CC BY
5
UDC 342.25
Eremin V. V.
associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages
Poletaeva E.R. 3rd year student Institute of economics and management
Sahakyan D.M. 3rd year student Institute of economics and management Kemerovo State University Russia, Kemerovo
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
Annotation: This article discusses the features of the organization of local self-government of European countries on the example of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the organization of local government is analyzed, as well.
Keywords: local self-government, European states, state administration, local government system.
Today, many countries in the world have accumulated a great deal of experience in regulating issues of local self-government, have developed and are using various models of local government organization. Such models are characterized by a different order of formation of municipal authorities, a different order of interaction between them and with the central state authorities, different amounts of rights and duties to regulate issues of local importance, etc. In this context, it is interesting to study the experience of the Russian Federation and Great Britain, which have the established system of organization of local self-government.
In all democratic countries, local government is based on the principles enshrined in the European Charter of Local Self-Government. We give the definition: [1]
1. Local self-government denotes the right and the ability of local authorities, within the limits of the law, to regulate and manage a substantial share of public affairs under their own responsibility and in the interests of the local population.
2. This right shall be exercised by councils or assemblies composed of members freely elected by secret ballot on the basis of direct, equal, universal suffrage, and which may possess executive organs responsible to them. This provision shall in no way affect recourse to assemblies of citizens, referendums or any other form of direct citizen participation where it is permitted by statute.
Consider the notion of local self-government in the Russian Federation, given in the Federal Law No. 131-FZ of October 6, 2003: «established by federal laws, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, an independent
and under their responsibility decision of the population directly and (or) through local authorities the values based on people's interests, taking into account historical and other local traditions». [3]
A local government in Great Britain is a form of public administration, which exists as the lowest tier of administration. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or directives of the higher level of government.
Considering local government in Russia and the UK, we can note an interesting feature. The European Charter is the first document to consolidate the definitions and powers of local self-government. But the structure of these bodies in many countries took shape long before 1985 - the moment of its official publication. Therefore, we can observe completely different systems. In more detail, local governments in the comparison of the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom will be discussed.
In the scientific literature there are three main types of local self-government: Anglo-Saxon, Continental-European (French) and mixed, which are implemented in each country taking into account their characteristic features.
Anglo-Saxon type of local government originated in the UK. It is characterized by a rather broad autonomy of local governments. Not a single state institution has the right to interfere in the areas of their activities that are legally assigned to their jurisdiction. There is no direct subordination of the subordinate bodies of local self-government to the higher authorities. Here, each elected body is independent within its competencies.
Currently, the administrative division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter referred to as the United Kingdom) is organized as follows:
• shires and counties (England, Northern Ireland, Wales);
• regions and counties (Scotland).
At the same time, in some localities there are communities and parishes that were formed several hundred years ago, but their powers are not clearly enshrined in the legislation, therefore, they carry out their activities jointly with other authorities. The population of the shires and counties elects county councils, which according to the current legislation, are at the same time both the highest executive and the highest legislative collegial authorities in the local government system of Great Britain. In turn, district councils are endowed with secondary powers.
As for Russia, the type determination of local self-government is a rather difficult task.
The federal form of the territorial structure of Russia implies a clear division of competences and powers between the three levels of public authority-federal, regional and municipal. As a result, in the federal and regional legislation, the competences of the bodies of local self-government within which the latter are functioning are determined.
In order to maintain the unity of public authority in the Russian Federation, there is an urgent need for a rational division of competences in the field of local self-government. It is this process that gives rise to the greatest number of problems related both to the relationship between state bodies and local governments, and between local governments.
In general, the subjects of local government are: municipalities, population of municipalities, conference (meeting) of citizens, gathering of citizens, local authorities, citizens, deputies of representative bodies of local government, members of other elected bodies of local self-government, local government officials, bodies of territorial public self-government, associations of municipalities, government agencies, public associations, enterprises, institutions, organizations.
The subjects of local government can be divided into three types:
• municipality;
• population of the municipality;
• bodies and officials of local self-government.
The main goal of creating a local government system is to improve the quality of life of the local community and increase its contribution to the development of the whole country. As well as improving the efficiency of functioning of all enterprises and objects, as the basis for increasing the budget and extrabudgetary income of the local community.
Consider the tasks assigned to local authorities in the Russian Federation and the UK, shown in table No. 1:
Table 1.
Tasks of local governments
Tasks of local governments
Russian Federation Great Britain
1) identification of social goals, priorities and needs of the population; 2) determination of the territory's need for labor, material and financial resources; 3) strengthening the financial and economic base of local communities; 4) conditions for high performance of enterprises and organizations; 5) formation of new sustainable sources of income of local budgets; 6) increasing the investment attractiveness of the territory; 7) insuring the diversity of forms of public participation in solving local issues of socio-economic development. Local governments in the United Kingdom are responsible for a range of community services, including: 1) environmental matters; 2) education; 3) highways and traffic; 4) social services; 5) firefighting; 6) sanitation; 7) planning; 8) housing; 9) parks and recreation; 10) elections.
Control over the activities of local governments in different systems is carried out in different ways. For example, in the UK there are 3 types of control over local government:
1. administrative control exercised by the government, ministries, inspection commissions, regional commissioners;
2. judicial control, aimed at establishing compliance with the legislation of decisions and regulations adopted by municipalities;
3. parliamentary control, implemented in order to establish the legality of the actions of municipalities, as well as the correctness and expediency of the forms and methods used to exercise local power.
In Russia, these types of controls are not clearly delineated, but there are bodies that perform these functions. Table 2 shows the relevant authorities in comparison of the Russian Federation with the United Kingdom.
Table 2.
Bodies of control of local self-government
Bodies of control over the activities of local government
Russian Federation Great Britain
England Ireland, Scotland, Wales
Prosecution authorities and other authorized federal law bodies Ministry of the Environment, Regions and Local Government Elected assemblies and the governments they create
Exploring the features of local self-government in the Russian Federation and the UK, we can single out the following effective practices of organizing the system of local government bodies:
• A clear delineation of subjects of reference. A proper distribution of powers between state authorities and local governments in order to reduce bureaucratic processes and optimize the activities of these bodies is necessary.
• Differentiation of spheres of control over local governments. Thus, using the example of Great Britain, we can see three clearly defined levels of control: administrative, judicial and parliamentary, each of which is carried out by the relevant authorities. This practice is expedient, since the narrower the profile, the more professional the activity is carried out, in this case, to exercise control.
If you look at the entire system of local self-government as a whole, it can be noted that the Russian Federation is saturated with a large number of forms of exercise by the people of their power. While in the UK, local government is more concise and more structured. It should be noted that the peculiarities of the implementation of local self-government are based primarily on the established historical foundations and mentality of the people, and the system of government bodies plays an important role.
References
1. European Charter of Local Self-Government dated October 15, 1985 [Electronic resource] // Reference-legal system «Consultant Plus» - URL: http://base.garant.ru/2540485/5ac206a89ea76855804609cd950fcaf7/(appeal date 01/29/2019)
2. Russian Federation. Constitution (1993). The Constitution of the Russian Federation 2001. - p.39. [Electronic resource] // Guarantor: Ref. - right. system. -
URL:
http://constitution.garant.ru/rf/chapter/f1158c247d1d346347e5e99c65d58dd6/(app eal date 01/29/2019)
3. Federal Law No. 131-FZ of October 6, 2003 (as amended on December 5, 2017) «On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation» (as amended and added, entered into force on December 16, 2017) [Electronic resource] // Reference and legal system "Consultant Plus" - URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons doc LAW 44571/(appeal date 01/29/2019)
4. Karasev A.V., Elkina A.V. Local governments as a system category: issues of structure and content. // Chelyabinsk, 2015. P. 5
UDC 80
Nazarova G.P.
Senior teacher Bukhara State University Uzbekistan, Bukhara city
WOMEN MYTHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN BRITISH AND UZBEK
LITERATURE
Summary. The following article discusses mainly the women mythological characters in comparison with two nation's literature, British and Uzbek as well as classifying them into positive and negative characters.
Key words. Myth, mythology, fables, legends, fairies, positive, negative, mythological systems.
The word "myth" comes from ancient Greek word "mythos" which denotes "narration", "story"; Latin analogue "fabula" has the meaning "fable". In modern literature myth is referred to as "ancient folktales about gods and legendary heroes as well as about the origin of the world and existence of life". Myth and mythological characters have been existing in any nation's literature for centuries and their origin dates back to many centuries. Ancient myths and legends such as "Iliad", "Odysseus", "Mahabharata", "Alpomish", and "Beowulf' are still popular among readers.
Among mythological characters women characters also play an important role. In British and Uzbek literature we can come across a great many examples of women mythological characters that are both positive and negative. For instance, in Irish literature there exists a woman creature named the Dearg-Due. Though vampires have fallen from grace in the 21st century, Irish literature has its own deliciously creepy vampire story. Legend says that the Dearg-Due was once a beautiful woman who killed herself in order to avoid an arranged marriage after falling in love with a peasant boy. After the funeral, she rose up from the grave and killed her family for forcing her into such a miserable state.
