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ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ, ПРИКЛАДНАЯ И СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИНГВИСТИКА / _THEORETICAL, APPLIED AND COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS_
DOI: https://doi.Org/10.18454/RULB.2023.41.3
MANIFESTATION OF ANTHROPOCENTRISM IN GERMAN PAREMIOLOGY (BASED ON THE PROVERBS
WITH CONTRADICTORY MEANING)
Research article
Massalskaya J.V.1, *, Nikolaeva A.V.2
1 ORCID : 0000-0003-4258-2304;
2 ORCID : 0000-0002-9588-427X;
1 Leonov University of Technology, Korolev, Russian Federation 2 Russian State Agrarian University — Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russian Federation
* Corresponding author (jumas80[at]bk.ru)
Abstract
The article is devoted to the problem of anthropocentrism manifestation in German proverbs based on contradiction. The article considers such concepts as proverbs, contradiction, semantic field, semantic groups. The material for analysis is German proverbs with the elements of contradiction, forming a semantic field "Man" and a number of appropriate semantic groups. Having analyzed this material, we came to the conclusion that the majority of contradictory proverbs refers to the following semantic groups: "Feelings", "Reason", "Kinship" "Socio-economic status", "Health". Anthropocentrism is manifested in the fact that man becomes the object of linguistic teaching, a linguistic personality, which has many peculiar characteristics, allowing to reveal the laws of development of both language as a whole, and its speakers.
Keywords: semantic field, lexico-semantic group, proverbs, hierarchical structure, paremiology.
ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕ АНТРОПОЦЕНТРИЗМА В НЕМЕЦКОЙ ПАРЕМИОЛОГИИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ
КОНДРАДИКТОРНЫХ ПОСЛОВИЦ)
Научная статья
Массальская Ю.В.1' *, Николаева А.В.2
1 ORCID : 0000-0003-4258-2304;
2 ORCID : 0000-0002-9588-427X;
1 Технологический университет имени дважды Героя Советского Союза, летчика-космонавта А.А. Леонова, Королёв,
Российская Федерация
2 Российский государственный аграрный университет — МСХА им. К. А. Тимирязева, Москва, Российская Федерация
* Корреспондирующий автор (jumas80[at]bk.ru)
Аннотация
Статья посвящена проблеме проявления антропоцентризма в немецкой паремиологии на материале контрадикторных паремий. В статье рассмотрены такие понятия как паремиия, противоречие, семантическое поле, cемантические группы. Материалом анализа послужили немецкие паремии с элементами противоречия, образующие семантическое поле «Человек» и ряд соответствующих семантических групп. Проанализировав данный материал, мы пришли к выводу, что большинство контрадикторных паремий обращено к человеку, его чертам характера, отношениям, положению, состоянию, то есть обладают признаком антропоцентризма. Антропоцентризм проявляется в том, что человек становится объектом лингвистического учения, языковой личностью, обладающей множеством своеобразных характеристик, позволяющих выявить закономерности развития как языка в целом, так и его носителей.
Ключевые слова: семантическое поле, лексико-семантическая группа, паремии, иерархическая структура, паремиология.
Introduction
The subject of the research in this paper is German proverbs with the elements of contradiction in the framework of the study of the semantic classification of proverbs.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that in modern science, including linguistics, anthropocentrism is the leading principle of research. In the linguistics of the new times, the focus of attention is not language, but its carrier - a person.
The aim of the study is to identify the anthropocentric orientation of contradictory adverbs.
The scholarly novelty of the study lies in the fact that the anthropocentric orientation of proverbs is determined on the basis of German contradictory paremics.
Research methods and principles
In the process of writing, the following research methods were used: the analysis of dictionary definitions, the method of continuous sampling, the method of structural analysis.
Main results
After analyzing the German contradictory proverbs, we came to the conclusion that most of them belong to the semantic group "Feelings" (25%), followed by the semantic groups "Reason" (22%), "Kinship" (16%), "Socio-economic status" (12%),
"Health" (9%). In the course of working on this problem, we also identified other semantic groups, such as "Labor" (6%), "Character" (4%), "Life" (3%), "Death" (2%), "Age" (1%).
The concept of "Feeling" occupies a key position in the life of any people and, accordingly, is reflected in folk oral art. The distinctive features of the German national character are rationality, organization, family life, diligence, which is expressed in proverbs.
Discussion
Paremiology (Old Greek Paroimia - proverb, parable and logos - word, teaching) is a subsection of phraseology, a branch of philology devoted to the study and classification of parables - proverbs, sayings, riddles, signs and other sayings, whose main purpose is a brief figurative verbal expression of traditional values and views, based on the experience of the group, people, etc. [5, P. 15].
Accordingly, the term "paremia" is used as a generic term for various classes of folk aphorisms, primarily proverbs, riddles, omens. Of the whole class of parables, the most common and most studied are proverbs, so in this article we will consider mainly proverbs as material. It has long been noted that the wisdom and spirit of the people are manifested in its proverbs, and knowledge of the proverbs of this or that nation contributes not only to a better knowledge of the language, but also a better understanding of the way of thinking and character of the people [6, P. 60].
In this paper, we selected only those proverbs that contain, to a greater or lesser extent, elements of contradiction by the method of continuous sampling.
The problem of contradiction is a basic category in many branches of scientific research: philosophy, logic, sociology, culturology, linguistics. Much attention to the problems of contradictions in language was given in the work of Yu. D. Apresyan "Linguistic Anomaly and Logical Contradictions" (1978). The scholar emphasizes that linguistic anomaly occurs in case of contradictions between lexical meaning and connotation, presupposition or modal frame, in case of contradictions between pragmatic or connotative aspects of the values of the combined units, and also in case of contradictions between their lexical and grammatical semantics [2, P. 624-625].
B.T. Ganeev rather extensively discusses the term "contradiction" and introduces the concept of "allophrony", which includes the following signs: polysemy of the lexeme, presence of explicit contradiction, presence of implicit contradiction, presence of grammatical contradiction [3, P. 125].
Thus, when selecting the contradictory proverbs, we relied, for the most part, on the theory proposed by B.T. Ganeev.
It should be noted that many proverbs are paradoxical in nature. So, Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (1913), besides the basic definition (an old, common saying, a maxim) notes that a proverb is "a striking or paradoxical statement".
The collected paremiological material allowed us to single out the semantic field "Man" with its constituent semantic groups.
The concept of the term "semantic field" goes back to G. Ipsen, who defines it as "a set of words united by a common meaning" [7, P. 210].
One of the first definitions of the semantic field was given by E. Koseriu: "The semantic field is in structural terms a lexical paradigm, which occurs in the segmentation of the lexical-semantic continuum into different segments corresponding to individual words of the language..." [4, P. 143-146].
J. Trier distinguishes two types of fields: Begriffsfelder - "conceptual fields" and Wortfelder - "lexical fields", stating that the units of the lexical field, that is, words, completely cover the units of the conceptual field, that is, concepts. The combination of Begriffsfelder and Wortfelder forms Sprachliche Felder - "language fields", closed, bilateral autonomous units of language. Thus, the language field is like a middle link between the lexical array of language, which consists of minimal dependent units, and the lexical-semantic system of language, which is constructed by language fields [8, P. 80-110].
Many scholars (L. M. Vasilyev, E. Koseriu, R. Z. Muryasov) single out the concept of "paradigm" as the basic category of the semantic field.
Having summarized the above material, we can conclude that the term "semantic field" can be used in two meanings: in the narrow sense as a semantic formation exhibited lexically, in the broad sense as a semantic formation, whose exponent is any linguistic, including supralexical, functional-semantic field.
In modern science, including linguistics, anthropocentrism is the leading principle of research. In modern linguistics, the focus of attention is not language as such, but its bearer - the human being. In this work we have shown that Man, as a creator and bearer of culture, traditions and customs of his people, occupies the central place in such section of philology as paremiology.
Proverbs are interesting "not by their direct meaning, but by the fact that they can be applied to other similar situations", and by citing a proverb "the speaker characterizes, evaluates what it does not directly say" [1, P. 6].
Let us consider the main semantic groups forming the semantic anthropocentric core of "Man".
The semantic group with the greatest number of contradictory proverbs is the "Feelings" of Man, which, in turn, is subdivided into Positive and Negative. The Positive ones include "Love": Prügel erhalten die Liebe (the contradiction can be traced within the construction Love-Beating (speech antonymy) / Beating means love.
"Friendship": Jedermanns Freund ist niemands Freund (the elements of contradiction are the indefinite pronouns Jedermanns- niemands) / Friend to all is no one's friend. "Happiness": Glück im Unglück haben (the antonymous combination of the nouns Glück and Unglück in the same paremiological context indicates the presence of a contradiction / There was no happiness, but unhappiness helped.
The negative feeling is dominated by the feeling "Fear": Besser ein Ende mit Schrecken, als ein Schrecken ohne Ende (the contradiction is shown in the combination ein Ende - ohne Ende / Better a horrible end than endless horror).
The semantic group "Reason": Allzuklug ist dumm (a paradoxical combination of adjectives) / The clever one learns, the foolish one teaches; Die dümmsten Bauern haben die dicksten Kartoffeln / The stupidest farmers have the biggest potatoes (speech antonymy in the combinations Die dümmsten Bauern - die dicksten Kartoffeln).
Semantic group "Kinship": je lieber Kind, je schärfer die Rute rod (the inconsistency is shown through the use of the adjectives lieber and schärfer in the same paremiological context) / The dearer the child, the sharper the rod.
Semantic group "Social-economic status": der geizige ist ein reicher Bettler (paradox lies in the combination ein reicher Bettler) / A miserly rich man is poorer than a beggar (literally); Wer befehlen will, muss (erst) gehorchen (ccontradiction is shown in the use of the antonymous verbs befehlen - gehorchen in one semantic context) / Who wants to command, must first learn to submit (literally).
The semantic group "Health" (Schwarzbrot macht Wangen rot, Weißbrot macht Leute tot (the metaphorical combination Weißbrot macht Leute tot gives this proverbial saying an element of contradiction) / Brown bread colors cheeks, and white bread kills people (literally).
Conclusion
After analyzing the German contradictory proverbs, we came to the conclusion that most of them belong to the semantic group "Feelings" (25%), followed by the semantic groups "Reason" (22%), "Kinship" (16%), "Socio-economic status" (12%), "Health" (9%). In the course of working on this problem, we also identified other semantic groups, such as "Labor" (6%), "Character" (4%), "Life" (3%), "Death" (2%), "Age" (1%).
The concept of "Feeling" occupies a key position in the life of any people and, accordingly, is reflected in folk oral art. The distinctive features of the German national character are rationality, organization, family life, diligence, which is expressed in proverbs.
Конфликт интересов
Не указан.
Рецензия
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Conflict of Interest
None declared.
Review
All articles are peer-reviewed. But the reviewer or the author of the article chose not to publish a review of this article in the public domain. The review can be provided to the competent authorities upon request.
Список литературы / References
1. Anikin V.P. Russian Folk Proverbs. Proverbs, Riddles and Children's Folklore / V.P. Anikin. — M.: Literature, 1957. — 240 p.
2. Apresyan Y.D. Linguistic Anomaly and Logical Contradiction. Selected Works: In 2 volumes / Y.D. Apresyan. — M.: School "Languages of Russian Culture", 1995. — 767 p.
3. Ganeev B.T. Paradox. Contradictions in Language and Speech. Monograph / B.T. Ganeev. — Ufa: Publishing house of Bash. St. Pedagogic University, 2004. — 472 p.
4. Koseriu E. Synchrony, Diachrony and History / E. Koseriu // New in Linguistics. Vol. 3. — M.: Foreign literature editors, 1963. — P. 143-146.
5. Massalskaya Yu.V. Allophrony in Language and Speech (based on German literature). Monograph / Yu.V. Massalskaya.
— Ufa, 2014. — 106 p.
6. Mokienko V. M. Aspects of the Study of Slavic Paremiology / V. M. Mokienko // Paremiology in Discourse: General and Applied Questions of Paremiology. Proverb in Discourse and in Text. Proverbs and the Language Picture of the World / ed. by O.V. Lomakina. — M.: Lenand, 2015. — P. 4-25.
7. Muryasov R.Z. Selected Works on Germanic and Comparative Linguistics / R.Z. Muryasov. — Ufa: Publishing House of the Bashkir University, 1998. — 312 p.
8. Trynkina O. M. Comparative Analysis of Russian, English, German and Evenki Proverbs / O. M. Trynkina // Young Scientist. — 2016. — № 4.1 (7.1). — P. 60-63.
9. Ipsen G. Der alte Orient und die Indogermanen / G. Ipsen // Stand und Aufgaben der Sprachwissenschaft. — Heidelberg, 1924. —S. 200-237.
10. Trier J. Sprachliche Felder / J. Trier // Zeitschrift für deutsche Bildung, 1932, 8/9. — 150 s.
Список литературы на английском языке / References in English
1. Anikin V.P. Russian Folk Proverbs. Proverbs, Riddles and Children's Folklore / V.P. Anikin. — M.: Literature, 1957. — 240 p.
2. Apresyan Y.D. Linguistic Anomaly and Logical Contradiction. Selected Works: In 2 volumes / Y.D. Apresyan. — M.: School "Languages of Russian Culture", 1995. — 767 p.
3. Ganeev B.T. Paradox. Contradictions in Language and Speech. Monograph / B.T. Ganeev. — Ufa: Publishing house of Bash. St. Pedagogic University, 2004. — 472 p.
4. Koseriu E. Synchrony, Diachrony and History / E. Koseriu // New in Linguistics. Vol. 3. — M.: Foreign literature editors, 1963. — P. 143-146.
5. Massalskaya Yu.V. Allophrony in Language and Speech (based on German literature). Monograph / Yu.V. Massalskaya.
— Ufa, 2014. — 106 p.
6. Mokienko V. M. Aspects of the Study of Slavic Paremiology / V. M. Mokienko // Paremiology in Discourse: General and Applied Questions of Paremiology. Proverb in Discourse and in Text. Proverbs and the Language Picture of the World / ed. by O.V. Lomakina. — M.: Lenand, 2015. — P. 4-25.
7. Muryasov R.Z. Selected Works on Germanic and Comparative Linguistics / R.Z. Muryasov. — Ufa: Publishing House of the Bashkir University, 1998. — 312 p.
8. Trynkina O. M. Comparative Analysis of Russian, English, German and Evenki Proverbs / O. M. Trynkina // Young Scientist. — 2016. — № 4.1 (7.1). — P. 60-63.
9. Ipsen G. Der alte Orient und die Indogermanen [The Ancient Orient and the Indo-Europeans] / G. Ipsen // Stand und Aufgaben der Sprachwissenschaft [Status and Tasks of Linguistics]. — Heidelberg, 1924. — P. 200-237 [in German].
10. Trier J. Sprachliche Felder [Linguistic Fields] / J. Trier // Zeitschrift für deutsche Bildung [Journal for German Education], 1932, 8/9. — 150 p. [in German]
