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79swobodnego wyboru stylu oraz stosowania narodowych osobliwosci i tradycji. Szeroko wprowadzane s^ konstrukcje z cegly i zelbetu, nowe formy konstrukcji stalowych w mostach i budynkach publicznych.
3. Wnioski
Urbanizacja Kijowa w drugiej polowie XIX wieku stala siç pocz^tkiem zupelnie nowego sposobu mieszkania w miescie, wiek ten byl bardzo bogaty na innowacje w budownictwie przemyslowym. Do waznych wydarzen, które mialy miejsce na terenie miasta trzeba zaliczyc stworzenie systemów technicznych o duzym zasiçgu (wodoci^gi, kanalizacja, prçd) oraz wprowadzenia pierwszego transportu publicznego (tramwaj). Przemyslowymi innowacjami, które mialy wielkie znaczenie dla ogólnego rozwoju miasta, s^ fundamentalne projekty inzynieryjne zagospodarowania nalez^cej do miasta czçsci Dniepru i budowa pierwszej zatoki handlowej w poblizu Podolu. Z ogólnomiejskich osi^gniçc inzynierii najbardziej znacz^ce byly: wprowadzenie pierwszego wyci^gu elektrycznego (kolejka linowa), budowa mostów i wiaduktów, organizacja ulicznych autostrad, opracowanie innowacyjnej i efektywnej technologii pali wierconych do wzmacniania fundamentów budynków i budowli na slabych glebach, wzmocnienie zboczy Kijowa i wybudowanie granitowego nabrzeza.
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MAINTAINING THE WELL-BEING OF THE URBAN SOCIETY DURING A PANDEMIC SITUATION: THE POSITIVE ACTIVITY BENEFACTION OF GARDENING AND URBAN
FARMING
Diana Harding,
Padjadjaran University, Faculty of Psychology Anissa Lestari Kadiyono, Padjadjaran University, Faculty of Psychology
Susi M.
Padjadjaran University, Faculty of Arts
Abstract
The urban areas in Indonesia are growing rapidly, in which several sustainability issues arise including food security, land-use change, environmental quality, and the well-being of the urban society. The pandemic era of COVID-19 also adds pressure through the reality of people who are encouraged to stay at home and follow health protocols. Therefore, an understanding of alternative activities that can contribute to environmental sustainability and a healthy lifestyle that urban communities can do is needed. In this study, the writing team highlighted the concepts of urban farming and gardening to facilitate the development of movements to advance community welfare and environmental sustainability. This study uses the approach of literature review and we compiled the results to highlight the state-of-the-art for urban farming and gardening concepts in Indonesia, focusing on its influence to improve the well-being aspect. It is understood that the urban farming and gardening movement is not only giving benefits in the form of economical incentives as an alternative livelihood, environment conservation, and socio-culture movement, but there is also the insight of improving the well-being of the urban population within their routine and the isolation during the pandemic era. The initiative from the community and the support from the government and various stakeholders play an important role to facilitate the urban farming and gardening movement in Indonesia.
Keywords: Gardening, Urban Farming, Pandemic, Well-Being, Sustainability
Introduction
The development of urban areas and the rapid rate of urbanization are the causes of urban problems in the form of food access, increased urban burden in the aspect of poverty, limited employment, and decreased environmental quality (Anggrayni et al., 2015; Cahya, 2016; Fauzi et al., 2016; Indraprahasta, 2013). Referring to one of the points of the principles of Sustainable Development Goals related to sustainable cities and communities, various greening concepts become a reference to overcome the challenges of urban areas.
The concept of green infrastructure as one of the focuses of sustainable urban development emphasizes the importance of green infrastructure in urban environments through gardening, green roofs, and greening on the road. At the same time, urban farming is an alternative in terms of sustainable urban development (Fauzi et al., 2016). By definition, urban agriculture is an current condition of the Covid-19 pandemic puts pressure and changes people's behavior in dealing with it.
Based on the above considerations, this study aims to discuss various researches related to urban agriculture in Indonesia, as well as its contribution in welfare aspects to urban agricultural practitioners. Through a comprehensive and in-depth review, it is expected that this research can be a reference for various future researches in understanding a variety of perspectives from research related to urban agriculture that need to be researched more thoroughly as an alternative to sustainable programs.
Method
This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach in the form of a literature review of various existing studies. This study presents a variety of studies related to urban agriculture and gardening in various regions in Indonesia, researchers use the search engines on google scholar in compiling various studies and reports. Two aspects are the focus: (a) research approaches and topics, as well as (b) challenges and insights for future research. Besides, this study also discusses the utilization of gardening activities to improve the well-being and happiness of urban communities.
Result
1. Systems Approach and Regional Case Study
The common approach to the topic of urban agricultural research in Indonesia often discusses urban agricultural systems using a case study approach. The city of Surabaya with a high level of urbanization causes the issue of food access and urban agriculture to be used as a strategy to improve food access (Anggrayni et al., 2015). Urban agriculture programs are also utilized in the Green City and Special Economic Zone Program in Palu City which is hit by effort to process and distribute food commodities in urban areas (Amir and Saidin, 2020), and one of the differences between urban and village agriculture is the consideration of urban system integrase in the form of economic systems and urban ecosystems in agricultural activities (Cahya, 2016).
Although the various benefits of urban agriculture have been discussed, the implementation is still experiencing obstacles in various regions of Indonesia. On the
other hand, there is one point of view of urban agriculture from an interesting psychological aspect to be reviewed in more depth.
Well-being is an individual's satisfaction with life and aspects of his life. Overall, individual psychological well-being can be measured through several different approaches (Obrien et al., 2012; Peel, Berry, Schirmer, 2016). The World Health Organization (2014) in Peel, Berry, Schirmer, (2016) provides an understanding that mental health is an individual's ability to overcome problems and adapt to pressures in their environment. Of course, the the issue of increasing population. Therefore, urban agriculture becomes an alternative intervention by utilizing the potential of river areas as productive areas (Hamzens and Moestopo, 2018).
For the Jakarta area, the issue of urbanization rate, population growth, and infrastructure development affects the environment and food issues so that land use is needed for productive horticultural activities (Cahya, 2016; Indraprahasta, 2013; Indrawati, 2017). There are several challenges to urban agriculture in Jakarta. The interventions from the government and stakeholders are needed to address the status of urban agriculture in the ecological, economic, and social dimensions that have not reached the level of sustainability (Cahya, 2016), as well as the status of urban agriculture in the Spatial Plan that needs to be clarified with the status of green open space (Indraprahasta, 2013).
Another area in Indonesia that gets enough attention in urban agriculture is Bandung. One of the perspectives of urban agriculture in Bandung is the development of citizens' concern for the environment through a community approach. Bandung city has a community of Bandung Berkebun (Bandung Gardening) with various programs such as urban farming, school urban farming, street urban farming, and campus urban farming that plays a role in the education of environmentally caring character (Prasetiyo and Budi-mansyah, 2016). On the other hand, urban agriculture programs in Bandung also show a positive impact on the education, economy, and society as a vehicle for mingling citizens and fostering cooperation and social interaction (Prasetiyo et al., 2016).
There are four influential key factors in the urban agricultural system: market access, economic income, socio-demographic factors, and land ownership. Also, urban agriculture integration with the regional agenda is needed and treated as an element of urban governance (Martin-Moreau and Menasce, 2019). At the same time, it is necessary to consider developing strategies for urban agricultural systems through technical, organizational, and policy, and institutional support (Sastro, 2013).
2. Agricultural Practice Approach
Another perspective of urban agriculture that is the focus of the study is the development of practice. Amir and Saidin (2020) explained about commonly planted plants such as vegetables, lettuce, kale, tomatoes, cayenne pepper, and onions. Urban agricultural practices in Indonesia itself began after the economic crisis of the 1997-1998 period conducted by utilizing yards and abandoned land with an area of 10 m2 or 100-500 m2
(Fauzi et al., 2016). In South Jakarta, there are urban agricultural practices in various forms through the utilization of yardland, community land, mosque land, office land, and school land with various types of productive crops (fruits), protective crops, and ornamental plants (Indrawati, 2017).
The technological approach to urban agriculture has also caught the attention of some researchers. The utilization of aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT) is discussed as a tool to monitor soil moisture conditions (Taqwa et al., 2020), and smart farming models to control pH and nutrient levels automatically through the use of smartphone applications (Zuraiyah et al., 2019).
3. Health and Education Studies
The impact of gardening activities, which are also part of urban agriculture, is an interesting discussion for some researchers. This can be seen from the variety of studies related to gardening activities associated with the field of health and education. Urban agricultural studies have expanded, and are not only related to agriculture, but also associated with their contribution to community and community health issues (Amir and Saidin, 2020). One common approach is in the corridor of gardening therapy activities. Gardening therapy is known as an effective alternative method in dealing with cases of elderly people with hypertension (Mag-firah and Alifariki, 2018). In other studies with elderly respondents, the application of horticultural therapy and farming activities is known to increase self-efficacy in the form of social persuasion and mastery experiences, as well as the emergence of happiness when looking at plant growth (Silitonga et al., 2017). The same therapy was also applied to inmate respondents who showed the results of horticultural therapy activities can lower the level of aggression (Waibi, 2016). As for the field of education, gardening activities are known to improve the character of environmental care (Marietta and Darmawani, 2019), and the mingling of different types of citizens with different backgrounds in the gardening community can have a positive impact to share their abilities and experiences (Prasetiyo et al., 2016).
Discussion
Discussing the situation and phenomenon of urban agriculture in Indonesia today which is one of the alternative interventions of various urban problems, especially aspects of food security and environmental quality is interesting. At the same time, it is undeniable that urban agricultural activities still encounter various challenges that need to be considered in their implementation. The management aspect is highlighted because generally it is not done professionally and is still done based on the principle of pleasure and channeling the hobby of planting (Amir and Saidin, 2020). Nevertheless, it can be argued that hobbies are the gateway for urban communities to start productive gardening and utilizing yardland. Utilization of yard land for horticultural activities can provide benefits to landowners from productive crops, as well as environmental contributions in terms of oxygen fulfillment and mitigation of soil and air pollution (Indrawati, 2017).
The next challenge is the utilization of urban agriculture in the food security supply aspect. Nasution
(2015) in his research revealed an interesting phenomenon of the rise of the urban agricultural movement which has a different background to the food sovereignty movement. As an alternative to supplying, the government needs to understand and embrace the existence of gardening communities in urban areas especially to meet access to healthy food needs. Surabaya's agriculture office in the urban farming program suggests that one of the objectives of the program is to assist the poor in meeting the consumption of nutritious food (Junainah, 2016). As the phenomenon of urban agriculture evolves, it is worth noting how the sector can contribute to a large framework of urban health.
The third challenge of urban agriculture is competition with the existence of the agricultural products market. The background of urban agriculture that played an important role in the economic crisis of the period 1997-1998 occurred due to the phenomenon of food prices and the rising unemployment rate (Martin-Moreau and Menasce, 2019). Through this phenomenon, it is known that gardening and urban agriculture are alternative sources of income, especially in times of crisis. Reflecting on the area in Palu City, the local food system that is cultivated and produced in urban areas, is also marketed to consumers in urban areas (Hamzens and Moestopo, 2018). Similar systems can be utilized to ensure market availability for urban agricultural products. Community support and stakeholders such as distribution agents and methyl stores can further support urban agricultural systems marketed to the wider community while at the same time ensuring high quality for marketed products. It should also be noted how urban agriculture can be fully integrated with village agriculture, and the supply of the two sectors can fill each other. It takes the role of the government to ensure the balance of supply and market prices for the protection of producers.
The last challenge is the role of urban agriculture during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research from Vibriyanti (2020) describes gardening activities that are categorized as controlled actions that can play an important role in pandemic conditions as strategies to deal with anxiety, stress, and panic. Gardening activities can be seen as activities that use the five senses and are carried out today, to reduce the thoughts that cause stress (Bondy, 2019). It is important to note the contribution that the urban agricultural sector can make regarding the impact of mental health, especially in the condition of the COVID-19 pandemic that requires some people to change lifestyles, one example of which is social distancing and work-from-home (WFH). Gardening activities by utilizing the yard can be an interesting means for families in reducing the level of saturation caused by the monotonous lifestyle of work-from-home. At the same time, gardening activities can be a social vehicle for parents and children to engage and learn new ones. Farming activities are known to develop the value of responsibility, problem-solving, and acceptance (Silin-tonga et al., 2017). Psychologically, farming activities make for pleasant interactions between people and their environment (Jack, 2012; Poe et al., 2016, Raymond et al., 2010; Saxby 2017). The opportunity to have contact
with nature also provides a sense of calm from the anxieties experienced (Carlisle et al., 2009; Roberts et al., 2015; Drescher, 2014; Saxby 2017). Not only related to nature, but it is also physically related to the current environment so that this can provide a sense of power, part of the community, and provide a positive value of the activities undertaken, thus giving rise to psychological well-being (Saxby, 2017).
Conclusion
Urban agriculture is a research topic that becomes an interesting discussion for the academic community in Indonesia. This can be seen from various dimensions of research, in terms of management, economics, agriculture, health, social, and engineering. Case studies are a fairly common form of research for urban agriculture in Indonesia, but the authors argue to emphasize the importance of national perspectives and overall systems so that the various sectors involved in urban agriculture become clear. The study also put forward the idea of gardening in urban agricultural corridors as an alternative intervention in pandemic conditions as a program that has the potential to invite people to use the yard for productive activities, as well as facilitate social interaction and maintain health. It takes further research from both the fields of psychology and agriculture to find out the influence of gardening on mental health and well-being, as well as breakthroughs from the field of agriculture to provide opportunities for urban communities that have limited land but can still participate in urban agriculture
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