CC BY
0MEASURES TO COMBAT DISEASES AND PESTS OF VEGETABLES AND POTATOES (IN THE EXAMPLE OF TASHKENT REGION)
1Mamadaliev Sh.P., 2Rasulova M.Sh.
1Leading researcher of the Scientific Research Institute of Plant Quarantine and Protection, Ph.D.
2Senior Researcher of Plant Quarantine and Protection Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11399270
Abstract. This article describes harmful organisms of vegetable crops andpotatoes, as well as measures to combat them in the conditions of the Tashkent region.
Keywords: eggs, larva, mushroom, nymph, adults, tomato moth, aphid, Alternaria, late blight, fusarium, brown leaf spot - cladosporiosis, etc.
Introduction
Vegetables and potatoes, like other agricultural crops, are important in ensuring food
safety.
In the following years, olericulture and growing potato, like all branches of agriculture, are developing, and the area of crops is expanding in all regions of our country.
Vegetables and potato crops are one of the types of crops that the population eats a lot, and they are products rich in vitamins necessary for the human body.
They are one of the food products that are constantly used by people in their daily diet.
Vegetable and potato crops are grown in all regions of the republic in peasant farms, agroclusters and private farms.
Cultivated vegetables are among agricultural products are sold not only in the internal market, but also exported to the foreign market.
According to statistics, the export of tomatoes in our country amounted to 54.2 thousand tons in January-November 2023, and a total of409 million US dollars worth of products were sold.
However, in recent years, various diseases and pests have been observed during the growth, development, ripening and storage of vegetable and potato crops.
These include tomato moth, potato moth, aphid, spider mites, diseases such as alternaria, fusarium, phytophthora, brown leaf spot - cladosporiosis, viral and other diseases.
One of the main reasons for this is their seed production, secondly, it indicates that the agrotechnical measures carried out during the vegetation period of the plant and thirdly, the control measures against harmful organisms are not carried out promptly.
In order to prevent this, farmers, agroclusters, and private landowners must first of all identify harmful organisms in their fields in time and use the combined protection system to fight against harmful organisms in a correct way.
Research materials and methods.
As can be seen from the table, tomato, sweet pepper and potato crops were monitored in "Nurli Dayor", "Botirjon Sahavati",Tashkent district, "Grandvillium agro" cluster, Kibrai district, "Sunnat Rakhimjon oglu", Zangiota district, "Rahim Sarvar oglu", Parkent district, "Turop" Kholtoev", "Avazjon" farms of Tashkent region.
M.K. Khokhryakov et al. (1969) determinants were used to identify diseases, collecting diseased plants and the determinants of H.L.Barnett (1968) and N.M. Pidopalichko (1977) were used to identify causative fungi. In laboratory conditions, disease-causing fungi were transferred from infected plants to potato agar and it was separated to Chapek's artificial medium based on the methodology of S.F. Sidorova (1983). Harmful insects were determined according to V.V. Yakhontov (1962) and Sh.T. Khodjaev (2019).
Analysis and results
As can be seen from the table data, tomato "TMK-22", pepper "Dar Tashkenta", potato varieties of "Gala" and "Arizona" were infected with fusarium wilt fungi from fungal diseases in the farms "Sunnat Rakhimjon oglu", "Botirjon Sahovati" of Tashkent region, Qibray district. These fungi greatly weaken the plant and have a great negative effect on productivity. Heavily infected plants die and have a negative effect on the quality of the existing crop (Table 1).
Table 1
Analysis of vegetable crops in Tashkent region
No Location of sampling Plant name, cultivar Area, hectares Disease symptoms Disease, causative pathogens
1. Tashkent region, Tashkent district, " Nurli Dayor" farm tomato, TMK-22 0.3 The lower leaves of the tomato turn yellow on one side and the plant is sluggish. The leaves become withered. The leaves hang on the branches without falling. Fusarium wilt , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici
2. Tashkent region, Zangiota district, "Rahim Sarvar oglu" farm sweet pepper, Dar Tashkent variety 0.5 The leaves turned yellow, upper layer leaves started to fall, the conducting tubes of the main roots were stained, the plant began to wither. Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Capsicum
3. Tashkent region, Kibrai district , "Grandvillium agro" cluster tomato, Lojan F1 variety 0.2 Leaf bands are bent downwards and leaves are drooping, spots appear on the leaves that look like scalding. It has brown and dark-brown shriveled leaves, the leaf tissue Phytophthora , Phytophthora infestans ( Mont. ) de Bari
is slightly pale and papery.
4. Tashkent region, Kibrai district , "Grandvillium agro" cluster tomato, Yusupov variety 0.3 Leaf bands are bent downwards and leaves are drooping, spots appear on the leaves that look like scalding. It has brown and dark-brown shriveled leaves, the leaf tissue is slightly pale and papery. Phytophthora , Phytophthora infestans ( Mont. ) de Bari
5. Tashkent region, Parkent district, "Turop Kholtoev" farm tomato, Madeira F1 variety 0.7 Yellow and light-green spots appeared on the lower leaves, and colorless, yellowish or light-brown spots appeared on the underside of the leaves (at the base of those spots). Severely affected leaves turn yellow-brown spots and begin to dry. Brown spotting of the leaf -cladosporiosis, Cladosporium fulvum Cooke.
6. Tashkent region, Parkent district, "Avazjon" farm sweet pepper, Bolgarsky-79 variety 0.4 On the top of the fruit (where there is a flower) first appeared like a scald with boiling water, then light-brown, dry, papery spots appeared, and the Alternaria, Alternaria solan Ask
upper part of the fruit was damaged.
7.
Tashkent region, Kibrai
district , "Grandvillium agro" cluster
sweet pepper,
Dar-Tashkent variety
0.3
A mosaic appears on the leaves, in which slightly raised dark-green and light-green parts are placed one after another on the leaf, the leaves are twisted and lose their shape, sometimes they become threadlike.
Tobacco mosaic, Nicotiana virusl
Tashkent region, Qibray district, "Sunnat Rahimjon oglu" farm
potatoes, Gala variety
2.0
The lower leaves turn yellow, chlorotic spots appear on the upper ones, the top of the plant turns reddish, the roots and rhizomes are rotted.
Fusarium wilt,
Fusarium oxysporum f. tuberosity
9.
Tashkent region, Tashkent district, "Batirjon Sahavati" f/x
potatoes, Arizona variety
1.2
The lower leaves turned yellow, chlorotic spots appeared on the upper ones, the top of the plant turned reddish, and the roots and rhizomes are rotted.
Fusarium wilt,
Fusarium oxysporum f. tuberosity
ithora, in "Madera
1
In the process of monitoring, tomato "Yusupov" variety has phytop " variety brown spotting of the leaf - cladosporiosis disease, alternariosis in sweet pepper "Bolgarsky-79" variety , tobacco mosaic virus in "Dar-Tashkenta" variety were observed.
A tomato plant
affected by fusarium wilt
Potato plant affected by fusarium wilt
A tomato plant affected by brown leaf spot disease
Sweet pepper fruits affected by Alternaria disease
Moreover, the presence of tobacco mosaic (TMV) (Nicotiana virus 1) from the viral disease "Dar Tashkenta" of the sweet pepper variety planted in the "Grandvillium agro" cluster of Kibrai district, Tashkent region was found.
It was also observed that potatoes were damaged by the Colorado potato beetle, tomatoes were partially damaged by the tomato moth, and aphids.
Adequate recommendations were given to farmers on agrotechnical measures and coordinated fight against harmful organisms identified as a result of monitoring.
In particular, in order to keep each type of crop within the criteria of economic damage caused by harmful organisms, it is necessary to carry out agrotechnical measures in time and with high quality ( selection of land, crop rotation, fertilization, cultivation of seedlings , preparation of the landfor planting , planting time, thickness and scheme, care, watering, etc.) and it is necessary to carry out the coordinated control measures against harmful organisms promptly.
It can be seen that agrotechnical measures and integrated pest control measures are linked to each other.
In the absence of organic links in such agrotechnical and countermeasures, the fertility of vegetable and potato crops decreases, the nutritional and nutritional quality of the product decreases, the resistance of the plant to harmful organisms decreases, and the vegetable and potato crops remain vulnerable to subsequent reproduction.
Recommendations
1. During the growing season of vegetables and potatoes, it is necessary to carry out agrotechnical activities in time and qualitative manner.
2. In the field, it is not recommended to plant vegetables and potatoes belonging to the same family (tomatoes, eggplants, sweet peppers, potatoes, etc.) and one type of vegetable and potato crops for several years consequently(tomatoes next year after tomatoes or potatoes after potatoes).
3. In a Fusarium disease during the growth period of the plant spraying with a base drug " Pseudomonas putida Pp-1" is recommended.
4. It is recommended to spray azoxystrobin + difenoconazole , mancoceb + tricyclazole, propamocarb hydrochloride, propamocarb hydrochloride + cymoxanil, x lorothalonil base in a alternariosis disease, benomyl to cladosporiosis basic, metalaxyl to phytophthora, mancoceb + mefenoxam, mancoceb + metalaxyl M, propamocarb hydrochloride + cymoxanil, chlorothalonil, with preparations based on azoxystrobin, dimethomorph + folpet in a brown leaf spot disease during the growth period of the plant.
5. In the event that a plant infected with a viral disease is observed during the cultivation of fields, tools and equipment must be disinfected, the heavily infected plant must be pulled out and burned outside
A potato plant damaged by the Colorado potato beetle
A potato plant Tomato fruit Tomato plant
damaged by the infested by tomato infested with aphids Colorado potato moth
beetle
the field.
6. It is recommended to use pheromone traps to monitor the spread of tomato and potato moths. This method is of great importance in determining the distribution and development of pests in nature, and as a result, biological or chemical control measures against it are recommended.
7. For pests it is recommended to use acetamiprid, alphacypermethrin, imidacloprid, imidacloprid + alpha-cypermethrin, imidacloprid + lambdacyhalothrin, dinotefuran, lambdacyhalothrin + acetamiprid, fipronil + imidacloprid based, tomato moth abamectin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam + imidacloprid + lambda - cyhalothrin, emamectin benzoate, cyantraniliprole , and diafenthiuron based substances.
The use of any chemical means should be stopped 30 days before harvest.
Summary
Timely and qualitative implementation of agrotechnical measures and integrated control measures against harmful organisms in the cultivation of agricultural products is of great importance.
As a result of this, the quality of the harvested crop will improve, the gross yield will increase and the economic efficiency will increase.
REFERENCES
1. Khokhryakov M.K., T.L. Dobrozrakova, K.M. Stepanov, M.F. Letova - Key to plant diseases. Izd. "Colossus", Leningrad, 1966.
2. HL Barnett - Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, Burgess Publishing CO., Minneapolis, 1968.
3. N.M. Pidoplichko - Fungi and parasitic cultural plants. Key factors. "Naukovo Dumka" Kyiv, 1977.
4. S.F. Sidorova - Verticillium and fusarium wilt of annual crops.. Izd. "Colossus" Moscow, 1983.
5. B.O. Hasanov, R.O. Ochilov., "Diseases of vegetables, potatoes and sugar crops and their control", Tashkent, 2008.
6. A. Sh. Sheraliev, R. K. Sattarova, U. Kh. Rakhimov, "Agricultural phytopathology". Tashkent - 2008.
7. V.I.Zuev, O.Kadirkhojaev, M.M.Adilov, U.I.Akramov "Vegetables and farming" study guide, Tashkent-2009.
8. T.E. Ostonakulov, V.I. Zuev, O. Kadirkhodzhaev, "Vegetables", textbook for students of higher educational institutions of agriculture. Tashkent - 2009 .
9. Sh.T. Khojaev, "Basics of general and agricultural entomology and integrated protection system". Tashkent - 2019.
10. List of chemical and biological protection agents, defoliants and plant growth regulators approved for use against plant pests, diseases and weeds in agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan., Tashkent - 2022.
11. https://aniq.uz/yangiliklar/kavun-tarvuz-eksporti-7-9-ga-oshgan-meva-sabzavotlar-eksporti-statistikasi .
12. https://east-fruit.com/uz/dolzarb/ozbekistonda-2022-yili-kartoshka-etishtirish-hazhmi-48-foizga-oshdi/
