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EURASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHN01:0GY AND INNOVATION
LINGUISTICS AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Diyorova Mahliyo Shuhrat qizi
Karshi engineering and economics Institute The teacher of foreign languages department
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received: 02nd June 2024 Accepted: 07th June 2024 Online: 08th June 2024 KEY WORDS
Clinical methods, cognitive, cultural, mental, organic, correspond
Linguistics is the medical have a look at of language. Linguistics is based on a theoretical in addition to a descriptive look at of language and is also interlinked with the implemented fields of language research and language mastering, which includes the observe of specific languages. Earlier than the 20 th century, linguistics evolved together with literary observe and did not appoint clinical methods.
We know present day-day linguistics is taken into consideration a science because it includes a comprehensive, systematic, goal, and unique evaluation of all factors of language[4] - i.e., the cognitive, the social, the cultural, the mental, the environmental, the organic, the literary, the grammatical, the paleographical, and the structural. Conventional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to syntax (guidelines governing the structure of sentences), semantics (which means), morphology (shape of phrases), phonetics (speech sounds and equal gestures in sign languages), phonology (the summary sound device of a selected language), and pragmatics (how social context contributes to which means). Subdisciplines inclusive of biolinguistics (the examine of the organic variables and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the have a look at of psychological elements in human language) bridge many of these divisions.
Linguistics encompasses many branches and subfields that span each theoretical and sensible packages. Theoretical linguistics (together with conventional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the everyday and essential nature of language and developing a trendy theoretical framework for describing it. applied linguistics seeks to utilise the scientific findings of the examine of language for practical purposes, together with growing methods of improving language schooling and literacy.
Linguistic features can be studied via a spread of views: synchronically (by way of describing the shifts in a language at a certain particular point of time) or diachronically (through the historical improvement of language over numerous durations of time), in monolinguals or in multilinguals, among kids or amongst adults, in phrases of how it's far being found out or how it changed into acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive systems, thru written texts or through oral elicitation, and subsequently thru mechanical information collection or through realistic fieldwork.
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Linguistics emerged from the sector of philology, of which a few branches are greater qualitative and holistic in method. Today, philology and linguistics are now variably defined as associated fields, subdisciplines, or separate fields of language have a look at however, by means of and big, linguistics may be visible as an umbrella term. Linguistics is likewise related to the philosophy of language, stylistics, rhetoric, semiotics, lexicography, and translation.
principal subdisciplines
Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure is regarded because the author of semiotics historical linguistics primary article: ancient linguistics historical linguistics is the take a look at of ways language modifications in history, specially with reference to a selected language or a set of languages. Western trends in historic linguistics date returned to roughly the past due 18th century, when the discipline grew out of philology, the study of historical texts and oral traditions.
Historical linguistics emerged as one of the first few sub-disciplines in the area, and was most widely practised all through the late 19th century in spite of a shift in focus within the 20th century in the direction of formalism and generative grammar, which research the ordinary properties of language, historical studies nowadays nonetheless stays a significant subject of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the field consistof language trade and grammaticalisation.
Historical linguistics studies language change both diachronically (through a evaluation of different time periods inside the beyond and present) or in a synchronic manner (by way of looking at tendencies among unique variations that exist in the contemporary linguistic level of a language).
at first, ancient linguistics become the cornerstone of comparative linguistics, which entails a study of the relationship among different languages. At that point, scholars of ancient linguistics were simplest involved with developing exceptional classes of language families, and reconstructing prehistoric proto-languages by using using both the comparative approach and the approach of internal reconstruction. inner reconstruction is the approach by means of which an detail that consists of a positive meaning is re-utilized in distinct contexts or environments in which there's a variant in either sound or analogy.
The motive for this had Indo-ecu languages, lots of which had detailed documentation and long written histories. pupils of ancient linguistics also studied Uralic languages, some other eu language circle of relatives for which very little written fabric existed returned then. After that, there also followed great work on the corpora of different languages, inclusive of the Austronesian languages and the native American language families.
The above technique of comparativism in linguistics is now, but, most effective a small part of the lots broader area called historic linguistics. The comparative have a look at of precise Indo-ecu languages is taken into consideration a surprisingly specialized subject nowadays, while comparative research is done over the subsequent inner tendencies in a language: in particular, over the development of current fashionable sorts of languages, and over the improvement of a language from its standardized form to its types.
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as an instance, a few scholars also attempted to establish remarkable-households, linking, as an instance, Indo-eu, Uralic, and other language households to Nostratic even as those tries are still now not extensively usual as credible methods, they provide essential records to set up relatedness in language alternate. this is usually tough to find for events long in the past, due to the prevalence of chance word resemblances and variations among language companies. A limit of round 10,000 years is frequently assumed for the practical cause of carrying out studies. it's also tough to this point numerous proto-languages. even though several methods are available, these languages may be dated most effective approximately.
In modern historical linguistics, we take a look at how languages alternate over time, focusing on the relationships between dialects within a selected period. This includes reading morphological, syntactical, and phonetic shifts. Connections between dialects within the beyond and gift also are explored.
Syntax and morphology essential articles: Syntax and Morphology (linguistics) Syntax and morphology are branches of linguistics involved with the order and structure of meaningful linguistic devices which include phrases and morphemes. Syntacticians take a look at the regulations and constraints that govern how speakers of a language can prepare phrases into sentences. Morphologists observe similar rules for the order of morphemes—sub-phrase devices inclusive of prefixes and suffixes—and the way they'll be blended to shape words.[21] phrases, in conjunction with clitics, are generally everyday as being the smallest gadgets of syntax. but in maximum languages, if not all, many words may be associated with different words with the aid of regulations that collectively describe the grammar for that language. as an example, English audio system understand that the words canine and puppies are closely related, differentiated only through the plurality morpheme "-s", simplest found bound to noun terms. speakers of English understand those members of the family from their innate know-how of the English language's regulations of phrase formation.
References:
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