CC BY
3Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences
SJIF 2024 = 7.404 / ASI Factor = 1.7
MAIN TYPES OF TRANSLATION BY CONTENT (GENRE) OR FUNCTIONAL AND COMMUNICATIVE DIRECTION, PERCEPTION
AND DESIGN
Kamola Aripova Yusupovna
International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan Senior teacher of the Department of Foreign Languages
90 981-46-15 e-mail: kamolakind@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
"Theory of Translation" is designed to provide students with the necessary theoretical knowledge to understand the complex phenomenon of translation. The lectures cover topics such as the history of translation, the evolution of translation studies, and key concepts in linguistics relevant to translation theory. These include bilingualism, the translation process, translation models, and specialized translations of scientific literature.
Key words: artistic, socio-political and special translation, consecutive interpreting, simultaneous translation, translation from sight, communal translation.
АННОТАЦИЯ
«Теория перевода» призвана предоставить студентам необходимые теоретические знания для понимания сложного явления перевода. Лекции охватывают такие темы, как история перевода, эволюция переводоведения и ключевые концепции лингвистики, имеющие отношение к теории перевода. К ним относятся двуязычие, процесс перевода, модели перевода и специализированные переводы научной литературы.
Ключевые слова: художественный, общественно-политический и специальный перевод, последовательный перевод, синхронный перевод, перевод с места, коммунальный перевод.
INTRODUCTION
Translation is a complex linguistic phenomenon that requires theoretical knowledge. The course of lectures "Theory of Translation" that we have developed is aimed at introducing students to the theoretical foundations of translation. The lectures present some information from the history of translation, the stages of development of the science of translation, the main provisions of the linguistic theory of translation, necessary for the theoretical training of a novice translator: bilingualism; the concepts of "translation-process" and "translation-translate";
SJIF 2024 = 7.404 / ASI Factor = 1.7
translation invariant; main types of translation; translation models and translation transformations; translation of special, scientific and scientific-technical literature as a special type of translation.
1 Artistic, socio-political and special translation.
2 Consecutive interpreting.
3 Simultaneous translation.
4 Translation from sight.
5 Communal translation.
6 Written translation.
7 Machine translation.
8 Special types of text processing during translation.
From the point of view of functional and communicative orientation, it is customary to distinguish three types of translation: literary, socio-political (general) and special. There are other classifications of translation: literary and special, artistic and informative, artistic and non-literary, etc. Let us consider a classification consisting of three types of translation, which allows us to determine the object of each type of translation. Methods for achieving adequacy in these three types of translation will not completely coincide, which follows from the different nature of the material and the tasks facing the translator. The object of literary translation is fiction. A distinctive feature of a work of art is its figurative and emotional impact on the reader, which is achieved through the use of a huge number of different linguistic means, from epithet (colorful definition) and metaphor (figurative meaning) to the rhythmic and syntactic construction of a phrase. Therefore, when translating a work of art for the purpose of preserving the figurative and emotional impact of the original on the reader, the translator will strive to convey all the nuances of the form of the work.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Therefore, in this case, the reproduction of the features of the form and content of the original comes to the fore. The object of socio-political translation is sociopolitical and journalistic texts, which are characterized by a propaganda or agitation attitude, and, consequently, a bright emotional coloring along with a great saturation of various terminology. In terms of achieving adequacy, this type of translation has the features of both literary and special translation. The object of special translation is materials related to various areas of human knowledge and practice, science and technology. A distinctive feature of these materials is the extremely precise expression of thought, which is achieved primarily by the wide use of terminology. Special translation includes: military, legal, technical, scientific (sometimes the last
SJIF 2024 = 7.404 / ASI Factor = 1.7
two are combined into scientific and technical), the need for economic translation is growing, etc.
It is good if the translator knows the specialty in which he works. In our time, a person cannot master everything known, accumulated in science and technology, which have become so complex and developed that narrow specialization for scientific and technical workers has become the law. This also applies to technical translators, who, as a rule, have to specialize in any one field of production, systematically study specialized literature, follow new developments in this field, and use the experience of specialists and experienced translators. Consecutive interpreting is the type of translation that humanity needs most;
Apparently, this situation will continue in the future. The translator translates by ear 1 - 2 phrases or a slightly larger fragment of oral text spoken by the speaker (or participant in the conversation), and immediately after these few phrases are spoken. This type of translation is often called paragraph-phrase translation. Most often, the interpreter is located directly next to the speaker, so he can see facial expressions and gestures, which helps to correctly understand the meaning of what was said. However, sometimes the interpreter is out of sight of the audience, in a booth or behind the stage, and perceives the speech through headphones; and in this case, the opportunity to observe the speaker at least from a distance is very important.
The task of an interpreter translating sequentially is to remember the meaning of a significant fragment of text and then reproduce it in another language, preserving not only cognitive information, but also, if possible, the style of the speaker, as well as emotional information, i.e. those emotions, which the speaker puts into his speech. Therefore, such a translator must have a developed memory, ability to navigate style on the fly, possess some acting skills data. Mandatory requirements for interpreting include high speed. On average, this speed should be at the upper limit of the speed of speech perception. If the speaker speaks quickly, it should be equal to the speech of the speaker; if he speaks slowly, the translator must speak much faster than the speaker when translating. Pauses between the speaker's speech and the interpreter's speech should be kept to a minimum.
The easiest option for a translator to interpret consecutively is to translate an official report, message or speech. In this case, as a rule, you can obtain the text of the entire report in advance or at least find out it.
The translator has the opportunity to study the text of the report, get acquainted with special literature on the topic, compile a thesaurus - lists of words on the topic with correspondences. However, even in this case, the translator is not immune from surprises, because during the speech the speaker can shorten or expand the text of his
SJIF 2024 = 7.404 / ASI Factor = 1.7
report, evade the topic or even change it completely. Therefore, an interpreter must have the skill of psychological preparedness for the most unexpected turn of events during translation. The content of the discussion is the most unpredictable, which a translator has to translate at almost any conference. It doesn't matter whether it is in a formal or informal setting. The main thing is that, in addition to the general stated problem, the translator knows neither the content of the speeches of specific participants, nor the essence of possible problems that may be raised during the discussion.
In addition, conflicts may break out during negotiations. Therefore, the translator must be thoroughly familiar with the rules of professional ethics, clearly know how to behave, what to do and what to translate in a conflict situation. Consecutive interpreting can be one-way or two-way.
One-way translation assumes that a given translator translates only from a foreign language into his native language, and another translator (usually a native speaker of the target language) translates from his native language into a foreign language. In modern international translation practice, this option is considered a priority. Bilateral translation means a situation where the same translator translates all speeches from a foreign language into the native language, and from the native language into a foreign one. The Russian translation market is dominated by demand for two-way translation. Let us note that the quality of translation from one's native language into a foreign language and the quality of translation from a foreign language into one's native language are somewhat different.
When translating from a foreign language into a native language, the final (translated) the text turns out to be more coherent, unified, and correct than when translated into a foreign language. But mistakes and misunderstandings cannot be ruled out at the stage of perceiving the original foreign text, since even with the highest level of knowledge of a foreign language, it is still not perceived as fully and reliably as the native one. On the contrary, when translating from a native language into a foreign language, problems with perception do not arise (they are possible only in cases of poor hearing, speech defects in the speaker, and similar subjective reasons); But in the translated text, various types of errors are possible: grammatical, stylistic, lexical.
Many translators, both experienced and beginners, note that it is easier (!) for them to translate into a foreign language than into their native one. This contradicts the prevailing idea among non-professionals about the difficulties of translation: it is usually believed that it is easier to translate into your native language. The paradox is explained simply. Firstly, completeness of perception is an important basis for a full
SJIF 2024 = 7.404 / ASI Factor = 1.7
translation, which means that when translating from the native language this basis is more reliable. Reliability of perception also serves as a serious psychological organizing factor:
Having a good understanding of the source text, the translator worries less and is more confident in his abilities. Secondly, the possibilities for choosing options when translating into a foreign language are narrower, ideas about the system of a foreign language are somewhat simplified, the translator simply knows fewer foreign words and phrases than words in his native language. The choice is simplified. Less time is spent searching for an option, and the translation is completed faster. But this does not mean that it is of better quality.
An auxiliary means of memorization in oral consecutive translation can be notes in a notebook made by the translator. Translation cursive is the most productive for writing. Recently, the ability to interpret orally in a sequential mode at once large fragments of an oral presentation (lasting 10-15 minutes) or even a whole speech (up to 40 minutes) has become increasingly popular and increasingly valued. The translator listens to this large fragment or the entire speech and, using translation cursive writing (abbreviated recording), writes down the main content of the message, and then, observing all the requirements described above (high speed of speech, maintaining the emotional coloring and style of the speaker), reproduces the speech in the target language. The skills of a so-called conference interpreter now include translation of this kind without fail, and the very concept of conference interpretation, which once included the skills of paragraph-by-phrase translation of speeches and the ability to translate a discussion in a two-way mode, is now based on the translation of an entire text.
Such translation is necessarily taught in leading higher schools of translation, for example in Heidelberg, and the methodology for teaching interpretation in some of them is entirely based on the perception and reproduction of the entire text. The most striking example of this kind is the Higher School of Translation at the Sorbonne. This type of oral consecutive translation has two obvious advantages: first, it allows you to make the most equivalent translation, since the translator conveys the content based on knowledge of the entire text, while in paragraph-phrase translation the translator, as a rule, does not know the subsequent context; in addition, the translator is not tied to individual words and expressions and the translation is thus free from literalisms; the second advantage is that the interpreter does not interrupt the speaker and the speaker can fully convey emotional information to the listeners: after all, forced pauses destroy, first of all, the emotional background of the speech. The translation of the whole has a significant drawback: until the speaker completes
SJIF 2024 = 7.404 / ASI Factor = 1.7
his speech, the audience, which does not know the speaker's language, is clearly bored while waiting for translation.
An important professional quality of an interpreter is knowledge of the literary norms of the original language and the target language, since the texts of oral presentations, as a rule, are kept within the framework of the oral version of the literary norms of the language. There are rare cases when in oral speech it is necessary to use the functional dominants of some other style.
This is, say, a funeral, mourning speech, where high style dominates. The oral literary norm, in contrast to the written one, has some features of oral colloquial speech. Of these, two are the most frequent: the emotional order of words and the presence of phraseological units. The text of oral consecutive translation, as a rule, is not recorded anywhere, since it is necessary only at the moment of oral contact. However, sometimes it is tape-recorded or, less commonly, shorthand, say, for the purpose of creating written texts of conference proceedings. The basis for creating written texts or obtaining specific information can also be abbreviated entries in the translator's notebook.
REFERENCES
1. Aripova K.Yu."Typology of texts relevant for translation" International scientific journal of Biruni. ISSN (E) 2181-2993, Vol.2, Issue 3. Nov (2023), p. 127131.
2. Aripova K.Yu. "Difficulties in conveying national flavor when translating the original text" Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences 3(10), October, 2023. p. 442-449
3. Aripova K.Yu. "The process of forming an intercultural context" лучшие интеллектуальные исследования международный научный электронный журнал Декабрь - 2023 год, p. 20-22.
4. Aripova K.Yu. "The notions of cognitive linguistics" Journal of new century innovations international interdisciplinary research journal, December 28. p.160-163.
5. "Linguistic units representing national color" Journal of advanced scientific research. November, 2023 p.11-14
6. Alekseeva I.S. Introduction to translation studies: Textbook for students of philology. and linguistic faculty of higher education. - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University; Publishing center "Academy", 2013. -352 p.
7. Alimov V.V. Translation theory. Translation in the field of professional communication. M.: URSS, 2004.
SJIF 2024 = 7.404 / ASI Factor = 1.7
8. Barkhudarov L.S. Language and translation. M., 1975.
9. Barkhudarov L.S., Retsker Ya.I. Course of lectures on translation theory. M.,
10. Vinogradov V.S. Introduction to Translation Studies. M., 2001.
11. Garbovsky N.K. Translation theory. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2004.
12. Dmitrieva L.F., Kuntsevich S.E., Martinkevich E.A. English language. Translation course. M.: ICC "Mart"; Rostov n/d: Publishing center "MarT", 2005. -304 p.
13. Zimnyaya I.Ya., Ermolovich R.I. Psychology of translation. M., 1981.
14. Kazakova T.A. Practical fundamentals of translation. St. Petersburg, 2001.
15. Komissarov V.N. Modern translation studies. M., 2002.
16. Latyshev L.K. Translation course. M., 1986.
1968.
