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Original Paper
УДК 81'23:398.23 (811.111+811.161.1+811.512.154) DOI: 10.29025/2079-6021-2019-2-89-96
Linguocultural analysis of jokes as the source of ethnic stereotypes in the English, Russian and Kyrgyz languages
Asel K. Mukarapova
Kyrgyz National University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4887-1556, e-mail: [email protected]
Received: 22.03.2019 /Accepted: 19.04.2019 /Publishedonline: 25.06.2019
Abstract: The article deals with the analysis of jokes as a source of ethnic stereotypes in the English, Russian, and Kyrgyz languages. The relation between culture and stereotypes through the analysis of ethnic stereotypes used in jokes is presented.
The author focuses attention on the fact that human mind has an ability to create and firmly acquire simplified stereotypes that are particularly reflected in the sphere of international communication. Every nation has its own sustainable image of other people. For example, it is acceptable to say that the British are formal, the Germans are accurate, the Russians are hospitable. We say "a typical German", "a typical Englishman" referring to a specific set of ethnic traits, characteristics, or qualities; and such phrases are understood by the others correctly and does not require any additional explanation, because they reflect a certain national stereotype. Thus, ethnic stereotypes, being collective and conventional images, reflect the ethnic and cultural characteristics of the people, the specifics of national psychology and traditions.
The author highlights the fact that specialists in ethnic psychology, studying the ethnocultural stereotyes, note that nations with a high level of economic development emphasize in themselves such qualities as intelligence, efficiency and initiative, but nations with a low level of economics demonstrate kindness, «warmth», and hospitality.
Keywords: stereotype, ethnic stereotype, ethnic jokes, nations, culture, values, cross-cultural communication. For citation: Mukarapova A.K. Linguocultural analysis of jokes as the source of ethnic stereotypes in the English, Russian and Kyrgyz languages. Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics. 2019; 2: 8996. DOI: 10.29025/2079-6021-2019-2-89-96 (In Eng.).
Оригинальная статья
DOI: 10.29025/2079-6021-2019-2-89-96
Лингвокультурный анализ анекдота как источника этнических стереотипов в английском, русском и кыргызском языках
А. К. Мукарапова
Кыргызский Национальный Университет им. Ж. Баласагына
г. Бишкек, Кыргызстан ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4887-1556, e-mail: [email protected]
Получена: 22.03.2019 /Принята: 19.04.2019 /Опубликована онлайн: 25.06.2019
Резюме: В статье рассматриваются анекдоты как источник этностереотипов в английском, русском и кыргызском языках. Автор анализирует представления о своем и чужом народе, в формировании которых участвуют этническое сознание и самосознание.
Автор акцентирует внимание на социальных и культурных ценностях, которые значимы для определенного лингвокультурного общества, а также определенных образах народов и их представителей, т.е. стереотипах.
Из множества существующих разных видов стереотипов: этнических, возрастных, профессиональных, гендерных и т.д., автор рассматривает этнические стереотипы, т.к. именно они представляют обобщённое и упрощённое представление о типичных чертах, характеризующих какой-либо народ одной этнической группы о другой этнической группе (гетеростереотипы) и о самой себе (автостереотипы). Более того, в статье автор рассматривает этнические стереотипы, отраженные в анекдотах, поскольку, в большинстве случаев, национальные традиции и нормы поведения, системы ценностей, свойственные представителям определенной страны и культуры, имеют прямое отражение в юморе. Автор особо отмечает тот факт, что народам с высоким показателем экономического развития, как правило, присваивают такие качества, как интеллект, инициативность, работоспособность, тогда как нации с более низким показателем экономического развития ассоциируют с такими душевными качествами, как доброта, гостеприимство, человечность.
Ключевые слова: стереотип, этностереотип, анекдот, народы, культура, ценности, межкультурная коммуникация.
Для цитирования: Мукарапова А.К. Лингвокультурный анализ анекдота как источника этнических стереотипов в английском, русском и кыргызском языках // Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2019; 2: 89-96. DOI: 10.29025/2079-6021-2019-2-89-96.
Introduction
It is generally accepted that language and culture are closely related. Language can be viewed as a verbal expression of culture. It is used to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties. Language provides us with many categories we use to express our thoughts, so it is, therefore, natural to assume that our thinking is influenced by the language we use. The values and customs in the country we grow up form the way of our thinking to a certain extent.
This theme is closely related to the ethnic stereotypes, since national stereotype is understood as a system of beliefs about typical characteristics of members of a given ethnic group or nationality, their status, society, and cultural norms. National stereotypes may be either related to some ethnicity/nationality itself, or can relate to the other one. Self-stereotypes of some nations may help to maintain their national identity [16].
The aim of the article
The aim of the article is to analyze jokes as a source of ethnic stereotypes in the English, Russian and Kyrgyz languages.
Scholarly papers review
Defining stereotypes, scholars generally agree that stereotypes are schematic, standardized images, conceptions, or opinions of individual members of a culture (or group) as a whole about some social phenomenon or object, usually emotionally charged and having stability [14, p. 35]. They express the attitude of a person to any phenomenon developed under the influence of social conditions and prior experience.
The words "stereotype", "stereotypical" have a negative connotation in Russian and English languages, as they are determined by the word template which is defined as "hackneyed, lacking originality and expressiveness." However, it is quite unfair to the word 'stereotype' in general, and particularly in the context of problems of cross-cultural communication. Being schematic and generalized, stereotypes about other peoples and other cultures prepare people for a confrontation with a foreign culture, weakening 'the strike' and reducing a cultural shock. According to Duijker H.C.J., "Stereotypes allow a person to have an idea of the world as a whole, go beyond its narrow social, geographical, and political world" [10, p. 159].
The term 'stereotype' was first used by an outstanding American journalist Walter Lippmann, who in 1922 published the book "Public Opinion" [13]. By these words, he tried to describe the method by which the society tries to categorize people. As a rule, public opinion simply puts a 'stamp' on the basis of certain characteristics. According to him, stereotype can be defined as a stable representation of the facts of reality leading to a very simplistic exaggerated estimates and judgments on the part of individuals, spread by the use of language
or other ways in certain social groups [13, p. 156]. Stereotypes may be formed on the basis of: age ("Youths listen to only rock 'n' roll"), race ("Japanese are indistinguishable from each other"), religion ("Islam is the religion of terror"), profession ("All lawyers are crooks'"), nationality ("All Jews are greedy"). There are also geographical stereotypes ("Life in small towns is safer than in big cities"), things ("German cars are of the highest quality"), etc.
Stereotypes in most cases are neutral, but when they move from person to a group of people (social, ethnic, religious, racial, etc.), they often require a negative connotation. Such phenomena as racism, sexism, islam-ophobia, etc. are based on stereotypes. Stereotypes that act as incentives can induce such human reaction as the feeling of sympathy or antipathy, fear or anger, love or hatred toward one or another social phenomenon.
Ethnic stereotype is a socially conditioned schematic image of the ethnic community or the idea of the other ethnic communities [6, p. 247]. Traditionally established in social sciences term "national or ethnic stereotype" means a steady, one-sided and emotionally tinted view of one nation of another nation or of itself [11]. Both variants of the term are often used as synonyms. Ethnic stereotypes (in the narrow sense of the term) are natural constituent elements of the national consciousness, a kind of 'collective representations' that help people to realize their national identity, its difference from other ethnic communities. Ethnic stereotype consists of three parts: our knowledge of this nation, our emotional attitude or emotional assessment to a particular ethnic group, our model of conduct with the representatives of this nationality [6, p. 247].
Simply put, communicating with a person and perceiving him as a representative of a particular nationality, we assume that we know what personal traits are typical of him ("all Englishmen are arrogant" or "all Germans are punctual", "hospitable Russians", "generous Kyrgyz" etc.); we experience certain feelings for this person and show a certain behavior to him. As a result, we get a fairly complete national stereotype, expressed as follows: "I do not like the English; they are arrogant."
Therefore, despite the positive function of the mechanism of stereotype (saving time) in our everyday communication, stereotypes often play a negative role. We discriminate a person only because he belongs to the ethnic group with which we have had a negative communication experience. We expect to be tricked by them or try not to contact with these people at all, because we consider them as dishonest, as once some of the representatives of their nation were.
Typologically ethnic stereotypes can be divided into autostereotypes and heterostereotypes. An autostereotype is a judgment (in the sense of an opinion) that an ethnic group forms about itself. The object of ethnic stereotypes is the most typical representative of their ethnic group. Autostereotypes, as a rule, represent a balanced set of positive and negative attributes. A heterostereotype is more an association, a prejudice used by an ethnic group to define the others. Within the national stereotype, you can find positive and negative ones [9, p. 23].
Ethnic stereotypes are commonly portrayed in ethnic jokes, the most of which are usually considered to be offensive in a various degree. A joke is a precedent text and has all the characteristics of the precedent text [3, p. 216]. A joke is a display of humor in which words are used within a specific and well-defined narrative structure to make people laugh. It takes the form of a story, usually with dialogue, and ends with a punch line. It is in the punch line that the audience becomes aware that the story contains the second, opposite meaning. This can be achieved by using pun or another word play such as irony, logical incompatibility, nonsense, or other means [12].
Jokes reflect the national character of particular people to a certain degree; however, mostly, they are a source of stereotypical ideas about nations and a source of ethnic stereotypes. [2, p. 107]. Jokes are often built on the overplaying of a precedent situation which is a certain ideal situation with certain connotations. A set of differential signs of a precedent situation is included to the cognitive basis. As an example we can mention a situation of Judah's betrayal of Jesus Christ, which is perceived today as a standard of betrayal in general [2, p.108.]. Likewise, in international jokes the representatives of several nationalities are often put in the same conditions (precedent situations). For example, it is a train, a deserted island, hunting in the forest, etc. In them, they solve the proposed problems in accordance to their national character.
The characters of jokes can also have a precedent character; they are "mythologized ethnic types that bear fixed characteristic images, mental stereotypes and comical behavior standards in the mass consciousness that are adequately perceived almost exclusively within the speech culture", in which a joke is created [7, p. 58].
Methods
The following methods were used in the given article: 1) the method of continuous sampling and the analyzing the material; 2) the comparative analysis of jokes as a source of ethnic stereotypes in the target languages.
Results and discussion
The analysis of English jokes
The communicative behavior of English is evident in the fact that they are extremely cautious, considerate, and polite in words and deeds. These qualities are reflected in English jokes:
• «Some of the most tactful people on earth are English. One office supervisor called a secretary in to give her the bad news that she was being fired. He started the conversation with: "Miss Smyth, I really don t know how we are going to get along without you, but starting Monday, we are going to try"».
There are a lot of jokes on this theme in the Russian language as well. For example:
• «Английский бизнесмен получил письмо от коллеги. Письмо гласило: "Дорогой сэр, поскольку моя секретарша - дама, я не могу продиктовать ей то, что о вас думаю. Более того, поскольку я -джентльмен, я не имею права даже думать о вас так. Но так как вы ни то, ни другое, я надеюсь, вы поймете меня правильно"» [1].
Regarding the English culture, Sherlock Holmes is the example of quick-wittedness and ingenuity for them:
• «Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson decided to go on a camping trip. After a good meal and a bottle of wine, they lay down for the night and went to sleep. Some hours later, Holmes awoke and nudged his faithful friend awake.
"Watson, look up at the sky and tell me what you see."
Watson replied, "I see millions of stars."
"What does that tell you?" Holmes questioned.
Watson ponderedfor a minute."Astronomically, it tells me that there are millions of galaxies and potentially billions ofplanets."
"Astrologically, I observe that Saturn is in Leo."
"Horologically, I deduce that the time is approximately a quarter past three."
"Theologically, I can see that God is all powerful and that we are small and insignificant."
"Meteorologically, I suspect that we will have a beautiful day tomorrow. "
"What does it tell you, Holmes?"
Holmes was silent for a minute, then spoke: "Watson, you idiot. It tells me that some bastard has stolen our tent!"» [15].
Another quality, characterizing Englishmen, is their strong commitment to the traditions and love of family relics. The whole world knows that Englishmen eat porridge in the morning, drink tea at 5 o'clock, and that red double-deckers driving around their cities, etc. Englishmen cherish their traditions. There is an English joke about English traditionalism:
• «Three men are the sole survivors of a shipwreck and become stranded on a desert island. Several years after they land, a bottle washes up on the beach. The first man, an Englishman, grabs the bottle and rubs it - and out pops a genie. "I am the genie of the lamp. I am allowed to grant 3 wishes. Because there are three of you, you are allowed one wish each." The Englishman thinks for a bit and says, "I would like to be back in England watching the game of football with a good English beer. "».
The analysis of Russian jokes
There is a stereotype that the Russian people are prone to illegal activities. It is reflected in the Russian jokes about themselves. There are many jokes about the Russian mafia and so-called new Russians, but as a rule, these people in the contexts of jokes are not endowed by high intelligence and etiquette. For example:
• «- Звонит один новый русский другому:
- Вась, как дела?
- Слушай, можно я тебе перезвоню? Я сейчас на кладбище.
- Блиин!!! Кто это тебя? [4]».
Next stereotype is about Russians' adherence to alcohol:
• «Судья спрашивает приговоренного к смерти убийцу и алкоголика:
- Какой вид смерти вы предпочитаете?
- Через отравление организма алкоголем».
Such a trait of character of Russians, as unpretentiousness is associated with the excessive use of alcohol:
• «Изобрели компьютер, мысли читающий, и решили проверить, что разные люди по пьянке думают. Англичанин выпивает стакан виски с содовой, появляется дом, камин, собака... Француз выпивает бокал вина, появляется прекрасная женщина... Русский выпивает стакан водки, мыслей ноль, выпивает
еще стакан, появляется маленькая точка, выпивает еще стакан, точка увеличивается, выпивает ведро, в центре точки виден маленький огурчик» [4].
The Englishmen also compose jokes about the simplicity and unpretentiousness of Russian people:
• «A Russian, a Frenchman, and an Englishman argued about Adam's nationality.
- The Frenchman said, "Of course Adam was French. Look how passionately he made love to Eve!"
- The Englishman said, "Of course Adam was British. Look how he gave his only apple to the lady, like a real gentleman."
- The Russian said, "Of course Adam could only be Russian. Who else, possessing nothing but a sole apple, and walking with a naked ass, still believed he was in a paradise?"» [8].
A huge number of jokes in Russia are written about the relationship between a son-in-law and a mother-in-law. They are known as one of the most popular characters in jokes, the essence of which boils down to the fact that these people are, have always been, and will always be incompatible opponents.
• «Приходит старушка к зятю. В дверях ее встречает внук.
- Бабушка, а кто тебя принес?
- Никто, я сама пришла.
- А папа увидел тебя в окно и говорит: "Опять тещу черт несет!"» [4].
The stereotypical image of the Russians is revealed through dialogue with other characters and is reconstructed on the basis of his speech that characterizes him as an ethnic type with certain qualities. For example, the following joke shows such a Russian quality as naivety, which manifests itself in jokes of a dialogical type, where the speech of characters is reported by the use of exclamatory sentences:
• «Купили русский и еврей по пачке сигарет. Ну, простодушный русский сразу распаковал и закурил, а еврей говорит: «Слушай, дай сигарету, а то мне пачку распаковывать не хочется». Дает ему русский сигарету и говорит: «На, возьми!». Еврей ее раз за ухо и, потирая руки, отвечает: «А теперь покурим!».
This joke reflects the generosity of the Russian soul, where the Russian response (to the request of the Jew to give a cigarette) "Hereyou are, take it!" makes it possible to explicate this ethnostereotype. Simple-heartedness is revealed in a comparison with a Jew, who requires such personal qualities in jokes as forethought and enterprise; they live according to the principle "to bring everything home for the family."
Chukchi, the native people of Chukotka, the most remote northeast corner of Russia, are a common minority targeted for generic ethnic jokes in Russia. In jokes, they are depicted as generally primitive, uncivilized, and simple-minded, but clever in a naive way. A propensity for constantly saying 'odnako' (an equivalent to "however", depending on the context) is a core of jokes about Chukcha. Often an opposed man to the Chukcha in the jokes is a Russian geologist.
• «A Chukcha and a Russian geologist go hunting polar bears. They track one down at last. Seeing the bear, the Chukcha shouts "Run!" and starts running away. The Russian shrugs, calmly raises his gun, and shoots the bear. "Russian hunter, bad hunter!" the Chukcha exclaims. "Ten kilometres to the yaranga, you haul this bear yourself!"» [17].
The analysis of Kyrgyz jokes
In the culture of Kyrgyz humor, the Kyrgyz are mostly presented as trusty and simple people unlike Uzbeks or Kazakhs. Here we have an example of simplicity, at the same time, generosity of the Kyrgyz people.
• «Эки кыргыз, бир казак жана бир еврей болуп смолетто бара жатат. Бир маалда лётчик келип:»Самолет бузулду. Бир аздан сон жерге кулайт. Бизде 4 эле парашют бар. А биз 5 кишибиз. Мен мыкты лётчикмин, дагы самолет айдап элге кызмат кылганга тируу калышым керек Мага бир парашют бергиле," - дейт. Анда кыргыз макул болуп берет. Лётчик секирип кетет. Анан казак баштайт: "Менин кеп балам бар, елсем аларды ким багат?"дейт. Ага боору ооруган кыргыз дагы бир парашютту берип, аны да секиртип жиберет. Андан сон еврей айтат: "Биз еврейлер акылдуубуз, дайма бир нерсе ойлоп табабыз. Элге керекмин. Мага да бир парашют бер,"- дейт. Кыргыз мейли деп ага да бирди карматат. Еврей секирип кетет. Ошентип бир эле парашют менен 2 кыргыз калды. Анда бири: "Ташмат, сен алдагы парашют менен секирип кете бер. Мен кала берейин. Баатырларча елем,"- десе, Ташмат айтат: "Ээ досум, коркпо, менде эки парашют бар. Тиги еврейге жен эле сумканы берип койгом. Ал акылдуу да, акыры бир нерсе ойлоп табар жерге тушкуче " деген экен» [5].
This joke reveals such traits of character of the Kyrgyz people, as trustfulness, simplicity, and generosity. As we can see in the example, the Kyrgyz agreed to save the Kazakh's life for the sake of the latters' children. Thus, this is an evidence of generosity. One more example of generosity is the Kyrgyz's readiness to die:
«Анда бири: Ташмат, сен алдагы парашют менен секирип кете бер. Мен кала берейин. Баатырларча елем».
The next example shows us another ethnic autostereotype about the Kyrgyz people:
• «Бир чон чункурга 3 кыргыз, Зказак, 3 орус тYШYп кетишет. Бир нече убакытта орустар менен казактар бири бирине жардам берип жатып, оной эле чункурдан чыгып кетишет. Кыргыздар болсо, улам чыгып баратканын тартып ылдый тYШYPYп жатып, баардыгы ошол анда кала беришиптир» » [5].
This autosterotype ridicules such a trait of character as envy. In the Kyrgyz linguistic culture such phenomenon is called "кере албастык".
One of the most popular stereotypes about the Kyrgyz people is poor Russian language skills. Here we have an example of classic precedent situation:
• «Эки кыргыз Москвада жYPYп дукенге нан сатып алганы кирет экен. Кассир кыздан нан сурап жатышат дейт:
- Сестра хлеб почему?
- Чтобы кушать,- десе:
- Да я знаю чтобы кушать, хлеб почему? - деп сурайт дейт. Ошентип кайра- кайра сурап кызды чарчатат экен.
Анда берки досу орусча билген киши болуп:
- Сестра, мой друг по русский не хорошо знаеш, хлеб зачем?- деген экен».
There is a joke revealing quick-wittedness of the Kyrgyz people:
• «Кыргыз, ©збек, Немис Yчее вертолёт менен учуп калышат. Анан мактаныша кетишип,немис машинасынын ключун ыргытып жиберет «Бизде машинаны езYбYЗ чыгарабыз,машина аябай кеп, жалко эмес»-деп.взбек коон-дарбыздарын ыргытып жиберет «коон-дарбыз бизде аябай кеп,жалко эмес»-деп.Кыргыз не деп мактанышын билбей, езбекти желкеден кармап ыргытып жиберет,немис тан калып: «езбек досту не ыргытып жибердин»-десе,кыргыз: «Бизде езбектер аябай кеп, жалко эмес»-деген экен» [5].
Conclusion
Thus, we can conclude that the term "national or ethnic stereotype", is traditionally entrenched in social sciences, and means a steady, one-sided and emotionally colored view of one nation of another or of itself. While communicating with a person and perceiving him as a representative of a particular nationality, we know what personal traits are typical of him and have certain expectations about this man.
Having analysed the word "stereotype" carefully, we understood that it is a schematic, standardized image or idea of the social phenomenon or object, usually emotionally charged and stable. Stereotypes have their own features and role; they are the main source of myths and are used as labels. But despite the "persistence", the stereotype is not eternal.
Jokes reflect the national character of particular people to a certain degree; however, mostly they are a source of stereotypical ideas about nations and a source of ethnic stereotypes. We know that ethnic stereotypes not only summarize certain information, but also express an emotional attitude to the object.
To illustrate the results of the analysis, a summative table of stereotypical characteristics of representatives of the three nationalities reflected in the selected jokes is given below.
Nationality Characteristics
Englishmen Russians The Kyrgyz Extremely cautious, considerate, and polite in words and deeds/ strong commitment to the traditions / love of family relics/ English traditionalism/ dignity / drink whiskey/ encourage the patriotic spirit. Also, among other nations there is a belief that Englishmen are very quick-witted. Witty mind, an ability to quickly navigate the situation, the ability to retort in a dispute - all these qualities are inherent to the British. Simplicity and unpretentiousness of the Russian people/ new Russians are not endowed with high intelligence and etiquette/ adherence to alcohol / poor relationship between son-in-law and mother-in-law/ na-ivety/ generosity of the Russian soul /faithfulness to Motherland/ primitive, uncivilized, and simple-minded, but clever in a naive kind of way Chukchis/ innocence. Trustfulness /simplicity/ generosity/ envy/ poor Russian language skills/ rudeness/ patience/ modesty/ quick-wittedness.
Summarizing everything said above, we can note that a sufficiently large number of jokes reflect the stereotyped thinking of the nations both about themselves and about people in other countries.
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16. Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A.M., Adam, N., et al. (Oct. 2005). "National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures". Science. 310 (5745): 96 100. Bibcode: 2005Sci...310...96T. doi: 10.1126/science.1117199. PMC 2775052 PMID 16210536.
17. What are some Russian jokes lampooning ethnicities and gender? //Quora. Available at: https://www. quora.com/What-are-some-Russian-jokes-lampooning-ethnicities-and-gender (access at 23 September 2018).
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Мукарапова Асель Камчыбековна, кандидат филологических наук, Кыргызский Национальный Университет им. Ж. Баласагына, факультет иностранных языков, кафедра англистики и межкультурной коммуникации, доцент; 720033, г. Бишкек, Кыргызстан, ул. Фрунзе, 547.
Asel K. Mukarapova, Ph.D., Kyrgyz National University named after J. Balasagyn, Faculty of Foreign Languages, English Studies and Cross - Cultural Communication Department, Associate Professor; 547 Frunze Str., 720033, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; e-mail: [email protected].
