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Rakhimova M.R. senior lecturer
Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnologies MEASURES OF FIGHTING AGAINST FRUIT TREES
Abstract. It is known to everyone that the number of orchards in Uzbekistan is increasing year by year. Fruit products grown in our country are loved and consumed not only in our country, but all over the world. The reason for this is the timely arrival of crops in our country, moderate weather and high-quality cultivation technologies. At the same time that orchards are increasing, their harmful organisms are also increasing. One of them is the Californian shields, which currently causes some difficulties to fight against such pests. The formation ofprotective shields and rapid adaptation to the season of California shields have become the main problems offarmers. If effective methods against such pests are not destroyed, long-term fruit trees can dry out quickly. Our research has shown that the best results can be achieved against Californian beetles if applied in early spring when the beetles are weak.
Key words: Fruit trees, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, cherry, apricot, control measures and chemical drugs.
More than 160,000 farms operate in the republic. Multi-branch farms have increased by 45% and their number has reached 75 thousand. This year, 8.377 million tons of grain, more than 2.93 million tons of cotton, 12.45 thousand tons of cocoons, 318 thousand tons of rice, 23 million tons of fruits and vegetables, 13 million tons of meat and dairy products were grown in our country. For the first time, planting of saffron was started, soybean planting expanded. 132 thousand tons of agricultural products were processed and finished products worth 100 million dollars were exported. 724,000 tons of wet fruits worth 856 million dollars were sold abroad. First of all, efficient use of land and prevention of its looting is one of the most important tasks, the head of state said. There is only 3,300,000 hectares of irrigated land in the country, and there is no way to increase it. Because water resources are limited in Uzbekistan. There are difficulties in irrigating 830,000 hectares of land.
In terms of damage, the California shield is second only to the apple borer. (5) California shields from fruit trees, mainly apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, cherries, apricots, and black currants, from forest and ornamental forest trees, hawthorns, roses, willows, flowers, red causes serious damage to fruit bush plants. Apple is one of our favorite fruits. I can't be surprised, because it is not only a sweet fruit with an amazing taste, but also a blessing with healing properties. Abu Ali ibn Sina, the great exponent of Eastern medicine, also recommended eating one apple before going to bed every day. Apple is a place of various vitamins, trace elements and other useful substances. (7)
It is known that no matter how much the farmers fight against this pest, the damage of this pest does not decrease. Therefore, the speed, direction and location of the terrain are of great importance. In the valleys, the shield spreads faster than in the mountainous regions. They spread quickly mainly in densely planted (intensive type) gardens. California shields damage a variety of plants. From fruit plants, it damages apples, pears, plums, and reds more, and from grass plants, it is more common in beans, carrots, turnips, and pumpkins..
If a plant is infected with a scab for a long time, not only the bark, but also the internal tissues are damaged, which has a negative effect on the healthy growth of the plant. As a result, cracks appear, the bark becomes reticulated and resembles the bark of old trees. As a result of a long-term damage to a plant by a colony of beetles, some parts of the bark, branches and the whole tree trunk dry up. Red spots on fruits can also be caused by leafhoppers similar to the California leafhopper. Such spots are usually scattered on the fruits.
California shields - Diaspediotus pernisiosus Somst (Homoptera - family of isteroptera, Diaspididae - family of shields). It is considered a plant quarantine object. It is distributed in Georgia, Krasnodar and Sevastopol regions, Rastovsk region, southern Ukraine, Moldavia, several regions of Central Asia, Primorye and Khabarovsk regions, and the southern part of Sakhalin. (Osmolevsky 1980). Leaf beetles damage many types of plants, that is, more than 200 trees and shrubs are affected, their growth slows down, the yield and quality decrease, red spots or packages appear on the affected fruits, they do not develop fully, it takes a cold shape and cracks appear, some branches dry out, of course, not to mention the harvest.
In practice, the study of the coccid fauna of Uzbekistan and all of Central Asia began in 1908, when academician N. Nosonov (1908) was the first to find the eastern pillow (Pulvinaria orientalis Nas). From Muyunkum, the American coccidologist S. Marlatt (Marlatt 1908) described the Caspian shield from Ashgabat (Aspidiotus transcaspiensis Marlatt. In 1911, the establishment of the Turkestan Entomological Station in Tashkent was an important event in the study of coccids (now the Plant Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan The staff of this station paid attention to coccids, and these pests (coccids) became the object of research (Plotnikov, 1915). Observations were made on succulent shields found on fruit trees in orchards around Tashkent. Young apple and on pear trees, a large shield (Lecanium bituberculatum Tang) was observed. Now it is called a false shield of hawthorn (Palaeolecanium bituberculatum Targ). Later, in 1913-1914, the author noted an increase in the number of comma-shaped shields of apples (Lepidosaphes ulmi L and Lecanium sp. ).The scientist notes that it resembles a comma-shaped shield (Lecanium bituberculatum Tang) (Plotnikov, 1915). At the same time, Turkestan agriculture reported on damage to fruit trees in the Isfara valley (I. Sevastyanov, 1914, present-day Khojand region). Along with the mulberry tree, hawthorn and spherical shields and others are widespread.
Purple shield (Parlatoria oleaye Solveye). The body shape of the female is wide oval (egg-shaped), almost five-sided, evenly segmented, purple, the front part is wide circular. The joints of the body are well formed, the pygidium is broadly formed, the neck of the khartoum is long, the mustache is articulated, the part of the pygidium is 3 pairs with one hair, the length of the undivided body is 1-1.3 mm, the shield of the female is white or white gray, short ovoid with a convex oval, sometimes rounded, 2-2.5 mm long and 1-1.5 mm wide, the skin of the larva is located eccentrically at the edge of a large, dark green, brown or almost black shield. The male is reddish-purple, the front wings are well developed, the length of the body is up to 1 mm, the nymph shield of the female is flat, elongated, white, 1.5 mm long. dark green larval skin looks good. Purple leaf beetle is a serious pest of many fruit and ornamental trees. Widespread in Mediterranean countries, Middle East and Middle East: Pakistan, India, Brazil, Argentina, Australia and America. Widespread in Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Syrdarya, Samarkand. It was found in Andijan, Jizzakh, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya and Fargona regions. Larvae and females settle on the leaves, branches and twigs of cherry, mountain cherry, peach, plum, apricot, cherry and other fruit trees and suck cell juice. This leads to a weakening of the tree, a decrease in yield and a decrease in the quality of its fruit. Reddish spots (spots) appear in the affected areas, especially on the fruits, which reduces the quality and taste of the fruits. A heavily infected tree dries up.
Chemical control measures against the California shield (Diaspediotus
persiniosus).
Chemical control measures should be carried out in the case of the damage caused by the economically dangerous number of pests. When carrying out chemical control measures against insects, the pest's way of life, its structure, biology, ecology, vitality, adaptation to the external environment, giving many generations in one season are factors that affect the effectiveness of chemical control. Sometimes drugs that enter the stomach through the intestine and affect pests do not affect the pests that are absorbed and feed, on the contrary, systemic drugs also affect the pests that are absorbed and fed. At the same time, the thyroid gland is affected by these drugs, i.e. contact. The drugs given in the list of approved chemical pest control are effective if they are used in moderation.
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