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РАЗДЕЛ 4. ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗДРАВОХРАНЕНИЯ CHAPTER 4. PUBLIC HEALTH
УДК 615.1/.4:628.47(574)
Medical waste management in Kazakhstan
1А. Serikkyzy, 2A.A. Almabekova
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National medical university
'student of faculty Technology of Pharmacological Production, '9-06-2,
2Phd, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry
Medical waste management is a World Wide actual problem. There are 16 billion injections occurred in the World by statistics of World Health organization, 2019[1] and all this injections done by syringes, which are only one of the stuffs of health caring facilities. It pushes to the fact that medical waste emerges equivalently often as household waste. However the system of medical waste management mostly includes same steps, but condition and stability of it different, because of country developing level. During this research there was identified that waste disposal in Kazakhstan on poor condition. There are many natural dumps, where you can easily find some medical facilities on the landfill that is not concerned to garbage. Moreover disposal of medical waste includes two ways, burning of them and instillation they are ecological harmful and can lead to hazardous consequences connected with public health and environmental issues. The alternative way to prevent this problem is recycling and exchanging with experience of developed country.
Keywords: Medical waste, recycling, ecological harmful, disposal, Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic gases, Mottainai idea.
Introduction
Nowadays to keep clean ecology is an actual problem the development of medicine leads to the need for rapid replacement of equipment. Meanwhile, obsolete devices, used and already unsuitable for further operation tools, require collection, sorting by classes, and further disposal [2].The main risks that used medical stuff include presence of infected objects or liquids in it; the presence of chemicals, biological active substances; radioactive objects. It is also possible to get purely mechanical damage with instruments that were not returned for proper storage (the most common case, injury and even infection through simply thrown out syringes). Moreover medical waste splits into groups connected with hazard level and chemical consistence, they are infectious waste, sharp objects, chemical substances, pharmaceuticals, cytotoxic waste, and radioactive waste. Furthermore disposal of the waste includes two ways burning them or instillation under special landfills. Despite government's management of waste programs there are some gaps, as natural dumps, where easily can be found certain medical equipment among solid domestic waste. This fact shows up weakness of waste management system of Kazakhstan. However
there is an alternative way to solve this problem it is recycling of waste.
Materials and methods
To deeply evaluate problems with medical waste management and importance of recycling medical waste to our country and based on the experience of developed country to find safe ways of processing.
To deeply evaluate problems with medical waste management there was identified the level of recycling in Kazakhstan by data from 31st channel reports:
*Kazakhstan today there are only 130 enterprises that sort and process waste [3];
*On average, each citizen annually throws about 250-260 kg. of household waste every year;
*100 million tons of garbage accumulated at landfills in Kazakhstan. (Habar-24) [4];
*3800 landfills for and only 16 of them complies with sanitary standards.
Today, over 43 billion tons of garbage has accumulated at the landfills of Kazakhstan. An additional 5-6 million tons are added to them annually. At the same time, only 9% is processed 2019. Moreover thousands of natural dumps speeded around the regions [5].
Figure 1 - Solid waste landfill near Uralsk, July, 2018[6]
BecTHMK KasHMy №2-2020
Figure 2 - Household garbage in one of the courtyards of Almaty. Photo courtesy of the society "Green salvation", 2018[7]
Figure 3 - North Kazakhstan Region, Petpropavlsk, March, 2018[7]
Figure 4 - Consequences of natural dumps - Ecological issues
Attitude for medical wastes in Kazakhstan:
Amputated body parts in plastic bottles, used syringes, containers
with leftover blood - these medical wastes have been found by
Kazakhstanis three times in the steppes and villages 2019 over the past three months. The last case occurred in late April in Lenger, Turkestan region.
Figure 5 - Late April in Lenger, Turkestan region[9]
According to data medical waste management companies of Kazakhstan on case only burn garbage in stoves, which harms
ecology. The open burning medical waste ensure emitting of toxic gases and substrates, as nitrogen oxides, Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxides, Particle Pollution (PM).VOC is are carbon-based compounds that undergo photochemical reactions when released into the atmosphere. The VOCs and the compounds they form in the atmosphere, such as ozone, contribute to the formation of smog[10]. Materials:
*Scientific researches
*Public web sites statistics and data
To Identify a safe and environmentally friendly form of medical waste treatment from a public perspective was done Survey by online platform "Survey Monkey" among citizens of Kazakhstan by online based platform includes: *6 questions
*above 80 respondents answers *Between 16-50 ages citizens of Kazakhstan The results of survey and discussion Particle Pollution (PM)
Figure 6 - Age of respondents This pie chart demonstrates that the main survey respondents were between 18-20 ages.
Figure 7 - Five-point scale-evaluation question
The histogram shows five-point scale demonstration question that oriented on giving mark for waste management level of
Kazakhstan and due to histogram was been analyzed that majority of citizens marks it between two and three scales.
Figure 8 - Identify super-recycling country
To analyze which country is the best example or directly Superrecycling there was identified
that Japan and Germany shares first place and Canada on the second place.
12 3 4
Figure 9 - Five-point scale-evaluation question to identify importance of recycling
This results show the importance of the medical waste recycling and majority of respondents support this idea.
Figure 10 - Identify the cause of problems with recycling in Kazakhstan
The main cause of waste recycling why Kazakhstan in poor condition describes by weak system of waste management and weak public consciousness.
Figure 11 - Medical wastes
Above 73% of respondents subject medical waste as recycling waste it shows awareness of citizens with this problem. Super recycling - country which shows strong performance in recycle management sphere is Japan. There are over 90% of waste recycled [10] and due to Zero waste program and Mottainai idea.
Mottainai idea - is an Japanese philosophy related with maximum waste minimization, which teaches young generation from childhood to respect nature, to minimize waste, to select them by appearance [11].
Figure 12 - Super-recycling country-Japan[11]
Conclusion
Research results show the different sides of opening recycling companies and how it would effect on Kazakhstan economy and social live. There were identified strengths of recycling companies and they are: economically proficient, less harm to ecology, because of using environmentally friendly way of recreating, by reusing raw materials from medical garbage saving the amount of renewable fossil fuels.Moreover opening recycling entrepreneurships positively effect on social live by providing
citizens with workplaces and stable salary. To make it real there are some weaknesses that should be solve before opening recycling companies as need for initial investment, lack of professional specialists who will be responsible for comprehensive work planning, reaction and opinion of society should be counted. Furthermore as in Japanese culture teaching of future generation from their childhood to be friendly with nature, selecting waste and make it value of the nation is a right way of solving problems with wastes.
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1A. Серкк,ызы, 2A.A. Ллмабекова С.Ж. Аcфендияров атындат Казак ¥лттык медицина универcитетi 1Фармацевтикалык Эндiрic технологиям/ факультет'н'н cтудентi, 19-006-2 2x.f.K., Химия кафедрам/нын доцент'/
K1AЗAK1СГAНДAFЫ МЕДИЦИНAЛЫK1 K1AЛДЫK1ТAРДЫ 0НДЕУ ЖYЙЕСI
ТYЙiн: Медициналык к¥рал-жабдыктарды eндеу, Fаламдык мэcеле болып табылады. Себебi кeптеген медициналык к^рал-жабдыктарды кeбici б i р рет колдануFа баFытталFан жэне ДДС¥-ныц cтатиcтикаcы бойынша б i р жылда 16 миллиард инъекция жаилуБтын, нэтижеciде колданFан шприцтардын кокыcка айналуы, медициналык калдыктардын cанынын кYнен-кYнге ecуiнiн дэлелi[1]. Ол колданылFан медициналык к¥ралдар эрi карай кау^-катер денгейiне байланыcты c¥рыпталып кокь^ полигондарына немеcе
оларды жандырумен айналыгатын кэciп орындарFа жiберiледi. Жеке кэ0п орындарда кокыcтыcты жандыру нэтижеciнде ауаFа бeлiнетiн окcидтер мен улы газдар кезепмен эколгияFа керi эcер етедг ^^г^рды кайта eндiрудi icке коеу аркылы алдын алуFа болады.
ТYЙiндi ceздер: Meдициналык калдыктар, кайта eндiру, экологияFа зияны,кокыc eндеу, ушкыш органикалык Kоcылыcтар, улы газдар, Моттайнай идеям.
1А. Серкк,ызы, 2А.А. Алмабекова Казахский Национальный университет имени С.Д.Асфендиярова 'студентка факультета Технологии Фармацевтического производства, 19-006-2, 2к.х.н., доцент кафедры Химии
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ МЕДИЦИНСКИМИ ОТХОДАМИ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ
Резюме: Утилизация и переработка медицинских отходов является Глобальной проблемой. Многие медицинские принадлежности в основном для одноразового использование. В мире по статистике ВОЗ 16 миллиардов инъекции сделано за год и столько же шприцов для инъекции было использована и выброшена[1]. Это приводит к выводу, что количество медицинских отходов приравнивается с бытовыми отходами. В дальнейшем эти отходы по уровню
опасности сжигаются или отправляются в мусорные. В результате открытого сжигания медицинских отходов, проводимого в некоторых обстоятельствах, могут образовываться диоксиды,которые негативно влияют на экологию, но есть альтернатива, как переработка отходов. Ключевые слова: Медицинские отходы, переработка, экологический вред, утилизация, летучие органические соединения, токсичные газы, идея Моттайнай.
UDC 616.12-005.4-084 (574.51)
Modern information technologies as a tool for protecting public health and individual prevention of cardiovascular diseases
1D.A. Son, 2B.S. Turdalieva, 1G.E. Aimbetova, 3M.A. Kanushina, 1M.A. Ramazanova
'Asfendiyarov Kazakh National medical university Integrated Systems of Economics and Health Management 2JSC "Kazakh Medical University of Continuing Education" 3AC Institute of international education, Prague, Czech Republic
Today in the context of global digitalization, the State program "Digital Kazakhstan" for 2017-2020 is being implemented. In most hospitals and primary health care (PHC) organizations in the territory of our Republic, Medical Information Systems and mobile applications have been introduced. This technology is aimed at raising public awareness on health issues, joint responsibility for the health of the population between the government, medical workers, and the citizens themselves, as well as to maintain and improve the health of patients, the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. The analysis of mobile applications has shown that electronics focuses on certain average values and, before starting to use certain applications, it is recommended to consult a doctor. A mobile application for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the modern solutions. The article describes the importance of using a mobile application to reduce behavioral risk factors.
Keywords: Disease prevention, behavioral risk factors, information technologies in healthcare, mobile applications, healthcare digitalization
