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9Economics, Management and Sustainability
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Azizi, M., & Ramezanzadeh, M. (2016). Location selection of agricultural-residuals particleboard industry through group decision: The case study of northern Iran. Economics, Management and Sustainability, 1(1), 14-22. doi:10.14254/jems.2016.1-1.2.
ISSN 2520-6303
Location selection of agricultural-residuals particleboard industry through group decision: The case study of northern Iran
Majid Azizi *, Mostafa Ramezanzadeh **
* University of Tehran,
16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., Tehran, Iran
Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources
** University of Tehran,
16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., Tehran, Iran
M. Sc., Faculty of Natural Resources
Article history:
Received: October, 2016 1st Revision: October, 2016
Accepted: October, 2016
JEL classification:
Q16 Q18
DOI:
10.14254/jems.2016.1-1.2
Abstract: This paper presents a framework for locating agricultural-residuals particleboard industry in the northern provinces of Iran. Particleboard industry is the only Iranian wood and paper industry with an export potential and the use of agricultural residuals as the raw material can help with increasing the production in this industry, while reducing the damage to forest resources. The northern provinces of Iran are agricultural centers with ample amounts of agricultural residues. These provinces are, therefore, preferable to other provinces as the construction sites of particleboard plants. In the location selection model presented in this paper, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used and the results indicate that the criterion of 'material and production' and the sub-criterion of 'reliability of supply' have the highest priorities, and that Golestan province is the best alternative.
Keywords: particleboard industry, location selection, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Iranian wood and paper industry._
1. Introduction
The problem of location is one of the most important concerns for many kind enterprises. Both the choice of criteria and the evaluation of possible alternatives are critical steps in the decision-making process of choosing the best location (Eichenberg et al., 2011). Location selection problem plays an important role in minimizing the cost and maximizing the use of resources for many companies. Location problems involve determining the location of one or more new facilities in one or more of several potential sites. Many potential criteria, such as investment cost, human resources, availability of materials, climate, etc., should be considered in selecting a particular plant location. Hence, plant location selection can be viewed as a multi criteria decision making (MCDM)
Corresponding author: Majid Azizi
E-mail: [email protected]
This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license
problem (Tavakkoli and Mousavi, 2011). Location theory has been an active area of research. Today, facility location is viewed as a substantial body of knowledge with a rich variety of models, methodologies and solution techniques that can be found in the literature pertaining to fields such as industrial engineering, operations research, operations management, urban economics and political science (Partovi, 2004).
This paper presents an application of the Analytic Hierarchic Process (AHP) technique for location selection of particleboard industry made of agricultural residuals as the only raw material in the northern provinces of Iran (Golestan, Mazandaran and Guilan). Figure 1 shows the position of these three provinces on the map of Iran.
Figure 1: The site of the three Alternatives on the map of Iran
There are rich sources of agricultural residues in the north of the country and this reduces the cost of raw materials transportation. Also, to protect forest, the construction of new particleboard plants using agricultural residues in the north of Iran is economically justified. Table 1 shows the area under cultivation of crops in the three provinces and the total area in the country during the period of 2005-2010 (Ministry of Agriculture, 2012).
Table 1: The area under cultivation of crops (ha)
Year Golestan province Mazandaran province Guilan province Iran
2005 679678 392319 238873 13049944
2006 690105 393236 23931 12961165
2007 703592 356918 227278 13418241
2008 625609 396483 208937 10150924
2009 686759 461281 211607 12435203
2010 695077 464068 206914 12729168
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 2012
Particleboard industry has the highest rate of wood consumption among the wood and paper industries in Iran. Currently, there are 20 active particleboard plants in the country, among which only Karun Chipboard factory uses agricultural residual as its raw material. Table 2 shows the latest statistics concerning production, import and export of particleboard (FAO, 2012). The table shows that the particleboard industry can supply the domestic demand and, the construction of new plants based on agricultural residuals as the raw material can pave the way for particleboard export. Moreover, replacing wood with agricultural residuals can reduce deforestation. Therefore, the location selection of the particleboard industry is of higher priority that other wood and paper industries.
Table 2: Production, imports and exports (cubic meters)
Year Production Imports Exports
2005 700000 28000 6179
2006 619000 9000 6179
2007 682000 14000 6179
2008 683000 54000 6179
2009 609000 35000 6179
2010 728000 33000 6179
Source: FAO, 2012
Braglial and Gabbrielli (2012) used an effective Decision Support System (DSS) for site selection of a new paper mill in Italy. They used the AHP technique for this purpose. Tavakkoli and Mousavi (2011) studied the AHP for plant location selection. The aim of using the AHP is to give the weights of the selected criteria. Vali (2011) located floating paper industry in Golestan province of Iran by using AHP method based on profit to cost ratio. Hilmola et al., (2010) studied the location of biodiesel factory from wood and wood waste in Finland. Azizi et. al., (2006) studied the location selection of plywood and veneer industry in Iran by using AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS. Ramezanzadeh (2009) located MDF industry in the northern Iranian province of Mazandaran by using AHP method based on profit to cost ratio and selects the eastern part of the province as the best alternative. Walker (2006) studied the best location for sawmill industry. Burdulu et. al., (2003) located the furniture industry in Turkey by using AHP.
Hypothesis:
1- The criteria related to the raw material are of great importance.
2- The AHP can be useful and efficient for the new optimum location.
Objective:
To choose the best location for establishing particleboard plant using agricultural residues in the north of Iran.
2. Methodology 2.1. Criteria selection
After interviewing with wood and paper experts and studying past studies, restrictions that could be considered as effective factors in plants site selection were identified. The criteria are divided into five groups. The hierarchical tree of the study consists of five levels. Figure 2 shows the hierarchical structure criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives.
Figure 2: Hierarchical tree for location selection of particleboard industry from agricultural
residuals in north of Iran
AlLcrnaUves
C1. Economical; C2. Human and Technical; C3. Infrastructure; C4. Laws and Regulations; C5. Materials and Products; SC1. Costs; SC2. Granted facilities; SC3. Education; SC4. Life facilities; SC5. Technical knowledge; SC6. Investment; SC7. Industrial history; SC8. Competitors; SC9 Transportation network; SC10. Energy; SC11. Status of agricultural mechanization; SC12. Distance range allowed of city for the construction of the factory; SC13. Tax rate; SC14. Final product; SC15. Raw materials; SC2.1. Land purchase cost; SC2.2. Labor cost; SC2.3. Fuel cost; SC2.4. Purchasing cost of raw material; SC2.5. Transportation cost of raw materials; SC2.6. Transportation cost of final product; SC2.7. Amount of sales and exports; SC2.8. Distance from market; SC2.9. Reliability of supply of raw materials; SC2.10. Distance of supply of raw materials; SC2.11. Quantity of raw materials; A1. Golestan province; A2. Mazandaran province; A3. Guilan province.
2.2. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a decision-aiding method developed by Saaty (Al-Harbi, 1999). AHP is a mathematical method for analyzing complex decision problems under multiple criteria (Qureshi and Harrison, 2003). It has proven to be a powerful decision analysis technique in the area of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), and has been successfully applied to the tackling of MCDM problems (Volkova et al., 2010). AHP has been a tool at the hands of decision makers and researchers and it is the most widely used MCDM tools (Bhatt et al., 2010). AHP is a well-known technique that assumes a unidirectional hierarchical relationship among decision level and decomposes a decision problem into several levels in such a way that they form a hierarchy. In AHP, the top element of the hierarchy is the overall goal for the decision model. The hierarchy decomposes from the general to a more specific attribute until a level of manageable decision criteria is met. AHP is conceptually easy to use, but it is divisionally robust, so that it can handle the complexities of the real world problems. AHP can assist the analysts and decision-makers to evaluate a problem in the form of a hierarchy of references through a series of pairwise comparisons of relative criteria. Relative weights are determined through pairwise comparison. The method can be applied by breaking down the unstructured complex scorecard problems into component parts. Hierarchical orders are then arranged by forming value tree structures. Subjective judgment on the relative importance of each part is represented by assigning numerical values. These values are selected in accordance to pairwise comparison scale. To evaluate the pairwise comparison there are some computer-based tools for individual as well as group-decision support (Phdungsilp and Wuttipornpun, 2011). The AHP allows group decision making, where group members can use their experience, values and knowledge to break down a problem into a hierarchy and solve it by the AHP steps (K.M. Al-S. Al-Harbi, 1999). 1) creating hierarchical tree, 2) pairwise comparing of research criteria and options, 3) operations for computing data, 4) sensitivity analysis, and 5) the level of non-adaptability (incompatibility), (D. Samari, et al., 2012). Steps 1 and 2 are made on the basis of the decision maker's knowledge and understanding of the problem and steps 3 to 5 are executed using an appropriate software, such as the Expert Choice (Peltola, et al., 2002).
AHP has been successfully applied to a diverse array of problems, with the calculation procedure as follows: Establishment of pair-wise comparison matrix A let Ci, C2,..., Cn denote the set of elements, while atj represents a quantified judgment on a pair of elements Ci, and Cj (C. R. Wu et al., 2007). After the hierarchy structuring, the pairwise comparison matrix is constructed for each level, where a nominal discrete scale from 1 to 9 is used for the evaluation (Table 3), (Ataei, 2005, Volkova et al., 2010, Al-Harbi, 1999).
Table 3: Scale of Relative Important
Importance degree Differentiation
1 Equal importance
3 Moderate importance
5 High importance
7 Very high importance
9 Extreme importance
2, 4, 6, 8 For agreement between the above values
This yields an nxn matrix A as follows (Wu, et al., 2007) : Ci, C2,..., Cn
(1)
Where aij = 1 and aij = 1/ aij, i, j = 1, 2, ..., n. In matrix A, the problem becomes one of assigning to the n elements Ci, C2,..., Cn a set of numerical weights wi, W2,..., Wn that reflect the recorded judgments. If A is a consistency matrix, the relations between weights Wi and judgments aij are simply given by Wi/Wj = aij (for i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n) and Ci, C2,..., Cn
(2)
Saaty suggested that the largest eigenvalue Amax would be: ^-rnax = -^> = 1 ai.
Wj
~lî Wi
If A is a consistency matrix, eigenvector X can be calculated:
(3)
(4)
Saaty proposed utilizing consistency index (CI) and consistency ratio (C#) to verify the consistency of the comparison matrix. CI and CR are defined as follows:
(5)
(6)
Where RI represents the average consistency index over numerous random entries of same order reciprocal matrices. If CR < 0.1, the estimate is accepted; otherwise, a new comparison matrix is solicited until CR < 0.1.
2.3. Questionnaire planning
After the hierarchical tree of criteria and sub-criteria was drawn, two questionnaires were designed. The first questionnaire was designed for paired comparisons between criteria and sub-criteria and the weight and priority of these criteria were determined. The second questionnaire was designed to determine the weight and priority of the alternatives. For this purpose, the questionnaires were distributed among 10 experts (2 academic experts; 2 industries and mines organization experts; 2 natural resources experts; 2 experienced managers in the particleboard industry; and 2 agriculture experts). To determine the weight and priority of alternatives, AHP technique and Expert Choice software were used.
3. Results
The weight of criteria and sub-criteria (Table 4), geometric mean of criteria (Table 5) prioritization of criteria (Fig. 3) and prioritization of options (Fig. 4), calculated using Expert Choice software, is presented in this section.
Table 4: The final results of the weight of criteria and sub-criteria at different levels
Economical = 0.199_
Granted facilities = 0.166 Costs = 0.884
Purchasing land = 0.239 Labor cost =0.072 Fuel cost = 0.143 Purchasing agricultural residue = .0044 Transport cost for agricultural residue = 0.472 Transport cost for the final product = 0.031
Human resources = 0.073
Education = 0512 Facilities of life = 0262 Technical knowledge = 0226
Infrastructure = 0.249
Attractive investment = 0.075 Competitors = 0.066 Industrial history = 0.054 Transportation network =0.126 Energy = 0384 Status of agricultural mechanization = 0.296
State laws = 0.037
Tax rate = 0.750 Distance range allowed = 0.250
Materials and products = 0.442
Raw material = 0.888
Reliability of supply = 0.400 Distance of supply = 0.190 Quantity = 0.411
Final product = 0.112
Distance from market = 0.214 Amount of sales and exports = 0.786
Table 5: Geometric mean of comparison paired matrices of criteria through AHP
Criteria Human resources Infrastructure State laws Materials and Products
Economical 3.3227 1.31951 6.1531 2.70192
Human resources 4.53587 3.10369 6.15312
Infrastructure 6.1531 2.16894
State laws 7.97484
Blue numbers show "priority" and "reversed importance" of the criteria
Figure 3: The final priority 22 sub-criteria affecting the particleboard industry site selection
in northern of Iran
Figure 4: Prioritization of alternatives
Golestan Mazandaran Guilan
4. Discussion and Conclusion
The results show that the sub-criterion of quantity of agricultural residue and the criterion of materials and products have the highest priority. Reliability of supply, energy infrastructure, transporting cost of raw materials, distance of supply, the status of agricultural mechanization and land purchase cost are the top sub-criteria and Golestan province is chosen as the best option.
According to Table 1, the amount of raw materials is plenty in Golestan province. Therefore, reliability of supply of raw material in this province is more than other provinces. Also, because the volume to weight ratio of agricultural residue is more than wood, the cost of transporting raw material is extremely important. Because the amount of raw materials in Golestan province is more other provinces, the distance of supply of raw materials is the closest and cost of transporting of raw materials is lower than that of them. The source of raw materials is one of the most important factors influencing the selection of a plant site. Speaking of economics, it is beneficial to have a plant located close to the source of raw materials (Ataei, 2005). Walker (2006) considered that the amount of raw material within the region is important for a sawmill factory. Azizi et al., (2003) mentioned that purchase cost of raw material is the most important factor in locating plywood and veneer plants. They also concluded that the reliability of raw material supply is very important and it is the second priority. The transportation is the most important factor in selecting the alumina-cement plant location site (Ataei, 2005).
Golestan province neighbors Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan supplies part of natural gas of Iran. So, the energy infrastructure in this province is better and more than other provinces. The criterion of energy is one of the effective criteria in location selection of an MDF plant (Azizi and Ramezanzade, 2011). Fuel and power supply is one of the most important factors influencing the selection of a plant site (Ataei, 2005).
Agricultural residue is the only raw material in this study. The status of agricultural mechanization is very important because it reduces costs. According to agricultural experts and field studies Golestan province is much better than other options. In a study, the mechanization status of Iran was considered and in comparison with other countries' experiences, some remedies were presented and it was mentioned that competent organizations should control the application of modern machines by farmers to prevent the decline of agricultural utilization caused by unsuitable technologies, while, increasing the utility by the appropriate ones (Lak, 2011). In a study, agriculture status is one of the effective criteria in location selection of floating paper plant in Golestan province of Iran (Vali, 2011).
According to property experts, land price is low in Golestan province because Golestan province is farther from the capital city (Tehran) and is a less attractive tourist site than Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. Azizi et al., (2003) mentioned that the cost of land purchase is one of the important factors in locating plywood and veneer plants in Iran. Azizi and Ramezanzadeh (2011) concluded that the criterion of land purchase is one of the effective criteria in the selection site of MDF plants in Mazandaran Province of Iran.
5. Sensitivity analysis
To achieve stability and compatibility of the analysis, sensitivity analysis is applied. By increasing or decreasing one of the criteria, we found that the ratios of other criteria do not change (Azizi and Modarres, 2003).
The results of the application of Expert Choice software indicate that the criteria of economic and human resources have a sensitivity of changes in prioritizing alternatives and the criteria of infrastructure, government regulations and materials and products have no sensitivity (Table 6).
The results show that Golestan province has a better position and, therefore, it is selected as the best option. Also, according to the results of research, the hypotheses were confirmed.
Table 6: Prioritization changes of alternatives and results of sensitivity analysis
Criterion Basic weight Changed weight Prioritization of Alternative Number of Sensitivity
Economical 0.199 0.618 A1-A3-A2 1
Human resources 0.073 0.569 A2-A1-A3 1
Infrastructure 0.249 - A1-A2-A3 -
State laws 0.037 - A1-A2-A3 -
Materials and Products 0.442 - A1-A2-A3 -
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank all the experts for their participation in this research. We would also like to thank the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Appendix A. Supplementary material
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/jems.2016.1-1.2
Funding
The authors received no direct funding for this research. Citation information
Azizi, M., & Ramezanzadeh, M. (2016). Location selection of agricultural-residuals particleboard industry through group decision: The case study of northern Iran. Economics, Management and Sustainability, 1(1), 14-22. doi:10.14254/jems.2016.1-1.2.
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