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12НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ
НАУКА И МИРОВОЗЗРЕНИЕ
MARBLE IN ITS RAW STATE Agamyradow Agajan Dowletgeldiyewich
4th year student of the Faculty of Chemistry and Nanotechnology Oguzhan Engineering Technologies University
Marble is a granular metamorphic rock, it is derived from limestone or dolomite and it consists of a mass of interlocking grains of calcite or the mineral dolomite. Form of it when limestone buried deep in the older layers of Earth's crust is subjected to heat and pressure from thick layers of overlying sediments. It may also form as a result of contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions. Impurities in the limestone can recrystallize during metamorphism, resulting in mineral impurities in the marble, most commonly graphite, pyrite, quartz, mica, and iron oxides. In sufficient amounts, these can affect the texture and color of the marble.
Taj Mahal, India The Taj Mahal is built of Makrana—a white marble that changes hue with the angle of the ligh
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Physical Properties of Marble
• Colour: White, pink
• Derived: Limestone, dolomite
• Grain size - medium grained; can see interlocking calcite crystals with the naked eye.
• Hardness - hard, although component mineral is soft (calcite is 3 on Moh's scale of hardness)
• Structure: Massive
• Group: Metamorphic Rocks
• Texture: Granoblastic, granular.
• Formation: Regional or contact metamorphic
• Acid Reaction: Being composed of calcium carbonate, marble will react in contact with many acids, neutralizing the acid. It is one of the most effective acid neutralization materials. It is often crushed and used for acid neutralization in streams, lakes, and soils.
• Hardness: Being composed of calcite, marble has a hardness of three on the Mohs hardness scale. As a result, It is easy to carve, and that makes it useful for producing sculptures and ornamental objects. The translucence of marble makes it especially attractive for many types of sculptures.
• Ability to Accept a Polish: After being sanded with progressively finer abrasives, It can be polished to a high luster. This allows attractive pieces of marble to be cut, polished, and used as floor tiles, architectural panels, facing stone, window sills, stair treads, columns, and many other pieces of decorative stone.
• Major minerals of Marble: Calcite
• Accessory minerals of Marble: Diopside, tremolite, actinolite, dolomite
Origin of Marble
Marble is a type of metamorphic rock that is composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, usually calcite or dolomite. The physical origins of marble can be traced back to a combination of heat, pressure, and chemical activity that transforms existing sedimentary or igneous rocks into this distinctive rock type.
Marble forms from existing rock when it is subjected to intense heat and pressure over long periods of time. This process, known as metamorphism, causes the original rock to recrystallize and reorient into new mineral formations. In the case of marble, the original rock is typically limestone or dolomite, which are both composed primarily of calcium carbonate.
When limestone or dolomite is subjected to high temperatures and pressures, it undergoes a chemical and mineralogical transformation. The original minerals and textures are destroyed, and new crystals of calcite or dolomite grow in their place. This recrystallization process results in the characteristic grainy texture and crystalline structure of marble.
The heat and pressure necessary for the formation of marble typically occur deep within the Earth's crust, at depths of several kilometers. The exact conditions necessary for the formation of marble can vary depending on the specific geological setting, such as the depth and duration of burial, the type of rock, and the degree of deformation.
Marble can be found in a variety of geological settings, including mountain ranges, fault zones, and sedimentary basins. Some of the most famous marble quarries in the world are located in Italy, Greece, and Turkey, where the stone has been prized for its beauty and durability for centuries. Today, marble is used in a wide range of applications, from sculpture and architecture to interior design and jewelry.
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition of marble is primarily made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which typically makes up more than 90% of the rock. Other minerals may also be present in smaller amounts, depending on the specific type of marble and its geological history.
In addition to calcium carbonate, marble may contain small amounts of other minerals, such as quartz, mica, feldspar, and iron oxides. These minerals can give marble its characteristic colors and patterns, which can vary widely depending on the geological environment in which it formed.
The purity of the calcium carbonate in marble is one of the key factors that determines its quality and suitability for different applications. Higher quality marble typically has a higher percentage of calcium carbonate, which results in a denser, more homogeneous rock with fewer visible impurities.
The chemical composition of marble can also be influenced by factors such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of other minerals and fluids during its formation. For example, marble that forms in the presence of magnesium-rich fluids may contain some magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) in addition to calcium carbonate.
Overall, the chemical composition of marble plays a critical role in determining its physical and aesthetic properties, including its hardness, durability, color, and texture. This has made it a prized material for a wide range of applications, from sculpture and architecture to interior design and jewelry.
The Different Types of Marble and their Characteristics
Marble is a natural stone that comes in many different types, each with its own unique characteristics and appearance. Here are some of the most common types of marble and their key features:
1. Carrara Marble: This is one of the most popular and well-known types of marble, known for its white or blue-grey color and fine, uniform grain. Carrara marble is quarried in Italy and is commonly used for sculpture and building facades.
2. Calacatta Marble: Calacatta marble is a high-end type of marble that is known for its distinctive veining and bright white color. It is often used for high-end architectural projects and luxury interior design.
3. Emperador Marble: This type of marble is characterized by its rich, warm brown color and distinctive veining. It is often used for flooring, countertops, and fireplace surrounds.
4. Crema Marfil Marble: This type of marble is known for its creamy, beige color and relatively uniform grain. It is a popular choice for flooring and countertops.
5. Statuario Marble: Statuario marble is prized for its bright white color and bold, dramatic veining. It is often used for sculpture and high-end interior design projects.
6. Nero Marquina Marble: This is a rare type of marble that is characterized by its deep
black color and bright white veining. It is often used for accents and decorative
elements in interior design. In addition to these commonly recognized types of marble, there are many other varieties that can vary in color, texture, and veining. The type of marble that is best suited for a particular application will depend on factors such as durability, aesthetic preferences, and budget. It is important to work with a knowledgeable supplier or installer to select the right type of marble for your project.
Formation process
The formation of marble begins with the deposition of calcium carbonate-rich sediments on the ocean floor. Over time, these sediments may be buried and subjected to increasing levels of heat and pressure, causing them to undergo a process called metamorphism.
During metamorphism, the sedimentary rocks are heated and compressed, causing them to undergo a series of physical and chemical changes. As the rocks are subjected to increasing heat and pressure, the minerals within them begin to recrystallize, forming new mineral structures and textures. In the case of marble, the primary mineral that forms is calcium carbonate, which recrystallizes into interlocking grains that give the rock its characteristic texture and appearance.
The exact conditions necessary for the formation of marble can vary depending on the specific geological setting, such as the depth and duration of burial, the type of sedimentary rock, and the degree of deformation. In general, marble forms under high temperatures and pressures that are found deep within the Earth's crust, typically at depths of several kilometers.
Marble can also form through the metamorphism of other rock types, such as limestone or dolomite. When these rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, they can undergo chemical and mineralogical changes that transform them into marble. The exact nature of these changes depends on a variety of factors, including the original composition of the rock, the temperature and pressure conditions, and the presence of other minerals and fluids.
Overall, the formation of marble is a complex process that involves a combination of geological factors and physical and chemical changes. The resulting rock is prized for its beauty, durability, and versatility, and has been used for a wide range of applications throughout human history.
At the beginning, the metamorphism of the limestone and 1200-1,500 bar and between 125-180 degrees Celsius remote exposure to high pressure and temperature of the marble there.
The metamorphism of the limestone is required by marble, extra iron and graphite (in smaller quantities). As the metamorphism progresses, the crystals grow and the interlocking calcite Changing colors are the result of the duration of the impurity function and metamorphosis
Where it's Found
Marble is found in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. Some of the most famous and productive marble quarries are located in Italy, Greece, Turkey, Spain, China, and the United States.
Italy is known for producing some of the world's highest quality marble, particularly from the Carrara region in Tuscany. Carrara marble has been used for centuries for everything from sculpture to architecture to interior design.
Greece is another major producer of marble, with high-quality deposits located in regions such as Thessaly, Macedonia, and the Peloponnese. The ancient Greeks were known for their extensive use of marble in sculpture and architecture, and Greek marble remains highly prized today.
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
Oceanic crust
Turkey is also a major producer of marble, with a rich tradition of marble quarrying and processing that dates back thousands of years. Turkish marble is known for its quality, variety, and unique patterns and colors.
In the United States, marble is found in several states, including Vermont, Colorado, and Georgia. Vermont marble, in particular, is known for its high quality and has been used in many iconic buildings and monuments, including the US Supreme Court and the Lincoln Memorial.
Overall, the location and quality of marble deposits can vary widely depending on geological factors such as the type of rock, the age and depth of the deposit, and the presence of other minerals and impurities. Quarries and processing facilities are often located near the source of the marble, but the finished product may be transported and used in many different parts of the world.
Uses Areas of Marble
Marble is a versatile and beautiful natural stone that has been used for centuries in a wide variety of applications. Here are some of the most common uses and areas where marble is used:
1. Building and architecture: Marble is a popular choice for building facades, interior walls, flooring, and decorative elements such as columns, arches, and moldings. It has been used for centuries in some of the world's most iconic buildings, including the Taj Mahal in India, the Parthenon in Greece, and the Lincoln Memorial in the United States.
2. Sculpture: Marble's fine grain and ability to hold detail make it an ideal material for sculpture. Many of the world's most famous sculptures, such as Michelangelo's David and the Venus de Milo, are made of marble.
3. Countertops and tabletops: Marble is a popular choice for kitchen and bathroom countertops, as well as dining and coffee tables. It is durable, heat-resistant, and easy to clean, and comes in a wide range of colors and patterns.
4. Flooring: Marble flooring is a luxurious and elegant choice for residential and commercial applications. It is durable, easy to maintain, and can add value to a property.
5. Landscaping: Marble can be used for landscaping and outdoor hardscaping, such as retaining walls, pathways, and garden sculptures.
6. Art and crafts: Marble can be used in a variety of art and craft projects, such as mosaic
work, jewelry making, and carving. Overall, marble's unique beauty, durability, and versatility make it a prized material for a wide range of applications. Its uses are limited only by the imagination and creativity of designers, architects, and craftspeople.
Summary key points of Marble
• Marble is a natural stone that is formed from the metamorphism of limestone or dolomite rocks.
• It is primarily composed of calcium carbonate and has a crystalline structure that gives it a distinctive appearance and durability.
• There are many different types of marble, each with its own unique characteristics based on factors such as color, veining, and mineral content.
• Marble is a popular material for building and architecture, sculpture, countertops and tabletops, flooring, landscaping, and art and crafts.
• Its beauty, durability, and versatility make it a prized material for a wide range of applications.
• It is usually white in color but may be of different colors.
• It has been used in sculpture and flooring since ancient times.
• Taj Mahal in India is completely made of marble.
• It usually occurs as limestone or dolomite.
• Calcite and dolomite crystals and aragonite are the main components of marble.
• Contamination is the color of marble.
• It is typically found among other metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and mica schists.
