-linear loads. Its size is around 30 MW and above, open-loop gas turbines are more efficient than a range of diesel engines at full load and are more compact with comparable capital costs; but for regular part-loading, even at these power levels, diesel arrays are sometimes preferred over open-loop gas turbines due to their superior efficiency. In modern automated grid systems, diesel power plants are preferred, which directly affects the full satisfaction of the population's energy needs. Diesel the main advantage of the power plant compared to gas-diesel is lower fuel costs, the ability to efficiently use gas with a standard fuel tank that ensures long-term uninterrupted operation. Although significant, the advantages of a gas-powered diesel engine over diesels are to run on liquid fuel, especially lower the cost of electricity. Vibrations in the rotation of the transmission motor shaft, which is the main part of the generator, and the speed that causes voltage fluctuations are the main factors in the parallel operation of machines. In this case, improper selection of the main components used in electrical circuits can lead to the maximum limit of the nominal current in the circuit, because they cause fluctuations in exchange power. this can also happen, resulting in energy losses in the electric power network. In case of uneven distribution of active energy in parallel generators connected to the circuit, the active power between gas-diesel generators can reach 50% of the nominal power for the total load. Therefore, there are strict standards for generating voltage in systems for both industrial and other electrical power.
Fuel
AVR Exciter
<3
r<f
Synchronous Generator
I
Fuel valve
Busbar
Clutch
Figl. Working principle of diesel generator II. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
The aim of the research is to increase the accuracy of the automatic control system of diesel generators and to improve the control system according to modern requirements. To achieve the set goal, the following tasks must be performed resolved:
1. To analyze the causes of low frequency fluctuations in the AMF panels (Automatic Mains Fault panels) of the diesel generator
2. To develop a synchronous mode for the rotation time of the generator
control and determination of its angular position. The main requirement for this is the selection of sensors used in the system, the installation of the Hall-effect sensor in the system.
3. Prepare a schematic diagram for the AMF system
the total is to determine the distribution between parallel generators, the composition and connection of sensors
4. Improving the method of parallel distribution of energy and evaluating the efficiency of this system in order to carry out experimental tests of the system.
III. DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD AND TECHNICAL MEANS FOR
ACTIVE LOAD SHARING
AMF panels are integral components of power management systems and provide a smooth transition between primary power and backup generators. These panels are equipped with advanced functions designed to accurately and reliably monitor and control the operation of the generator. One of the main functions of the AMF panels is the integration of the generator controller. This controller serves as the brain of the system, controlling various aspects of the generator's operation. Among its main functions is the ability to initiate automatic generator start-up and shutdown processes in response to power failure or restoration. In addition, AMF panels are equipped with a number of sensors and alarms to monitor critical generator parameters. These include gauges such as engine speed, oil pressure, water temperature and fuel level. By continuously monitoring these variables, the AMF panel can detect any abnormalities or deviations from normal operating conditions, allowing timely intervention to prevent potential problems or failures. Incorporating these advanced monitoring and control features not only increases generator reliability and efficiency, but also contributes to overall system safety. AMF panels provide operators with real-time information on generator performance, enabling proactive maintenance and troubleshooting to ensure uninterrupted power supply, particularly in critical applications such as data centers, hospitals and industrial facilities. Each AMF generator panel is different depending on the generator used, although the same process is often performed across the range. In short, AMF panels work by monitoring the power supply and detecting any interruptions and faults. The first role of any AMF panel for a diesel generator is to detect any complete grid failure or loss of power. At this point, the panel will send a signal to the standby generators for preparation. After that, the generator will begin to generate acceptable power demands, at which point the AMF panel will automatically transfer the electrical load to the generator - easily restoring full power. Once the power is fully restored, the same process will occur, but in reverse. The AMF panel on the diesel generator will begin to feed the load back into the grid, eventually allowing the generator to shut down again. During this process, the generator's standard cooling operation will also occur, where it will continue to run until it is safely cooled down completely.
Fig2. Visualization of the automatic control panel used in the AMF system
The most basic sensors are mains fault sensors. As the figure shows, these sense anything from a single phase of a three-phase system to failure of all three phases at the same time. Detection of
ОФ "Международный научно-исследовательский центр "Endless Light in Science"
these faults is often achieved by voltage measuring relays that will operate when the utility grid reaches a predetermined fault point. The parameters should be adjusted along with the operating characteristics taking into account any uninterruptible power supply. A cautionary point to note is to be careful in the event of a mains failure outside the operating parameters of the UPS systems. The danger is that if this is the case, your load is supported by the UPS batteries while the standby diesel generator is idle. Regular service and maintenance will highlight problems like these and provide options to fix them. The scheme below in a simpler form Network transmission panel consists of two contactors with associated control sensors. A contactor will feed the utility mains source to the field distribution board. The other contactor will provide backup diesel generator supply to the distribution panel. In the event of a mains failure, the mains contactor will first de-energize and the Automatic Mains Fault (AMF) Panel. Immediately after this, send a start command signal to the emergency standby diesel generator to start and take over the building load. Once the standby diesel generator's control sensors determine that the generator supply is at the correct frequency and voltage, a signal will be sent to the standby diesel generator's contactor to energize it, and the generator will supply will be transferred to the field distribution board. When the utility mains supply is restored, a timer will start to ensure that the supply is stable. Then, after a preset time, the utility contactor will energize and the standby generator contactor will de-energize. The standby diesel will continue to run until it cools down. Usually after 5 minutes, the generator shuts down and is ready for further operation. In the event of a GRID power outage (loss of utility grid supply), the standby diesel generator ups system will provide your main power without a problem. Remember, never allow a diesel generator to run on fuel. Is it clear? you don't believe it! Our most frequent calls are for generators that have been allowed to run out of diesel. For timing purposes, the loss of supply can be as short as 10-30 seconds between a utility outage and supply from a backup diesel generator. Provided that the generator is started for the first time. It depends on your regular service and maintenance regime. When returning to the mesh network, the transition time can be measured in milliseconds.
Fig 3. Structural analysis of the accuracy improvement circuit of the automatic control system
of diesel generators
To increase the accuracy of the generator control system, Hall-effect sensors are widely used mainly in circuits. These sensors are usually used to measure the strength of the magnetic field and the amount of current. Their applications include non-contact sensing for linear movements, angular positioning, speed and rotational speed and direction, with the advantage of long-term operation with low wear and tear. With multiple sensing functions of motion and positioning, Hall Effect sensors in automotive applications can be widely observed in recent years. They also became the third most common sensor product in cars.
IV. THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL CHECK OF THE SYSTEM OPERATION
Electricity
Fig 4. Visualization of the establishment offeedback between sensors in the automatic control
circuit of a diesel generator
As can be seen from Figure 4, certain sensors were used to increase the accuracy of the diesel generator control system. Basically, the establishment of a feedback system between these sensors is one of the main conditions. connected with the control unit. That is, the non-linear errors in the system are constantly monitored. For example, in a hydroelectric turbine, the driver automatically adjusts the amount of water entering the turbine to allow it to spin faster or slower. By controlling the fuel entering the turbine, governors control the speed and torque of the generators, therefore controlling their power output.Speed governors are also very important because they add protection to the turbine, preventing it from over-speeding.
V. Conclusions
1. As a result of the analysis, it became clear that in order to achieve energy efficiency of modern electric power transmission systems and ensure high-quality electric power production, it is necessary to apply new automation hardware and software and control methods of individual electric power systems. It is necessary to take into account their parallel operation for full load, because due to the presence of speed instability, the uneven distribution of active power can reach 50% of the nominal power. The main management principles should be the principles of sustainability and consistency of processes. That is, modernized automation tools should be combined with new technologies for the management of autonomous energy facilities and the design of automated management systems. For this, the management reports of autonomous devices in the circuits should be properly conducted.
2. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is that the method of active energy distribution between parallel generators is improved by monitoring the torque and angular states of the rotors of the power units, which is its distinguishing feature. It is shown that the use of the proposed method allows reducing the uneven distribution of active power to a value not exceeding 5% of the nominal power of the generator.
3. To prepare a schematic diagram of the distribution of active power between generators working in parallel according to the total load, to determine the composition of sensors and the
connection between individual system elements for its implementation based on microprocessor
technology.
4. In order to increase the accuracy of the control system of the diesel generator, we must choose
the sensors used correctly and implement the mutual feedback system between these sensors.
5. Practical implementation
REFERENCES
1. l.V.V Dubaylova, N.D. Mukhlynin, O.J. Polyakova, Distributed Generation Control in Energy Market Conditions Using Advanced Model Predictive Control 16th Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA), Varna, Bulgaria, 1-4 (2019). DOI: 10.1109/ELMA.2019.8771696.
2. S.A. Eroshenko, A.I. Khalyasmaa, The improvement of distributed generation integration efficiency, 11th IEEE International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering, CPE-POWERENG (2017). DOI: 10.1109/CPE.2017.7915151
3. V.M. Ryabenkij, A.O. Ushkarenko, V.I. Voskoboenko, (2008). Issledovanie avtokolebatelnykh proczessov chastoty napryazheniya gazodizel-generatorov. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov NUK, 4, 113-118.
4. G. Evangelos, Giakoumis. (2016). Review of Some Methods for Improving Transient Response in Automotive Diesel Engines through Various Turbocharging Configurations. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, 2, 1-18. doi: 10.3389/fmech.2016.00004
5. V. Ryabenkiy, A. Ushkarenko, Al-Suod, Mahmoud Mohammad. (2012). Reduction of Frequency Oscillation of the Gas-diesel Generator Units. In Proc. International Conference Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications, and Computer Science (TCSET'2012). Lviv, Ukraine, 447-448.
6. Trading System Administrator JSC: Components of limiting levels of unregulated prices [Electrical resource]. Available at: http:// www.atsenergo.ru.
7. A.N. Alyunov, Web-service Online Electric [Electrical resource]. Available at: http://onlineelectric.ru.
8. A. Nemirovskiy, A. Kashin, V. Kosmach, Y. Titovec, I. Toptygin, D. Zaripova, Innovative technology for dismantling the windings of electric motors using ultrasonic radiation, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) 337, 1, 012071 (2019). DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/337/1/012071
9. Diaz SA, Silva C, Juliet J, Miranda HA. Indirect sensorless speed control of a PMSG for wind application. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference; 2009 May 3rd-6th; Miami, FL, USA. Piscataway Township: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
10. Bolognani S, Venturato A, Zigliotto M. Novel control technique for high-performance dieseldriven AC generator-sets. Proceedings of the 2000 IEE Conference; 2000 September 18-19; London, UK. London: The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
11. Tibola JR, Hausen RB, Martins ME, Pinheiro H. Variable speed and stop-start techniques for engine-generators. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 13 th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 1st Southern Power Electronics Conference; 2015 November 29-December 2; Fortaleza, Brazil. Piscataway Township: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
12. Meiners D. Application of variable speed diesel generator set for village power and wind-diesel applications. Anchorage: Alaska Energy Authority; 2013.
13. Manwell JF, Stein WA, Rogers A, McGowan JG. An investigation of variable speed operation of diesel generators in hybrid energy systems. Renew Energ. 1992; 2: 563-571.
14. Issa M. Operational, ecological and energy optimization of diesel generators. Rimouski: University of Quebec at Rimouski, Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering; 2020. pp.252
15. Issa M, Ibrahim H, Lepage R, Ilinca A. A review and comparison on recent optimization methodologies for diesel engines and diesel power generators. J Power Energy Eng. 2019; 7: 3156
16. Wong, P.K.; Tam, L.M.; Li, K.; Vong, C.M. Engine idle-speed system modelling and control optimization using artificial intelligence. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 2009, 224, 55-72. [Google Scholar! rCrossRefl
17. Espadafor, F.J.; Villanueva, J.A.B.; Garcia, M.T. Analysis of a diesel generator crankshaft failure. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2009, 16, 2333-2341. [Google Scholar! [CrossRef
18. Bram, R.; Johan, D.; Jan, C. Variable speed genset with full rated power converter using readily available industrial products. In Proceedings of the 2014 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Lappeenranta, Finland, 26-28 August 2014; pp. 1-7. [Google Scholar!
19. Wang, D.H.; Nayar, C.V.; Wang, C. Modeling of stand-alone variable speed diesel generator using doubly-fed induction generator. In Proceedings of the the 2nd International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems, Hefei, China, 16-18 June 2010; pp. 1-6. [Google Scholar!
