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Региональная экономика
ДОХОЛЯН С.В. ,ПЕТРОСЯНЦ В.З. ,САДЫКОВА А.М.
МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РЕГИОНА
Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского гуманитарного научного фонда (проект № 13-02-00094a)
Аннотация. В представленной статье устойчивое развитие региональной социально-экономической системы рассматривается с использованием методологии экономической динамики и инструментальных изменений, синергетического и системного подход. Отмечается, что парадигма устойчивого развития социально -экономической системы региона лежит в русле методологии институциональных изменений; методологическим ключом к исследованию проблемы устойчивого развития социально-экономической системы региона является анализ способов организации хозяйственного пространства и движения экономического времени региона; обосновывается, что переход России к устойчивому развитию предполагает, прежде всего, переход от «экономики пространства» к «экономике времени».
Ключевые слова: устойчивое развитие, социально-экономическая система, устойчивое развитие, институциональная среда, социально-экономическая политика региона, синергетический подход, системный подход, методология экономической динамики, методология инструментальных изменений, регион.
DOKHOLYAN S.V.,PETROSYANTS V.Z. SADYKOVA A.M.
METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE REGION
Abstract. In presented article the sustainable development of regional socio-economic system is examined using the methodology of economic dynamics and instrumental changes, synergistic and systematic approach. It is noted that the paradigm of sustainable development socio-economic system of the region is in line with the methodology of institutional change; methodological key to the study of the problems of sustainable development of socio-economic system of the region is the analysis of ways of organizing economic space and economic movement time of the region; it is argued that Russia's transition to sustainable development requires, above all, the transition from an "economy of space" to the "economy of time".
Keywords: sustainable development, socio-economic system, sustainable development, institutional environment, socio -economic policy of the region, synergistic approach, systemic approach, methodology of economic dynamics, methodology of instrumental changes, region.
In the context of reproductive approach modern economic science suggests broad integration, interweaving and synthesis of complementary to each other methodological and theoretical opportunities suggested by different approaches to the study of the development of socio-economical systems of different levels (Figure 1).
One of the main approaches to the study of development of the socio-economical system is the use of the methodology of institutional changes that is based on the foundation of dialectic laws. Dialectics considers the unity and struggle of the opposites as the source of development of the system; inconsistency and resolution of contradictions; negation of negation; transition from quantity to quality. Movement is interpreted as a form of matter existence. Methodology of institutional changes is based on the determination of economic processes that considers random nature as the form of the manifestation of need. Spiral movement, transitions from the lowest to the highest, change as passing through a set of stable states are forms of development. The result of dialectic development is a change from the simple to the more complex with elements of retrogressive movement; the impact of the changed environment on the subjects of dynamic processes; movement forward preserving the positive elements of the past stages.
Synergistic approach
Methodology of economic dynamics
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Methodological fo reg undation of the concept of sustainable development of the »ional socio-economic system of the region
Figure 1. Methodological foundation of the concept of sustainable development of the regional socio-economic system of the region.
From the point of view of methodology of institutional changes, management of sustainable development of the socio-economic system of the region is the implementation of the functions of planning, organization, motivation and control in order to achieve the set benchmarks and to solve the set tasks when resolving contradictions of interests of economic subjects.
The theoretical-methodological foundation of the study of sustainable development from the positions of the environmental-economic area of focus in the context of methodology of institutional changes is the problem of agreeing economic needs and interests in the process of interaction of public production with nature. Needs represent a motivational reason of a person's livelihood, therefore the existing at a certain period of time hierarchy of needs determines the priority of different focus areas of people's economic activity. The more broad and more varied the person's activity is, the more varied and more complete is the system of his livelihood needs. The process of interaction of public production with the natural environment is based on the existence of economic needs in the use of natural resources field. Economic needs in the field of use of natural resources appear as a manifestation of industrial relations of a person and the society on the whole regarding the use and assumption of natural resources in the process of economic activity. The objective need of satisfying the formed and developing needs in elements and factors of the natural environment providing for the biological and social existence of people that appears due to economic relations is interpreted as economic interests in the field of use of natural resources.
It seems that economic interests are identical in their social focus. It is true, they are set to provide for the quality of life of a person, his status in life guaranteeing him biological and financial independence. However, this unity if contradictory. Economic interests oriented on satisfaction of financial needs are materialized during continuous impact on the environment that is manifested in the way it is used, consumed and transformed. This leads throughout the whole visible history of the human society to pollution and depletion of nature, therefore narrowing the space of achieving economic interests in the field of nature use. In order to follow the contradiction between economic interests directed towards satisfying financial needs and interests in the field of use of natural resources we are going to use the approach of B. Commoner that connects the level of pollution of the environment (P) with the population size (S), products made per capita (C) and pollution emissions per unit of production (U) [24]:
P = S *C * U
According to this equation, the growth of the second factor (products per capita) happening together with an exponential growth of population, leads to growth of the level of environmental pollution.
Nature protecting standards and arrangements, in fact being mechanisms to fulfill interests in the sphere of use of natural resources, limit economic progress in its traditional understanding, and therefore are obstacles to implementation of economic interests oriented on the satisfaction of material needs. Satisfaction of economic needs in the sphere of use of natural resources, in particular, following the admissible limits of pollution or recultivation of soils, requires both significant labor and financial expenditures. [*].
Nature protection costs requiring a large amount of resources that are removed from the production of goods and services increase public production costs, and explain the growth of the so-called "external effects" or "the negative" public product.
The contradictions between economic needs that correspondingly are refracted through economic interests have quite varied forms, types and levels of manifestation in social practice.
On the macrolevel, environmental-economic contradictions are connected with the lack of correspondence of the structure of real public needs, including the environmental ones, to the structure of the modern production (or total supply). This is based on the fact that due to their nature, environmental needs are not included in the structure of the total demand as a category of market economy, therefore, there is non-correspondence of the structure and quality of modern type of production to the environmental laws and requirements, or natural-resource capabilities. [2].
The multi-level character of economical-environmental contradictions is expressed in the fact that
1 Thus, developed countries spend more than 3% of their GDP on environmental needs, and this percentage tends to grow since it is clearly not sufficient for the reproduction of the environment in the necessary amount. For example, just to compensate for the 1% reduction of soil fertility, the expenditure to preserve the past yield should be increased by 10% . [53]
Thus, in Russia over the last 10 years the industrial structure of the country has transformed: the role of intensively using natural resources, environmentally aggressive fields (the mining, fuel, electric energy, metallurgy), and the percentage of environmentally more acceptable manufacturing industries has decreased (consumer industry and machine building). High tech, labor and knowledge-driven machine building that defines technological progress is quickly contracting, and that also includes the environmental field. Energy consumption of the gross domestic product has increased by 20%, its water capacity - by 22%, and the specific discharge of polluted sewage water - by 33%. [22]
they are observed on different structural-organizational levels of the social system. The disagreement of economical and environmental interests appears both inside one enterprise, and on the levels of "enterprise - enterprise", "enterprise - population", "enterprise - region", "enterprise - national economy".
On the microlevel it is manifested as an achievement of benefit (economic goal) by a separate enterprise, or due to the increase in the volumes of production and sales, or from minimization of expenditures on their creation. Both ways may lead to the infringement of environmental interests of other members of the society. The first way of growing volumes is accompanied by an additional burden on the environment, increase in waste (as no-waste technologies do not exist by definition), depletion of natural resources. The second way leads to the decrease in expenditures on environmental protection and environmental restoration activity, and, as a consequence, leads to its deterioration. The subjectivity of economic needs is clear: in this case they are more important for an entrepreneur than those remote in time and space negative consequences from the point of view of the environment.
Contradictions between a company and federal (regional) authorities of management, in particular, are seen in the social protest of the staff of companies-pollutants against closing of such companies or other ways of limiting their activity.
Economical-environmental contradictions may also appear inside an enterprise among separate focus areas of activity, in particular, nature protecting and industrial-technological, etc.
And, finally, modern economy based on clear resource-based consumer approaches to nature use creates another type of a contradiction between the interests of present and future generations exhausting the foundation and condition of life - the natural capital that, by all means, is the property of only one generation.
Therefore, from the point of view of the environmental-economic approach, sustainable development assumes providing for an ability to continuously generate fluctuations of the environmental-economic activity based on an agreement of economic needs and interests in the process of interaction of public production with nature, achievement of a balance between them from establishing the appropriate governmental policy in order to improve the standard and quality of life of the population [26].
The paradigm of sustainable development of the socio-economic system of the region, by all means, is found in consistency with the methodology of institutional changes. At the same time, its specific characteristics, first of all, reflect the peculiarities of evolution in the non-standard, quickly changing environment, and, secondly, are adequate to the nature of complex systems. Therefore, the methodology of a study of sustainable development of the socio-economical system of the region objectively supposes combining several methodological approaches.
Due to this, the methodological foundation of the present study was also established by modern research developing in the context of the systemic approach. According to the statement of G.B. Kleiner, the systemic paradigm "gravitates towards a multi-sided consideration of socio-economic establishments as complexes that carry the characteristics of technological, economic, social, institutional, biological and other systems. The main object of the study here are socio-economic systems, and the main subject is their development based on the interaction of inherent subsystems and impact of external systems and the environment» [21].
The systemic approach to studying economic objects supposes, first of all, notation of their elements, interconnections between them, and isolation of the system-forming function. A number of researchers justifiably distinguish sustainable socio-economic development of the region, providing for human livelihood, satisfaction as much as possible of public needs, providing conditions for an expanded reproduction of the resource potential of the region considering them as the system-forming function of the socio-economic system of the region [1, 3-5, 7, 10-18, 23, 31, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43-45].
The systemic approach to analysis and construction of sustainable development of the socioeconomic system of the region supposes the development of methods of research of objects organized in a complex way based on an analysis of many overall incommensurable factors (indicators) characterizing the system. In the process of studying the typical characteristics of functioning and development of complex systems with active elements that also include the socio-economic system
of the region, it is necessary to take into account a number of predicted patterns. These predicted patterns are distinguished into the following groups: interaction of a part and the whole in the system; hierarchic order; functioning and development of systems; feasibility of systems.
Consistent patterns of interaction of a part and the whole help to form a deep understanding of the dialectics of a part and the whole in the system, form more adequate models of making decisions, and include predicted patterns of the cohesiveness (emergence) and integration. The consistent pattern of cohesiveness is manifested in the system by creating new integrative qualities in it that are not typical for its components. In order to understand the consistent pattern of cohesiveness better in its application to the socio-economic system of the region, it is necessary to, first and foremost, take into account two of its sides:
- properties of the object as a cohesive system are determined not only by adding its separate elements but by properties of its structure, special system-forming, integrative connections of the object studied - the regional socio-economic system, providing the system with stability, ability to self-regulate, i.e. to develop;
- qualitative characteristics of the socio-economic system are manifested in the structure, including the structure of the economy, and, therefore, it is possible to compare the dynamics of structure and manifestation of the essence of the existing socio-economic system, its global goal of movement3.
The consistent pattern of integration requires paying attention not to the external factors of manifesting cohesiveness, but the reasons that caused this property to appear, factors that provide for the preservation of cohesiveness and sustainability of the system. The need to take this consistent pattern into consideration explained further logic of the study that significantly stresses analysis of integra-tive (system-forming), system-preserving factors.
The group of consistent patterns of hierarchic order of systems characterizes the interaction of the system with what surrounds it, its environment, supersystem, subsystems, and includes consistent patterns of communication and hierarchy.
The consistent pattern of communication is that the system is not isolated from other systems, it is connected by a great number of communications with the environment that, in turn, represents a complex and non-uniform formation consisting of a supersystem (a system of a higher order that sets requirements and limits for the system being studied), subsystems (lower level, subordinate systems), and systems of the same level with the system being studied. As for the object of the research - the socio-economic system of the region - the national economy works as the supersystem. Subsystems may be distinguished by a functional characteristics: economic, social and environmental; as well as by the territorial characteristic: regions, zones, territorial-industrial complexes, enterprises.
This complex unity with the environment is called the consistent pattern of communicativeness that helps to move on to hierarchy as a consistent pattern of hierarchy, as a consistent pattern of building the whole world and any system that is distinguished from it. The point of this consistent pattern is that a higher hierarchic level (in our case the world or national economy) directs to a lower level that is subordinate to it, and this impact is manifested in the fact that the subordinate members of the hierarchy obtain new properties that they did not have in the isolated state, and as a result of the appearance of these new properties a different "image of the whole" is formed. The new whole that appeared in this way obtains an ability to perform new functions that actually form the goal of forming a hierarchy. Thus, under the impact of globalization (that is nothing but an impact of a supersystem as the world economy on a regional system) there is a transformation of the regional reproductive process, forming a new network structure of global world economy that provides for sustainable dynamics and the necessary effectiveness of interaction of all participants of the economic process.
Consistent patterns of functioning and development of systems reflect the principles of development of systems in time and include consistent patterns of historicity and self-organization. Consistent patterns of historicity are originating from the fact that any system goes through the stages of
3 Therefore, models of the structure of the system will be an expression of the essence of an economic system. Certain relations (connections) have to be implemented among the elements of the system, since the system is more than just a sum of its components. The system always prevails over an element, determining the vector of its behaviour. That is why if the properties of an element are changed without taking into account the properties of the system, this leads to a breach in the sustainability of the whole system.
establishment, flourishing, decline and death. Therefore, sustainable development of a socioeconomic system of the region supposes the development of mechanisms of reconstruction, reorganization of the system to preserve it in the new state.
The consistent pattern of self-organization is reflected in the dualism of developing systems that is manifested in the fact that depending on the predomination of entropic and negentropic tendencies, the system of any level of hierarchy may either develop towards a higher level of hierarchy and switch for it, or, to the contrary, there may take place an entropic process of decline and transition of the system to a lower level of existence. The sustainability of the system is achieved through a change of adaptive capabilities, ability to get used to the changing external conditions through internal transformations, that is the system is the more sustainable, the more adaptive capabilities it has.
For the purposes of adequate theoretical reflection of the process of sustainable development of the system, it is beneficial to complement the group of consistent patterns being examined by the consistent patterns that are based on dialectic laws (the consistent pattern of changing, sustainability, unity and struggle of contradictions, transition of quantitative changes into qualitative).
The consistent patterns of feasibility of systems include equifinality that characterizes extreme abilities of systems and allows to determine the goal of development of the system; potential effectiveness, that is, fundamental capability of a quantitative description of the potential of the system; the law of "requisite variety" that is based on the fact that the variety of the management system has to be more than the variety of the managed object.
Over the latest decades the synergistic paradigm of development of socio-economic systems has been actively developed [36, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55]. This paradigm develops within the systemic approach. It places in the first place the commonality of evolution processes and self-organization that take place in complex systems. The sources of development of the dynamic process in accordance with the synergistic approach are disequilibrium, instability, variability, chaos. Movement is regarded as an unbalanced process with the result that is different from the simple addition of supposed effects of separate elements of the system. Thus, R.S. Bekov remarks that "dynamics cannot be understood as a characteristic of completely determined processes since there is a soft non-linear determination by the past, the present and the future". [6] From the point of view of synergistics, development of economic processes represents a probabilistic chance. The forms of development are collecting fluctuations, bifurcations and phasic transitions that have an irreversible character. The result of development is an appearance of a complex multi-level whole that is not equal to the total of its separate parts, i.e. the non-additive character of addition and the appearance of an effect that is significantly exceeding the effect from the simple addition of possible effects of separate elements of the system; the appearance of a new imbalance. The synergistic approach is based on the following consistent patterns [35]:
1. Evolution is directed towards making structures more complex. The number of elements and connections in structures is growing, the sizes of information packets are growing.
2. The structural variety is continuously increasing in the course of an evolution.
3. As the organizational aspect gets more complex, its structural (attributive) stability decreases, but the stability of stream processes increases.
4. Any organizational aspect is manifested as a self-organizing system at first. As this system "grows older", it differentiates, and a managing (dominant) subsystem appears in it. The managing system leads to the development of the other subsystems.
Management from the point of view of the synergistic approach represents a negentropic process with the sequencing of effects of activity of separate elements of the system in order to achieve the required result that is significantly different from a simple addition of results in the conditions of unbalance and instability of development [9].
The synergistic approach oriented on learning consistent patterns of self-organization of complex objects in the conditions of chaotic spontaneous structuring allows to find effective ways of management of unbalanced economic systems and providing for them to enter the trajectory of sustainable development.
The theory of economic dynamics makes a great impact into the development of the methodology of sustainable development of a socio-economic system of the region. The theory of economic dynamics was developed in the written work of N. Kondratiev, Y. Shumpeter, R. Harrod, F. Cudland,
E. Prescott, S. Menschikov, L. Klimenko, Yu. Yakovets [25, 29, 42, 46, 47, 49, 52].
It is possible to completely agree with the opinion of V. Pantin that the ideas about the linear character of development of socio-economic systems reflect truly existing significant tendencies. However, they do not permit to take into account the multivariance, cyclicity and waviness of the socioeconomic development, stagnation and degradation of regional systems [34]. Therefore, it is impossible to describe the whole complexity of the territorial development in the context of only progressive ideas about the character of socio-economic movements.
The general methodological idea of the theory of economic dynamics states that it is necessary to distinguish a constant component or trend, as well as a vibration or wave in every process. This focus area is based on the idea about the wave character of the economic development that is an indispensable part of the methodology of long-term forecasting of the economic dynamics.
T. Skufyina and S. Baranov pay attention to the fact that "cyclically wave ideas reflect the manifestation of characteristic types of truly existing movements of reproductive processes in the region. That is why the phenomenon of waves and cycles is described and is taken into account in the studies of the practical type. For example, cycles of consumption of products by the population, fluctuations of supply in the yearly cycle, cycles of administrative barrier building, etc. However, the insufficiently used accounting in regional studies of waves and cycles of social and economic dynamics is noticeable" [38]. Back in the 1960s W. Isard wrote about the preoccupation of economists-theoreticians with dynamic aspects to the detriment of the spatial component [19].
The use of cycle-wave ideas in researching sustainable development of the socio-economic system of the region permits to find the multiplicity of options of regional development, determine the vector of development of the system, and its deviation from the trajectory of sustainable development, determine progressive and hampering factors for each evolutionary turn, correspondence of the manufacturing strengths of the region to the technological setting.
The methodological key to the study of the problem of sustainable development of the socioeconomic system of the region is the analysis of ways of organization of the economic space, and movement of economic time of the region, since the space and time are the common properties of any form of matter.
K. Marx compared economic (publicly necessary) time with labor expenditures on making products, i.e. on creating its cost [28]. Modern understanding of economic time is based on the interpretation of the latter as the time spent on producing, distributing, exchanging and consuming.
In the context of economic time R.S. Bekov distinguishes stable and innovative time [6]. Stable time outlines the framework within which all economic processes take course. It allows to find historical borderlines, compare different economic processes and phenomena in time and space. Taking into account the stability of time allows to compare events of the past with the present, and make conclusions regarding further prospects of development. In this sense stable time plays the role of the normalizing basis. Stable time is expressed by such indicators as work time, i.e. time "that is necessary to make some type of consumer cost" [28], time of capital turnover and other indicators that reflect the duration of a certain process expressed in units of time. Therefore, accounting for stable time allows to look at economic processes from the quantitative point of view which gives elements of order and stability in the continuously changing economic reality.
Innovative time supposes consideration of all economic processes and phenomena in the innovative mode. When economic processes and phenomena are performed in the innovative mode, economic time is compacted and becomes more intense. Innovative economic time allows to have a large number of transactions, have a large number of processes happening, have a large number of economic phenomena existing.
If an analysis of stable time finds stability and order of progress of economic processes and their interdependence, then innovative time shows the speed of development of the economic system. The indicators characterizing innovative time include dynamics of indicators of effectiveness of production, speed of change of gross product, indicators characterizing the level of investment and innovative activity.
Modern views on space distinguish such qualities of it as unity of continuous and discrete in its structure, qualitative and quantitative variability, synergistic effects of interaction of elements of space.
In order to study spatial relations and proportions, it is necessary to take into account the structure, multi-planning and multi-aspect nature of the economic space itself. Structures of different complexity and order co-exist within it at the same time. All spatial objects are connected with each other by a multitude of different connections. Continuous interaction of all elements and parts of space supposes organization of its effective functioning and development.
An important property of space is symmetry and asymmetry of different processes, objects, phenomena. Symmetry may be understood as correspondence, proportion, uniformity in the position of parts of space. In a symmetrical relation in space, changing position of objects does not lead to changes in any relations. Studying symmetry is important for understanding of general properties of space. There is continuous mutual transition of symmetric and asymmetric forms as processes devel-°p.
Properties of space depend on the structural level of objects studied, on the type of connections and interactions in space, on the speed of movement of objects in space, on the character of interaction with the environment. The space of each system is incomplete, continuous and is connected with the space of the other system. Systems may differ from each other by metric parameters and properties. But in this situation, interaction of different systems, their transformations are performed within the same space. This principle is noted by many researchers who are working on this problem [2, 8, 30].
In the economic space the development of elements is performed at different speeds, i.e. at different innovative time which leads to having asymmetric space. Therefore, it is possible to be speaking about the existence of a continuous connection of space and time. Therefore, the problem of sustainable development of the socio-economic system of the region needs to be studied on the basis of integration of properties of time and space. Localized in the space of the region resources, factors and conditions may be classified taking into account their orientation in time, i.e. based on the factor of interaction of space and time.
Using this approach, A.A. Kerashev distinguishes three groups of resources, factors and general conditions of economic activity that fill up the economic space of the region [20] and that correspond to different technological settings - pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial. The socio-economic system of the region oriented on the use of factors of production corresponding to the pre-industrial and industrial settings may be characterized in the terminology of O.Yu.Mamedov as "the economy of space" where space is the argument of function of the economic system.
The "economy of space" is prevailed by its own way of interaction of economic space and economic time based on domination of the space component. Time here is subordinated by the large-scale space. The main point of economic policy becomes not the economy of public time, but preservation of the entirety of economic space.
The use of resources corresponding to the post-industrial order is typical of "the economy of time". Therefore, there are two types of economic organization of production that are formed - "the economy of time" and "the economy of space". Their distinction "forms the necessary methodological foundation of comparative studies of specifics of the mechanism of functioning and development of economic systems of developed countries" [27].
The interpretation of sustainable development of the socio-economic system of the region as a manageable process of innovative reproduction of factors of production and material assets due to the balanced development of the system-forming elements of the socio-economic system of the region ensuring its social progress gives reasons to say that the transition of Russia to sustainable development, first and foremost, assumes transitioning from "the economy of space" to "the economy of time". This means that the retrospective concentration on mining, transporting and selling resources and energy has to be exchanged for prospective orientation on intensive development of markets of financial and human capital as well as formation of organizational-economic mechanisms providing for an innovative type of reproduction.
Implementation of the stated strategic goal will assist forming a system of management based on the principle of more expensive time and its distribution among the types of activity taking into account both expenditures on producing goods, and expenditures on their consumption [33]. In accordance with this principle, sustainable development of a socio-economic system of the region supposes the following: general acceleration of the socio-economic development of the region, i.e. progressive
increase in price of each subsequent unit of economic time in space4; intensive reproduction of innovations, that is growth of innovative time; involvement of archaic elements into the post-industrial production turnover5; economy of time due to consolidation and combination of resources of integrated complexes.
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