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77Жамият ва инновациялар Общество и инновации -
Society and innovations
Journal home page: https://inscience.uz/index.php/socinov/index
Linguistics: importance, history and challenges of sociolinguistics
Durdona KARIMOVA1
Specialized branch of Tashkent State University of Law
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received September 2020 Received in revised form 15 September 2020 Accepted 25 September 2020
Available online 1 October 2020
Keywords:
Literary language and state language
Sociolinguistic type of language Vitality criterion Standardization criterion Historical criterion Standard languages Creole languages Pidgin language "Dead language" Native language Dialect
Dialect and literary language Classic language Artificial language
The article investigates the meaning of the term "sociolinguistics" in modern linguistics, the problems of sociolinguistics, as well as the history of development and the reasons for the relevance of sociolinguistic research. The article discusses the problems of sociolinguistics in the study of the state language of different countries and interethnic communication
2181-1415/© 2020 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license (https:/ / creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Тилшунослик: социолингвистиканинг ахдмияти, тарихи ва муаммолари
АННОТАЦИЯ
Калит сузлар:
Адабий тил ва давлат тили Тилнинг социолингвистик тури
Х,аётийлик мезони
Ушбу мацолада социолингвистика атамасининг х,озирги замон тилшунослигидаги маънолари, социолингвистикага оид муаммолар, ривожланиш тарихи ва социолингвистик тадцицотларга цизицишнинг кучайиб бораётганлиги сабаблари очиб берилган. Шунингдек,
1 Senior Lecturer, Specialized branch of Tashkent State University of Law, Tashkent, Uzbekistan dur_dona@yahoo.com
Стандартлаштириш мезони
Тарихийлик мезони Стандарт тиллар креол тиллар Пижин тили «улик тил» Мах,аллий тил Диалект
Шева ва адабий тил Классик тил Сунъий тил
Лингвистика: важность, история и проблемы социолингвистики
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье разъясняются значения термина «социолингвистика» в современном языкознании, проблемы социолингвистики, а также история развития и причины актуальности социолингвистического
исследования. В статье обсуждается проблемы социолингвистики в изучении государственного языка разных стран и межэтническом общении.
язык
Классический язык Искусственный язык.
Sociolinguistics is the detailed study of the effect of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, the way language is used, and society's effect on language [1]. This differs from sociology of language that studies the impact of language on society. Sociolinguistics tightly connected to linguistic anthropology [2].
Sociolinguistics refers to the way language is used in society. When addressed to modern linguistics the term sociolinguistics is applied in two means:
- the relationship between language and society, the study of the role of society in the development of language;
- to study the problem of language differences in relation to the social stratification of a nation or people.
When we look at the social aspects of language in the modern sense, it can be noted that Indian and Japanese linguists carried out the first studies in the 1930s. Earlier, Louis Gauchat from Switzerland also studies the field in the early 1900s, however, these studies did not gain much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of language change, on the other hand, has its foundation in the wave model of the late 19th century. The first attested use of the term sociolinguistics was by Thomas Callan
социолингвистиканинг турли давлатлардаги давлат тили билан боглик; муаммолар ва миллатлараро тиллар аралашувини урганишдаги ах,амияти ёритилган.
Ключевые слова:
Литературный язык и государственный язык Социолингвистический тип языка Критерий жизнеспособности Критерий стандартизации Исторический критерий Стандартные языки Креольские языки Пиджинский язык «Мертвый язык» Родной язык Диалект
Диалект и литературный
Hodson in the title of his 1939 article "Sociolinguistics in India" published in Man in India [3]. Some decades later, world linguists began to pay more attention to the study of sociolinguistic issues, particularly, in the 60s and 70s of the XX century. In studying such problems of sociolinguistics, linguistics should take into account not only the science of Sociology, but also the achievements of a number of other disciplines, such as Philosophy, Social Psychology, Ethnography.
The growing interest in sociolinguistic research in modern linguistics can be explained by two reasons:
- the growing need for science-based language policy in modern society;
- Structural linguistics has so far been interested only in the study of the internal structure of language, the problem of the relationship of language with society, the history and customs of the people who speak the language has been left out of the attention of linguists.
The issue of language policy is becoming increasingly actual in today's society. For example, the conflicts in the former Soviet Union, in some of its regions, in Yugoslavia, in India are a clear proof of this. In many post-colonial Asian and African countries, the language problem, especially the state language, has not yet been clearly resolved. In some countries, the language of the colonialists has served as the state language. For example, in countries such as India and the Philippines, efforts are being made to turn one of the local languages into the state language, a nationwide means of communication. However, in these countries, the English language retains its strong position.
The transformation of a certain national language into the state language is associated with the solution of the following problems:
- The language should be popular with other nations and people living in the country, that is, the language should be more widespread than other languages in the country, the language to be the means of main communication for the majority of the population as well as lexically, semantically, grammatically and methodologically stay a model for the languages of other people in the country.
- In certain countries, especially in a country that is just emerging from colonial oppression, the transition to a nationwide state language will take several consecutive years. Scientific and technical innovations are widely disseminated in this country via Western European languages, so staying far from the impact Western European languages in these countries poses additional challenges.
- It is crucial to promote properly the language in the country, to strengthen the teaching and learning of this language, to do this, to use the mass media sources in a large scope.
The rapid development of sociolinguistic research in linguistics today is also associated with the negative aspects of structuralism, as structuralism rejected the unity of form and meaning inherent in linguistic units and focused more on the study of form alone. However, the development of society has proved the opposite, that is, the existence and development of a language is inextricably linked with the development of the people and society that speak it. Research in world linguistics is carried out at a rapid pace in Russia, the United States, France and the United Kingdom.
An overview to Sociolinguistic research in Russia and Uzbekistan. Such research in Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union intensified after 1917 in connection with
the needs of society. Among the people living in this area there were those who had ancient writing traditions and those who did not have writing at all. Therefore, the science of Sociolinguistics during this period was engaged in the coverage of the following issues as
- to determine the basic dialect or dialect, which is the basis of literary language, and to scientifically substantiate its foundation;
- creation of the national script, alphabet, spelling rules of the people considering the phonetic structure of the future literary language;
- administrative management, teaching and learning the newly established literary language as an official language, gaining widespread use in the media, and so on.
The study of such issues has caused a number of problems for sociolinguistics. In particular, the basic dialect or dialect which has risen to the level of a literary language, must be "pleasing" literally the nation of that language. Literary language has its own norms and rules, and it is much more difficult to fully align with all dialects.
Sociolinguistic research is also concerned with terminological problems. It is known that words that express a certain concept in the field of science and technology, culture and art are called terms. The science of terminology deals with the study of the linguistic features of terms. The science of terminology encounters the following two directions in defining the sociolinguistic processes of term formation: a) the acquisition and widespread use of international words as terms; b) the complete abandonment of international words and the use of the possibilities of this or that national language in the creation of terms. Neither of these directions is acceptable, as the abandonment of terms that are widely used in all languages and the use of artificial terms leads to a decline in the status of literary language. At the same time, it is not expedient to use a term borrowed from another language as an international word instead of an existing term in a literary language.
Sociolinguistic research in Russia and Uzbekistan also seeks to address the problem of interethnic communication. In the Commonwealth of Independent States, the language of communication is Russian. As a result of the development of sociolinguistics, the following issues have been clarified:
- the development of a society leads to an increase in the social functions of the languages that serve that society;
- the vocabulary of all literary languages expands and enriches due to scientific and technical progress and the needs of society;
- the acceleration of social development is reflected in literary languages;
- the influence of neighboring languages is growing;
- the social status of the language as a means of interethnic communication will increase, and its influence on other languages in society will increase;
- bilingual and trilingual phenomena are developing in the society.
Advances in sociolinguistics show that languages affect each other not only lexically, but also the internal structure of each other. Accordingly, in modern linguistics, the concept of "the process of interaction of the internal structure of languages" is formed. The development of international relations lays the groundwork for the rapprochement of the cultures of the peoples and nations living in those countries. As a result, the languages influence one another which in turn ensures the internal development of languages.
There is a lot of work on sociolinguistics abroad, especially in the United States of America. According to the American linguist R.T.Bell, in the field of social linguistics in the US there are two directions [4]:
1) pure sociolinguistics, which studies the grammar of the speaker and the listener, their interaction, cooperation;
2) the sociology of language, which studies the use of language signs, symbols in various social spheres of society.
In America, the first field is called microsociology, which is mainly practiced by linguists. The second is called macrosociology, and sociologists deal with these problems.
Microsociolinguistics studies the verbal interaction of individuals who make up small social groups, mainly the nature of everyday human social interactions. On the other hand, Macrosociolinguistics studies the verbal communication between one social group and another [5]. The achievements of microsociolinguistics serve as a scientific basis for macrosociolinguistic research. Sociolinguistics is a comprehensive study of the characteristics of language in relation to the social environment. This is called the theory of language change in linguistics.
Sociolinguistics also deals with the problem of typology of languages. The sociolinguistic typology of languages is a typology that takes into account its social status in society. Such typology is based on the following four criteria:
1. Standardization is a literary language adopted by speakers of a particular language. The main factor of standardization is the creation of grammar and vocabulary of the language.
2. Vitality is the presence or absence of a society that speaks a particular language. If a language is alive, there will be a society that considers it a mother tongue and respects it. Sometimes languages that were once dead can also be revived. For example, Hebrew was the language of the ancient Palestinian people in the 1st millennium BC, and in 1948 the state of Israel adopted it as the state language with some changes.
3. Historicality - this means that as a result of the use of a particular language by society, it develops continually.
4. Autonomy - this means that a language that serves as a native language for a particular social group is radically different from other languages in terms of structure or manifests itself as a variant of one language. For example, when comparing Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak languages, phonetic, lexical and grammatical differences can be between them. That is, these languages are autonomous, independent languages. However, the languages of the peoples living in the Samarkand, Andijan and Khorezm regions of the Uzbek language cannot be autonomous, although they have different features. Because there are lexical and some grammatical differences between the dialect and the national literary language, there are no changes in the general structure.
Based on these typological features, a sociolinguistic classification of languages is accomplished. Modern linguistics divides languages sociolinguistically into the following 7 types:
a. Standard languages. Languages that have a norm of literary language and serve as a literary language, the state language in society, are called standard languages. For example, Uzbek, Tajik, Russian, Kyrgyz, Afghan, Ukrainian are among them.
b. Classical languages. A language that is perfected in the era of classicism, has its own script, and created great works at that time is called a classical language. For example, Latin, Sanskrit, ancient Greek, Sughd, Khorezmian. These languages are now dead languages.
c. Local languages. Indigenous languages are languages that serve a small number of small nations and people and do not have their own script. For example, the language of the native Indians in the America is a clear example of this. According to sociolinguistic typology, some indigenous languages of the African continent also belong to this group.
d. Creole languages. Creole languages are the mixture of the languages of the people of America, Africa, and the Orient and elements of European languages (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese) as a result of colonialism. For example, on the American island of Haiti, the Gatti-Creole language was formed due to French intermingling with the local population. As a result of the interference of the indigenous languages of Latin America, the Spanish-nautical Creole language emerged. In the American islands of Aruba and Bonaire, the Papiamento Creole language was formed by a mixture of Negro and Spanish languages. Such Creole languages are characterized by a simplified grammatical system and ease of communication.
e. Pidgin languages. These are languages that have emerged as a result of the interfering of local languages with European languages. Pidgin and Creole languages have similarities and differences. If there is a population that speak Creole and considers it their native language, Pidgin does not have such a feature. Pidgin languages are used as a second means of communication in large port cities. In general, Pidgin is an early stage in the emergence of Creole languages. One of the most widely spoken languages today is Pidgin-English, which is spoken in the ports of southern China. There is also a "Chinese dialect of the Russian language" called Kyakhta. The Kyakhta russian-chinese pidgin was studied by S.I.Cherepanov in the middle of the 19th century as a peculiar "language" of the people living in Kyakhta on the Russian-Chinese border. On islands such as Jamaica and Haiti, Pidgin, an outcome of interfering French, Spanish, and Portuguese with the local population, is still widely used.
f. Artificial languages. Specially created languages of international communication are called artificial languages. For example, the Polish ophthalmologist, linguist Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof was the inventor of the international language Esperanto in 1887, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language in the world [6]. The language would be a tool to gather people together through neutral, fair, equitable communication [7]. Also, it has developed like other languages, through the interaction and creativity of its users [8]. This language is quite common. Newspapers and magazines are published in this language, works of art are published. Such artificial languages include Ido, Volapuk, Occidental, Interlingua and Neo.
g. Dialect. The word is Greek and means dialect. It is the language of population spread over a small area, of a particular tribe, people, or nation. Local dialects differ from social dialects and jargons in that they have their own grammatical structure, vocabulary, and in the future can serve as a basis for the national literary language.
This means that the more a society needs a language, the more important it is for a language to have a society. The status and development of language depends on its circulation and its ability to serve as a means of communication. In addition to the above
issues, the sociolinguistic language also pays great attention to the study of the speech characteristics of women, men, adolescents and kids.
References
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