CC BY
69
Volume 42 Issue 4/2017
Поступила в редакцию 26.06.2017 УДК 632.651:591.557.8
Принята в печать 14.12.2017 DOI:
For citation:
Samaliev H.1, Markova D.2 Nikolova М.3, Baicheva O. 1 Management of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla on strawberry plant with some plant extracts. Russian Journal of Parasitology, 2017, V. 42, Iss.4, pp. 395-400
MANAGEMENT OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA ON STRAWBERRY PLANT WITH SOME PLANT EXTRACTS
Samaliev H.1, Markova D.2< Nikolova М. 3, Baicheva O. 1
1Agrarian University, Department of Entomololy, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria, E-mail:[email protected]
2Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, 4003 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЭКСТРАКТОВ РАСТЕНИЙ ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛЯ ЗА ГАЛЛОВОЙ НЕМАТОДОЙ MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA, ПАРАЗИТИРУЮЩЕЙ НА РАСТЕНИЯХ
ЗЕМЛЯНИКИ
Самалиев Х.1, Маркова Д.2, Николова М.3, Байчева О.1
1 Аграрный Университет, кафедра энтомологии, 4000 Пловдив, Болгария, e-mail: [email protected]
2 Научно-исследовательский институт овощеводства Марица, 4003 Пловдив, Болгария
3 Институт исследований биоразнообразия и экосистем Болгарской Академии Наук, 1000 София, Болгария
Резюме
Было изучено действие спиртовых экстрактов из 6 видов растений на систему галловых нематод, паразитирующих на растениях земляники. Была сделана оценка нематостатического и нематоцидного действия этих экстрактов. По результатам исследований, проведенных в производственных условиях было установлено, что наибольшую активность показал 0.6% экстракт Tanacetum vulgare. Благодаря его применению, была достигнута минимальная плотность M. Hapla. При обработке растений Tanacetum vulgare и оксамилом не было установлено разницы в значениях индекса обилия и численности нематод в корневой системе и почве. Не выявлено никакого статистически достоверного различия между группой растений, обработанной T. Vulgare и незараженной контрольной группой.
Ключевые слова: нематостатическое и нематоцидное действие, Meloidogyne hapla, земляника, экстракты растений.
Summary
The activity of alcohol extracts from 6 plant species was investigated with respect to the root-knot nematode-strawberry system. An evaluation was made of the nematostatic and nematicidal activity of the extracts. In production conditions, the most active was the extract Tanacetum vulgare at concentration 0.6%. It had the lowest M. hapla population density, with gall index and root/soil population densities not different than the oxamil treated plants and there were no stastically proved difference between T. vulgare and non-infested control.
Key words: nematostatic and nematicidal activities, Meloidogyne hapla, strawberry, plant extracts.
Introduction
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are known to infect many agricultural crops including strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, and M. hapla, are among the most economically important species of root-knot nematodes. In particular, M. hapla, the northern root-knot nematode, is a serious pest of strawberries in the countries with moderate continental climate [11, 23]. In Bulgaria, a recent survey of nematodes associated with strawberry conducted in major strawberry producing regions show that M. hapla WÜ.S one of the frequently encountered nematode plant pests with frequency of occurrence 26 to 41% and range of population density from 35 to 560 nematodes/100 cm3 soil [22]. Control of these nematodes was achieved predominantly by synthetic nematicides, some of which are environmentally undesirable [23]. Therefore, it is necessary to find new alternative control strategies for protecting plants against attacks by these pests. Addition of organic materials can change physical and biological properties of soils and improve the plant resistant to soil-borne diseases and nematodes affecting plants. Toxicity effects from plant against nematodes may also occur [3]. Plants that have nematicidal effects are an alternative management for nematode suppression. There are many researches related with control of plant parasitic nematodes [3, 6, 8, 16]. Some plant extract were evaluated with laboratory and pot experiments for their nematicidal potentials. They can reduce ability of egg hatching and cause juvenile immobility and mortality, and also can improve plant growth [1, 10, 14, 21].
The objectives of our study were to evaluate some plant extracts, from amongst Bulgarian flora, for nematicidal or nematostatic activity on M. hapla in vitro, to use a strawberry - M. hapla model to evaluate at planting prophylactic applications on nematode population development and plant growth, and to identify plant extracts as potential replacements for oxamyl in strawberry production
Materials and methods
Plant materials were collected from mature plants of Allium ursinum, Artermisia absinthium, Juglans regia, Salvia officinalis, Tagetes patula, Tanacetum vulgare (Table1).
УЧШЕЯШШШ ЯйтездтаЯВДТвЧИЖЯЯ ЖУРНАЛ Том 42
EUSSiniJ ЛПЯОШ. ЕГ М&ЯЕПтЮГ Bbjuy^x ЛШГ/
Table 1.
List of Plants used against Meloidogyne hapla in the experiment
SN Botanical name / Family Plant part used
1 Allium ursinum L. / Amaryllidaceae Leaves
2 Artemisia absinthium L. / Asteraceae Foliage
3 Juglans regia L. / Juglandaceae Small green fruits
4 Salvia officinalis L. / Limaceae Leaves
5 Tagetes patula L. / Asteraceae Flowers
6 Tanacetum vulgare L. / Asteraceae Flowers
Preparation of Plant Extracts
Methanol extract. Air-dried powdered aerial plant parts of the 6 plant species (Table 1) were extracted by maceration with 80% methanol at room temperature for 24 h two times. After evaporation of the solvent the crude extract was subjected to subsequent analysis.
Concentrations of 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6%, used in our experiments were prepared with deionized water (DW) distilled water
[18].
Culture of Meloidogyne hapla
The root-knot nematode M. hapla, originally isolated from strawberry cv. Marmolada (location Berkovitca), was cultured (from single egg mass) on tomato cv Tiny Tim in a glasshouse at 22-24°C. Egg masses of M. hapla were collected from galled tomato roots raised in the nursery. Eggs were extracted using the methods described by Hussey and Barker [9]. Eggs obtained were transferred into DW in a 50 ml beaker forming the egg suspension and their concentration determined by dilution counts. Second stage juveniles (JS2) ofM. hapla were extracted from galled tomato roots with egg masses using the methods described by Whitehead and Hemming [29]. Only freshly hatched J2S were used for experiments.
In vitro toxicity experiment
At the experiment extracts from 6 plants (Table 1) in concentration 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6% and control - DW water or an aqueous solution of 0.006% (a.i.) oxamyl (Vydate) were used.
Effect of plant extract on egg hatching and juvenile immobility
Two mL of each extract concentrations and controls was pipetted into 60 mm/d watch glass (preliminary placed in Petri dish) 0.1 mL suspensions containing 100 J2S or 100 eggs of M. hapla placed in each watch glass. Petri dishes with a watch glass were covered and incubated in the dark at 24°C. In each experiment, four replicates were evaluated for each treatment and the trial was conducted twice. For each evaluation, watch glasses were agitated to disperse the nematodes or eggs and placed on a gridded plastic counting sheet and immobility of J2S or hatching nematodes from eggs / in each plate were observed at stereomicroscope. J2S that were moving actively or touched gently with a nematode pick at each time interval were recorded as mobile. J2S mobility was evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 h and hatching J2S - after 5 days of exposure to the plant extracts and control (Dw) or an aqueous solution of oxamyl), respectively. After 72 h or - 5 days contents with J2S or eggs and hatching nematodes of each dish were poured into a submerged 20 |_im /5 |_im sieve and rinsed under a gentle stream of DW, respectively. The contents of the each sieve with 10 mL DW were rinsed into clean Petri dish. The mobility of J2S was evaluated after 24 h and the hatching J2S after 10 days.
In the studies, the percentage of immobile J2S or hatching J2S in each treatment was standardized by subtracting the percentage of immobile J2S or hatching J2S in the DW control treatments at each time interval.
Greenhouse experiment
The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse near Plovdiv, Central Bulgaria. Tissue culture strawberry plants, cultivar „Totem" were grown in 8 cm pots in soil-less media for 30 days prior to the trials. At the start of the experiment, plant roots were washed free of potting media and roots were trimmed ~ 11 cm. Plants were sorted by size and those of similar size were selected for each replicate. Three and half liters pots were filled with 3000 mL of steam-pasteurized loam soil mixed 2:1 (v/v) with washed sand, and strawberry plants were planted. Three days, after that a suspension of M. hapla was adjusted to ~ 450 eggs or 450 J2s / mL and 10 mL of each suspension per pot were applied with an injection on 10 places, dispersing the solution on equal parts on the whole height of the soil layer. Population density of M. hapla was 9/mL soil (9000 eggs/J2s per pot). Ten ml of each plant extracts (concentration 0.6%) and oxamyl 6 mg/kg soil were applied per plant/pot. Plant extracts was added to a 150-200 mL water and were applied as soil drenches. Soil was allowed to dry for 3 days before each subsequent application. Oxamyl was applied on humid soil with incorporation. Greenhouse experiments included: - Non-infested control; - Infested control; - oxamyl was applied 1 days before planting (once); - application of each plant extracts (at dose 10 ml per plant) on 1th, 15th, 30th, 50th, 70th and 90th day after planting (A) and application of each plant extracts (at dose 10 ml per plant) on 1th, 30th, 60th and 90th day after planting (B). The experiments were planted on 20 February 2016 and nematode and plant data were collected 120 days after nematode application.
Plants were arranged on greenhouse benches in a randomized block design with eight replicates. The greenhouse temperature during the cropping period was 14.5-32.6°C (21.2°C±4.4)] and humidity [24.5-78.2% (37.5%±8.9)]. Plants were irrigated every three days and fertilized bi-weekly. Runners and flowers were removed from plants throughout the study.
The following observations were made: 1. During the cropping season - numbers of females of M. hapla (50th day after planting the strawberry); 2. At the end of the experiments - weighed crowns and roots, root gall index, numbers of J2S in the soil (mL), and numbers of eggs/J2S in the roots (g). The soil samples on 50th day were taken by means of an auger (1.5 cm/d) at a distance 6 cm from the plant, upon which the roots were separated, washed, stained in acid fuchsine and the numbers of females were counted by direct examination of the roots using a stereomicroscope and determined per gram of fresh roots. At 120 th day after planting, for each pot, the root system was removed and soil carefully shaken from the roots. The soil was
Н.А. © Муравьева ЛА.
PMiCffnCKHI SlftWS3IIY9i!0r!§<!ie*:i(!l!!i! M7 ÜT.1 ur PJSEHS3TU1.EE^
Volume 42 Issue 4/2017
screened through a 1 cm screen, mixed, and weighed. The nematodes were extracted from soil samples using a modified Baermann funnel technique [25]. Root gall index of was assessed according to a 0 to 10 scale [2]. Eggs were extracted from roots samples according to hypochlorite procedure [9]. Crowns and roots were ovendried for 24 h at 70°C and then weighed.
Statistical analysis
Analyses of variants were applied to the obtained data by using SPSS software. The found effects were compared to the controls and means of data groups were separated by Duncan multiple range test (P0 05).
Results and discusion
In vitro toxity experiment
Juveniles immobility: There were no immobile J2S in controls with DW after 24, 48, 72, 96 hours. Nematode movement in oxamyl solutions was consistent within all trials (Fig. 1). All nematodes exposed to oxamyl were quiescent, with straight bodies at each observation period. Some nematodes responded to touch with slow, often single, movement. After being touched, between 73 - 82% of nematodes were judged immobile after 24, 48, and 72 h in oxamyl solution. Following rinsing and incubation in water for 24 h, 74% of nematodes remained immobile (Fig. 1).
Tanacetum vulgär«
Juglans regia
Allium ursinum
Artermisia absinthum
Tagetes pat u la
Salvia officinalis
24 h 48 h 72 h 96!
Hours of exposure
24 h 48 h 72 h % h
Hours of exposure
Fig. 1. Effect of plant extracts and oxamyl on the mobility of M. hapla in vitro. Movement of nematodes was observed after 24, 48, and 72 hours exposure in solutions of each extract/oxamyl, followed by a rinse in water. Responses of nematodes were observed after 24 hours incubation in water . Data were standardized by subtracting the percentage of immobile nematodes in the water control treatments at each time interval. Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different according by Dunnett's test (P0 05).
ТОВИгавКИИ ПАЭДЗМПМШГМЧ^ЖИН ЖУРНЙ4!
ВИВЕИИ «ялиэим ззт
ТслУ 42
Bbjjjy^j? 4/2 О'J 7
All tested plant extracts were less effective as oxamyl in immobilizing nematodes. During 72 h exposure in vitro to oxamyl, 82% of the nematodes were immobile, which was similar to in vitro experiments with M. hapla population from Smolyan potato region after exposure 24 h [13] and show that the various populations of the parasites demonstrate different reaction to oxamyl and should be tested. The reaction of M. hapla individuals was not different during exposure to oxamyl and after rinsing with water. The quiescent nematodes that responded to touch did so with slow single movement.
Nematode immobility was similar among T. vulgare at concentration 0.6% and 0.0065% oxamyl during the 24 and 72 h of exposure (Fig. 1). As with oxamyl, greater part of the nematodes exposed to both higher concentrations of T. vulgare were quiescent and required touch to elicit movement. Thujone, monoterpenoid naturally occurring in aerial parts of T. vulgare [20], has previously possessed anthelmintic activity against Ascaris lumbricoides and Fasciola hepatica in vitro [12]. Therefore, this compound can be responsible for detected nematode immobility in our test. Nematode mobility was reduced, but to a lesser degree by exposure to concentrations 0.3% and 0.15% mg/mL T. vulgare. After rinsing and incubating nematodes in water for 24 hours, 66, 52 and 32% of nematodes exposed to 0.6, 0.3 and 0.15% were immobile, respectively. Similar revival of Pratylenchus penetrans individuals, following exposure to plant extracts of T. vulgare, was reported by Samaliev et al. [21].
Mobility of nematodes exposed to concentration 0.6% of J. regia at 72 h was not different (P0 05) from those exposed to oxamyl at 24 h. Effect declined to 59% at 72 h exposure (Fig. 1). Nearly 52% of nematodes exposed to concentration 0.3% were immobile after 48 h exposure, but this effect declined to 50% at 72 h exposure. J. regia at concentration 0.15% was not effective, with less than 31% of nematodes immobilized. The effect of J. regia at all concentrations was decreased to 20 - 59% after rinsing the nematodes in water. Fetterer and Fleming [7] had previously described antihelmintic activity of juglone, a quinone compound of J. regia pericarp, against Ascaris suum in vitro. Therefore, it is highly probable that juglone is accountable for nematicidal activity of J. regia extract to P. penetrans in our experiment.
Artermisia absinthium in concentration 0.6% immobilized greater than 52% of the nematodes after 48 and 72 h exposure and it was with only 9% less than oxamyl at 24 h. (Fig. 1).
Anthelmintic activity of artemisinin (a compound present in A. absinthium) against some species from class Trematoda (Clonorchis sinensis, F. hepatica and Schistosoma japonicum) was previously described by Fathy [5]. The 2.5 mg/mL extract of A. absinthium induced 71% mortality of second-stage juvenile (J2) of M. incognita 24-hour exposure [4]. Olah et al. [17] reported that Artermisia spp. produces a very complex mixture of compounds, including ketone and t-anethole. Our results confirm the investigation of the cited authors and show that the extract of A. absinthium posseses nematicidal activity and against P. penetrans in vitro. However, the effect of the A. absinthium decreased to 24 - 56% after rinsing and incubation in water, with most nematodes regaining mobility.
Allium ursinum in concentration 0.6% also immobilized over 59% of the nematodes after 48 and 72 h exposure (Fig. 1). A. ursinum has an efficient action against many fungal species, such as Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Candida albicans, Fusarium laceratum, F. oxysporum, Microsporum canis, Mucor racemosus, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus nigricans, Saccharomyces spp., Trichophyton granulosum [19]. According to data of the same authors the antifungal activity of the flower extract was stronger than that of the leaf extract, and this was correlated with a higher content of allicin. Therefore, the observed antinematode activity of the extract of A. ursinum in our experiment we base on the allicin content. The effect of the A. ursinum like as A. absinthium decreased to 21 - 49.8% after rinsing and incubation in water, with most nematodes regaining mobility.
Tagetes patula has minimal effect on nematodes at all concentrations (0.6, 0.3 and 0.15%), with 46%, 33% and 22% immobile nematodes during exposure, respectively (Fig. 1). Plants from the genus Tagetes (T. erecta, T. minuta and T. patula) are regularly used for nematode control. This is done especially in the form of mixed cultures of Tagetes spp. as interculture vegetables (cover crop grown before planting cash crop) and in commercial formulations, and their nematicidal effect has been known for a long time [27]. However, our results are similar to findings by Sasanelli and D'Addabbo [24] conduced with other species of nematodes. These authors did not observe nematicidal activity of T. erecta against the root-knot nematode M. incognita in an in vitro experiment. It is possible that the main plant compound responsible for the nematicidal effect of Tagetes species, a-therthienyl, was destroyed during the distillation process [28]. Salvia officinalis also has minimal effect on nematodes at all concentrations, with 38%, 37% and 30% immobile nematodes during exposure (Fig. 1). This extract was effective in the control of the second stage juveniles and egg hatch of M. javanica [15]. The effect of both extract (T patula and S. officinalis) at all concentrations was decreased to less than 35 and 16% after rinsing, respectively.
Eggs hatching: At the end of experiment there was 98% hatching of J2S in the control with DW. When M. hapla eggs were exposed to oxamyl for 5 days following rinsing and incubation in DW for 10 days, there was 27.4% hatching of J2S (Figure 2).
£
Vj
Я
M
Г. vulgare J. regia A. ursinum Л. T. palula S. Oxainil absinthium officinalis
■ 5 days ot exposure- al owimirplant cxiracUi
Fig. 2. Effect of plant extracts and oxamyl on the hatching of M. hapla J2S in vitro. hatching of nematodes was observed 10 days after transfer to deionized water (DW), following 5 days of exposure in solutions of each extract (0.6%) or oxamyl (0.006%). Data were standardized by subtracting the percentage of unhatched nematodes in the water control treatments at each time interval. Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different according by Dunnett's test (P0 05).
Volume 42 Issue 4/2017
¡POGCWIISKNII SlftPH3M?ÎSÎ!f!!ril,lïÇ5r.î8!f! WJ\
In the test with plant extracts after M. hapla eggs were exposed for 5 days at the concentration 0.6%, upon rinsing and incubation in DW for 10 days, there was eggs hatching in all variants with plant extracts. As with oxamyl, in greater part of the eggs exposed to the 0.6% concentrations of T vulgare, eggs hatching was lesser (34.6), following A. absinthium, J. regia and A. ursinum (46.4, 47.6 and 53.0%, respectively). With T. patula and S. officinalisegss hatching was highest (62.6 and 72.0%, respectively) (Figure 2, P0 05).
Hatching tests are useful in screening extracts for nematicidal activity, because counting hatched juveniles is more accurate than counting juveniles in a particular J2S population [15]. In this tests all the plant extracts/oxamyl tested had a nematicidal effect and affected the hatching of M. hapla J2S. When the eggs were transferred to DW alone, hatching resumed, but the degree of recovery was affected by the plant extracts/oxamyl to which the eggs had previously been exposed.
According to these results of laboratory-Petri dish studies, we decided to use only T. vulgare, J. regia and A. absinthium at 0.6% concentrations in the greenhouse trials.
Greenhouse Study
At the 50th day after M. hapla inoculation, in plants treated with oxamyl and the plant extracts (variants A and B) had significantly lower number of females present in the roots than the plants in the infected control. The lowest number of M. hapla females was observed in the treatment oxamyl followed by T. vulgare (6 and 15 (A) and 40 (B), respectively). Juglans regia and A. absinthium also reduced the number of females (48 and 55 in A and 69 and 71 in B, respectively) compared with the infected control (136) (Table 3, P0 05).
Table 2.
Effect of selected plant extracts (concentration 0.6%) and oxamyl (concentration 0.0065%) on numbers of M. hapla females, root-gall index, numbers of J2S in soil and root, and on the growth of "Totem" strawberry
plants in greenhouse experiment
Treatments At 50th day after transplanting At the 120 after M. hapla application
Fameles g-1 root Gall index Eggs/J2S per g-1 root J2S per g-1 soil Root weight (g) Crown weight (g)
Non-infested control 0.0 a* 0.0 a* 0 a 0 a 8.7 b 21.5 a
Infested control 136 d 5.2 e 5324 d 176 e 6.6 e 17.4 d
Oxamyl 6.0 a 1.7 b 1231 b 58 b 10.7 a 22.1 a
Plant extracts were applied 6 time (variant A)
Tanacetum vulgare 15 a 2.3 b 1917 b 78 b 8.9 b 21.8 a
Juglans regia 48 b 3.5 c 2870 c 111 c 8.1 c 20.2 b
Artermisia absinthium 55bc 3.7 c 3315 c 118 c 8.2 c 20.1 b
Plant extracts were applied 4 time (variant B)
Tanacetum vulgare 40 b 3.8 c 3527 118 c 7.9 cd 20.2 b
Juglans regia 69 c 4.3 d 4270 134 d 7.5 d 19.3 c
Artermisia absinthium 71 c 4.4 de 4315 145 d 7.6 d 19.1 c
•Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different according by Dunnett's test (P0 05).
A hundred and twenty days after M. hapla application (at the end of experiment), the gall index varied from 5.2 for the plants in the control plots to 1.8 and 2.3 for the plants treated with oxamyl and T. vulgare (6 times application - A), respectively. In the variant A of J. regia and A. absinthium also reduced (P0 05) M. hapla infection compared with the infested control (3.5 and 3.7 root gall index, 111 and 118 eggs/J2S per g-1 soil and 2860 and 3315 eggs/J2S per g-1 root, respectively) (Table 3, P0 05)
At the variant B when the plant extracts were applied 4 time, the effect was to a lesser degree (P0 05) in all three parameters of assessment (gall index, J2S in the soil and eggs and J2S in the plant roots), compared with variants with 6 time application of plant extracts (Table 3).
M. hapla population densities were lower when tested plant extracts applications started at planting 6 time at intervals 15 or 20 days than application 4 time with longer intervals - 30 days. Probably the nematostatic action of tested plant extracts continues to 15-20 days after application. Root-knot nematodes are more difficult to control once they enter the root. These data suggest that plant extracts the acted as prophylactics, in contrast to oxamyl, and had little therapeutic activity on nematodes once inside the roots. Plant extracts that inhibit nematode movement, orientation, and feeding behavior could reduce penetration of nematodes into the roots and delay population increase. T. vulgare at concentration 0.6% had the lowest M. hapla population density, with gall index and root/soil population densities not different than the oxamyl treated plants and there were no stastically proved difference between T. vulgare and non-infested control.
Application of plant extracts will not substitute directly for carbamate nematicides. They will require different strategies, such as multiple applications at critical times during flushes of root growth [23] or synchronized with egg hatch and when nematode population densities are high in the soil. We have demonstrated that nematodes once established in new strawberry roots were not affected by drenching the soil with plant extracts at 4 time in 30 days intervals. M. hapla can infest the strawberry roots throughout the vegetation year [26]. More frequent applications and higher concentrations may be required to manage nematode populations of M. hapla. In agricultural soils, plant extracts may degrade rapidly. In addition, plant extracts evaluated in this study were effective at the higher concentrations tested, which may not be economical in agricultural
soils. Application of T. vulgare at 5 mg/mL demonstrated in vitro efficacy against P. penetrans [21] and in vivo in a raspberry __._
^^ufi^yuA Я* РАЗМТ9!1№П1и*Г*'rywn 42
husskjj jumbuul ззг м&ягптюг
(Samaliev, unpublished data). Research needs to be directed to adjusting application timing and concentrations for specific application methods and nematode pathosystems.
Reference
1. Adegbite, A. A. and S. O. Adesiyan (2005). Root extracts of plants to control root-knot nematode on edible soybean. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1 (1): 18-21.
2. Bridge, J. and S. Page (1980). Estimation of root-knot infestation levels on roots using a chart. Trop. Pest Manage. 26:96-298.
3. Chitwood, D.J. (2002) Phytochemical based strategies for nematode control. Annual Review of Phytopathology. ;40:221-249.
4. Dias, C. R., A. V., Schwan, D. P. Ezequiel, M. C. Sarmento, and S. Ferraz. (2000) Efeito de extractos aquosos de plantas medicinais na sobrevive'ncia de juvenis de Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologia Brasileira 24:203-210.
5. Fathy, F.M. (2011) Antihelmintic effect of artesunate in experimental heterophyid infection. J. Egyp. Soc. Parasitol. 41: 469-483.
6. Ferris, H. & L. Zheng, (1999). Plant sources of Chinese herbal remedies: Effects on Pratylenchus vulnus and Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology, 31 (3): 241-263.
7. Fetterer, R.H. and Fleming, M.W. (1991). Effects of plumbagin on development of the parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Ascaris suum. Comp. Biochem. Phys. C. 100: 539-542.
8. Hatipoglu, A. & G. Ka§kavalci (2007). Investigations on the effects of some different plant materials in control of Root-knot nematodes [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood]. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 31 (2): 139-151.
9. Hussey RS, Barker KR. (1973) A comparison of methods of collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp., including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter. 57:1025-1028.
10. Ka§kavalci, G. & H. S. Civelek, (2009). Effects of two plant extracts on the damage of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants. Ekoloji 18 (72): 16-22.
11. LaMondia, J. A. (2002) Seasonal Populations of Pratylenchus penetrans and Meloidogyne hapla in Strawberry Roots. Journal of Nematology 34(4):409-413.
12. Mackie, A., G.M.Stewart, A.A. Cutler and A.L. Misra (1955). In vitro tests of chemical compounds on Ascaris lumbricoides and Fasciola hepatica. Brit. J. Pharm. Chemoth. 10: 7-11.
13. Markova, D. (2014) Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi potato in South Bulgaria. Didertation, pp. 193
14. Natarajan, N., A. Cork, N. Boomathi, R. Pandi, S. Velavan & G. Dhakshnamoorthy (2006). Cold aqueous extracts of African marigold, Tagetes erecta for control tomato root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Crop Protection, 25: 12101213.
15. Oka, Y., S. Nacar, E. Putievsky, U. Ravid, Z. Yaniv and Y. Spiegel (2000) Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nem- atode. Phytopathology 90:710-715.
16. Oka, Y. (2001) Nematicidal activity of essential oil components against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Nematology, 3:159-164.
17. Olah, N. K., K. Moresan, G. Cimpan and S. Gokan (1998) Normalphase high-performance thin-layer chromatography and automated multiple development of hydroalcoholic extracts of Artemisia abrotanum,Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris, and Artemisia cina. Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC 11:361-364.
18. Orisajo, S. B., M. O. Okeniyi, O. A. Fademi & L. N. Dongo (2007). Nematicidal effects of water extracts of Acalypha ciliate, Jatropha gosssypifolia, Azadiractha indica and Allium ascalonicum on Meloidogyne incognita infection on cacao seedlings. Journal of Research in Biosciences, 3: 49-53.
19. Parvu, M., A. Parvu, L. Vlase, O. Rosca-Casian and O. Parvu (2011) Antifungal properties of Allium ursinum L. ethanol extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5(10), pp. 2041-2046,
20. Ramasubramaniaraja, R. and M. Niranjan Babu (2010). Antihelminthic studies and medicinal herbs - An overview. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 5:39-47.
21. Samaliev H., Markova D., Nicolova M., Baicheva O., Zinovieva S. (2016) Effects of certain botanical extracts on mobility of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) , 153-159. In: T. XLIX: The Fauna and Ecology of Parasites / (Editor-in-Chief S.O. Movsesyan). KMK Scientific Press. Moscow, 2016. 231 p.
22. Samaliev H.Y., M. Mohamedova (2011). Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) Bulgaria. Bulgarian J. of Agricultural Science, 17(6)730-735.
23. Samaliev, H. and D. Stoyanov (Eds) (2008) Parasitic Nematodes of Crop Plants and Their Control. - Agricultural academic press, Plovdiv 328 pp.
24. Sasanelli, N. and T. D'Addabbo (1993). Effect of Cineraria maritima, Rutagraveolens and Tagetes erecta leaf and root extracts on Italian populations of Meloidogyne species. Nematologia Mediterranea, 21:21-25.
25. Southey, J.F. (1986). Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes. Reference Book 402. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ADAS, Wye, Kent. 220 p.
26. Stoyanov, D. (1980). Plant parasitic nematodes and their control. Zemizdat Sofia, pp. 221.
27. Suatmadji, W.R. (1969) Studies on the effect of Tagetes species on plant parasitic nematodes. Stichting Frond Landbouw Export Bureau Publicatie 47. H. Veenman und Zonen N. V., Wageningen: 132.
28. Wang, K.H., C.R. Hooks and A. Ploeg (2007) Protecting crops from nematode pests: using marigold as an alternative to chemical nematicides. Cooperative Extension Service. Plant Disease, 35: 1-6.
29. Whitehead, A. G. and J.R. Hemming (1965). A comparison of some quantitative methods of extracting small vermiform nematodes from soil. Annals of Applied Biology, 55: 25-38.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants named after K.I. Skryabin. This is an open access article under the Agreement of 02.07.2014 (Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI)http://elibrary.ru/projects/citation/cit_index.asp) and the Agreement of 12.06.2014 (CABI.org / Human Sciences section: http://www.cabi.org/Uploads/CABI/publishing/fulltext-products/cabi-fulltext-material-from-journals-by-subject-area.pdf
