CC BY
0УДК 004 Meshitbayeva A.B., Tokseit D.K.
Meshitbayeva A.B.
master student of the Department of Information Technology L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Astana, Kazakhstan)
Tokseit D.K.
Senior Lecturer, PhD of the Department of Information Technology L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Astana, Kazakhstan)
MAC LAYER PROTOCOLS AND THEIR ROLE IN NETWORK SECURITY
Аннотация: the Media Access Control (MAC) layer is a crucial component in network communication, responsible for managing how devices access and transmit data over a shared medium. This paper explores the key MAC layer protocols, such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi, that facilitate efficient data transmission while addressing security concerns. The vulnerabilities of the MAC layer, such as MAC spoofing and VLAN hopping, are discussed, alongside various trust mechanisms, including authentication protocols and encryption techniques, which enhance security. The implementation of these mechanisms significantly mitigates the risks associated with MAC layer vulnerabilities, contributing to stronger network security and overall integrity.
Ключевые слова: MAC layer, network security, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, MAC spoofing, VLAN hopping, trust mechanisms, authentication protocols, encryption, MACsec, network vulnerabilities.
Introduction to MAC Layer Protocols.
The Media Access Control (MAC) layer is a fundamental component of the OSI model, serving as the second layer responsible for controlling how devices on a network access the communication medium. It plays a pivotal role in ensuring efficient data transmission by managing critical network protocols. Ethernet, for instance, utilizes Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) to manage data transmission over wired networks, while Wi-Fi employs Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) for wireless communication. These protocols are essential for maintaining network efficiency and reliability by preventing data collisions and managing network access [5, p. 8-9].
Security Challenges at the MAC Layer.
The MAC layer faces sophisticated security challenges, primarily due to its inherent vulnerabilities. These challenges stem from the fundamental design of network communication protocols and the increasing complexity of modern network infrastructures.
MAC Spoofing represents a significant threat where attackers alter their device's MAC address to impersonate legitimate devices, gaining unauthorized network access. This technique exploits the trust-based nature of many network security mechanisms. By mimicking the MAC address of a trusted device, malicious actors can bypass traditional access controls, potentially gaining entry to restricted network segments or intercepting sensitive communications [12, p. 3].
VLAN Hopping is an advanced attack technique that allows attackers to send packets to different VLANs, bypassing security measures designed to segment network traffic. Typically, VLAN hopping occurs through two primary methods: switch spoofing and double-tagging. In switch spoofing, attackers configure their network interface to trunk mode, potentially gaining access to multiple VLANs. Double-tagging involves crafting specially designed network packets that can traverse VLAN boundaries, effectively circumventing network isolation principles [7].
Beyond these specific attack vectors, the MAC layer confronts a broader spectrum of security challenges. RF jamming attacks represent a significant threat, particularly in wireless networks. These attacks involve deliberately interfering with wireless communication frequencies, potentially disrupting network connectivity or creating vulnerabilities for more sophisticated intrusions [1, p. 1].
Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks also pose a critical concern at the MAC layer. By intercepting and potentially manipulating network traffic at this
fundamental level, attackers can eavesdrop on communications, inject malicious content, or redirect network traffic through compromised endpoints [2].
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache poisoning presents another sophisticated attack method. By sending falsified ARP messages, attackers can associate their MAC address with legitimate IP addresses, enabling them to intercept network communications and potentially redirect traffic through their own devices [11].
Defending against these MAC layer security challenges requires a multi-layered approach. Network administrators must implement robust security measures such as implementing strict MAC address filtering, using 802.1X authentication mechanisms, configuring dynamic ARP inspection, utilizing port security features on network switches, regularly updating network infrastructure firmware, and implementing comprehensive network monitoring and anomaly detection systems.
As network technologies continue to evolve, the security of the MAC layer remains a critical concern for organizations seeking to protect their digital infrastructure from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats.
Vulnerabilities in Different MAC Layer Protocols.
The MAC layer is crucial for managing how devices access the network medium. However, it is susceptible to various vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers, affecting network security and performance. This section explores these vulnerabilities across different MAC layer protocols, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and Bluetooth [3].
Common Vulnerabilities.
Ethernet presents significant security challenges. MAC Spoofing allows attackers to alter their MAC address to impersonate legitimate devices, gaining unauthorized access. VLAN Hopping is another critical vulnerability, where malicious actors exploit VLAN configurations to send packets between VLANs without proper authorization [4].
Wi-Fi networks face distinct threats, including Deauthentication Attacks that force devices to disconnect by sending fake deauthentication frames. Eavesdropping
remains a persistent risk, with attackers intercepting unencrypted data due to weak security configurations [4].
Zigbprotocols are vulnerable to key management flaws, where insecure storage and transmission of encryption keys can lead to unauthorized access. Network Jamming poses another significant threat, with attackers disrupting communication by overwhelming the network with interference [6].
Bluetooth technology is not immune to security risks. Bluejacking enables sending unsolicited messages to Bluetooth-enabled devices, while Bluesnarfing allows unauthorized access to information stored on Bluetooth devices [3].
These vulnerabilities underscore the critical need for robust security measures and continuous monitoring across different network protocols to protect against potential breaches and unauthorized access.
Vulnerabilities in Different MAC Layer Protocols
4.0
3.5 3.0
i.o -
0.5-1-1-1-1-
Ethernet wi-fi zlgbee Bluetooth
Protocols
Figure 1. Vulnerabilities in Different MAC Layer Protocols.
This figure 1 illustrates the number of vulnerabilities associated with various MAC layer protocols:
• Wi-Fi shows the highest number of vulnerabilities, primarily due to its widespread use and inherent security challenges like deauthentication attacks and eavesdropping.
• Ethernet and Bluetooth have moderate vulnerability levels, often related to spoofing and unauthorized data access.
• Zigbee, while designed for low-power IoT applications, faces challenges with key management and network jamming.
Implications of Vulnerabilities
The presence of MAC layer vulnerabilities can have profound and far-reaching consequences for network security and operational integrity. Data breaches represent one of the most critical risks, where unauthorized access to sensitive information can compromise organizational confidentiality, potentially exposing critical business, personal, or financial data to malicious actors [12, p. 5].
Network disruptions pose another significant challenge. Attacks like jamming can render entire network infrastructures temporarily or permanently unusable, causing substantial operational downtime and potential economic losses. These disruptions can be particularly devastating for organizations that rely heavily on continuous network connectivity [1, p. 4-5].
Resource exhaustion emerges as a subtle yet impactful consequence of persistent network attacks. Continuous malicious activities can drain device resources, dramatically impacting overall network performance, reducing system efficiency, and potentially causing premature hardware degradation [13, p. 6].
Mitigation Strategies.
Addressing these vulnerabilities requires a comprehensive and proactive approach to network security. Implementing robust authentication mechanisms stands as a critical first line of defense. Strong authentication protocols can effectively verify device identities, significantly reducing the risk of unauthorized access and potential network intrusions [13, p. 7].
Advanced encryption techniques, particularly using standards like AES, play a crucial role in protecting data integrity and confidentiality. By encrypting network communications, organizations can create an additional layer of security that makes intercepted data virtually unreadable to potential attackers [9, p. 5].
Conducting regular security audits represents another essential strategy. These systematic evaluations help organizations identify and rectify potential security gaps before they can be exploited, ensuring continuous improvement of network defense mechanisms.
By understanding and addressing these vulnerabilities, organizations can enhance the security of their networks, ensuring reliable and secure communication across all devices. This approach transforms network security from a reactive measure to a proactive, strategic component of overall organizational risk management.
Trust Mechanisms in MAC Layer Protocols.
To address vulnerabilities at the MAC layer, various trust mechanisms have been implemented to enhance security and ensure robust network protection. These mechanisms focus on authentication, encryption, and network traffic integrity.
Authentication protocols play a critical role in verifying the identities of devices within a network. These protocols ensure that only authorized devices can access the network, reducing the risks posed by MAC spoofing and other identity-based attacks. Examples include challenge-response mechanisms and mutual authentication, which require both communicating parties to authenticate each other before establishing a connection. Such protocols are essential in scenarios where the integrity of device identities directly impacts data security [10, p. 7].
Encryption techniques provide an additional layer of security by protecting data integrity and confidentiality during transmission. For instance, MACsec (Media Access Control Security) is a Layer 2 encryption protocol designed to secure Ethernet connections by encrypting the traffic between devices. This prevents unauthorized interception of data, even in cases where attackers gain access to the physical network [9, p. 3].
Effectiveness of Security Techniques in WBAN
806040 ■ 20-(1 ■
Biometrics Key Management Mutual Authentication Elliptical Curve
Techniques
Figure 2. Effectiveness of Security Techniques in WBAN.
As shown in Figure 2, encryption techniques like Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) are highly effective in environments with constrained resources, such as Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). These methods combine strong encryption with low computational overhead, making them particularly suited for healthcare and IoT applications.
Effectiveness Analysis.
As demonstrated in Figure 2, different security techniques show varying degrees of effectiveness:
• Biometrics: Provide a strong mechanism for user authentication but are dependent on the accuracy of the biometric data.
• Key Management: Ensures the secure distribution and storage of cryptographic keys, which is critical for maintaining encrypted communication channels.
• Mutual Authentication: Offers one of the highest levels of security by verifying both endpoints in a communication process, effectively preventing unauthorized access.
• Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC): Demonstrates exceptional effectiveness due to its balance between strong encryption and low power consumption, making it ideal for WBANs and other resource-constrained environments.
Case Studies.
Real-world implementations further demonstrate the efficacy of trust mechanisms:
• Networks employing MACsec have been shown to resist MAC flooding attacks and port stealing incidents effectively, as observed in enterprise-level deployments.
• In healthcare, WBANs with mutual authentication protocols and ECC provide secure patient data transmission, minimizing risks of interception or tampering [8].
By integrating these trust mechanisms, networks can significantly enhance their resilience against a range of security threats, ensuring reliable communication and data integrity.
Conclusion.
The Media Access Control (MAC) layer represents a critical junction in network communication, embodying both technological potential and security challenges. From Ethernet to Wi-Fi, each protocol presents unique vulnerabilities that can be exploited by sophisticated attackers, including MAC Spoofing, VLAN Hopping, and Deauthentication Attacks. These threats demonstrate the complex landscape of network security at this fundamental layer.
Securing the MAC layer is not merely a technical requirement but a strategic imperative for modern organizations. Effective mitigation requires a multi-faceted approach that combines robust authentication mechanisms, advanced encryption techniques, and rigorous security audits. By implementing comprehensive strategies, organizations can transform potential vulnerabilities into opportunities for strengthening their network infrastructure.
As network technologies continue to evolve, the MAC layer will remain a critical battleground in cybersecurity. Organizations that prioritize its security will be better positioned to safeguard sensitive data, maintain network integrity, and navigate the increasingly sophisticated landscape of digital communication. The future of network security lies in developing the agility to anticipate, detect, and respond to emerging threats with precision and resilience.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Ali, A. S., Baddeley, M., Bariah, L., Lopez, M. A., Lunardi, W. T., Giacalone, J., & Muhaidat, S. (2022). JAMRF: Performance analysis, evaluation, and implementation of RF jamming over Wi-Fi. I.E.E.E. Access, 10, 133370-133384. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3230895;
2. Al-Shareeda, M. A., Anbar, M., Manickam, S., & Hasbullah, I. H. (2020, July 29). Review of Prevention Schemes for Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) Attack in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3662935;
3. Blancaflor, E., Purificacion, P. M. G., Atienza, R. B., Yao, J. J. M., & Alvarez, D. A. C. (2023). Exploring the depths of Bluetooth attacks: A critical analysis of Bluetooth exploitation and awareness of users. Proceedings of the 2023 6th International Conference on Computing and Big Data (ICCBD), Shanghai, China, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCBD59843.2023.10607255;
4. Jiang, Z., Zhao, K., Li, R., Zhao, J., & Du, J. (2020). PHYAlert: Identity spoofing attack detection and prevention for a wireless edge network. Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-020-0154-7;
5. Kaur, M., Bajaj, R., & Kaur, N. (2021). A review of MAC layer for wireless body Area Network. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 41(6), 767-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40846-021-00669-1;
6. Khanji, S., Iqbal, F., & Hung, P. (2019). ZigBsecurity vulnerabilities: Exploration and evaluating. 2019 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1109/IACS.2019.8809115;
7. Kim, K., & Lee, M. (2018). SNMP-Based Detection of VLAN hopping attack Risk. In Lecture notes in electrical engineering (pp. 267-272). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1056-0_28;
8. Lackorzynski, T., Garten, G., Huster, J. S., Kopsell, S., & Hartig, H. (2020). Enabling and optimizing MACsec for industrial environments (Extended abstract). 2020 16th I.E.E.E. International Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS47810.2020.9114434;
9. Oluyede, M. S., Mart, J., Olusola, A., & et al. (2024). The performance analysis of MACsec in different network environments. ScienceOpen Preprints. https://doi.org/10.14293/PR2199.000736.v1;
10. Preethichandra, D. M. G., Piyathilaka, L., Izhar, U., Samarasinghe, R., & De Silva, L. C. (2023). Wireless body area networks and their applications—A review. I.E.E.E. Access, 11, 9202-9220. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3239008;
11. Prabadevi, B., Jeyanthi, N., & Abraham, A. (2019). An analysis of security solutions for ARP poisoning attacks and its effects on medical computing. International Journal of Systems Assurance Engineering and Management, 11(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-019-00919-1;
12. Punia, S. K., & Ziya, F. (2019). Study on MAC protocols and attacks: A review.
Proceedings of the 2019 6th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), New Delhi, India, 621-625.
https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIACom.2019.8745072;
13. Usman, M., Asghar, M. R., Ansari, I. S., & Qaraqe, M. (2018). Security in wireless body area networks: From in-body to off-body communications. I.E.E.E. Access, 6, 5806458074. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2873825
