693LINGUISTICS AND ITS MODERN TYPES
Nursulton Zamon ugli Shaykhislamov Kudratbek Shavkat ugli Makhmudov
Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute
ABSTRACT
This article discusses the current types and trends in modern linguistics.
Keywords: linguistics, terminology, sociolinguistics, static linguistics, computer linguistics
INTRODUCTION
The term linguistics is actively used in a number of European countries: English, French, German, Spanish, Russian and other languages, and refers to the science of language. The root of the word is lingua, which means language. Consequently, the Uzbek alternative to the term linguistics is linguistics, which is synonymous with each other.
Linguistics, or linguistics, studies and analyzes the communication tool - language as a system - as a whole object, a complex social phenomenon. In the process, it comes in many forms. This is due to the nature of language, which has a social character, the need to study and study it from different angles, and the fact that this is absolutely true from a scientific point of view.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSTION
Linguistics is a powerful symbol of spirituality, which is reflected in the study of the language, which is the wealth of the nation, in the following ways:
1. Dynamic linguistics.
2. Static linguistics.
3. Synchronous linguistics.
4. Diachronous linguistics.
5. Intralinguistics.
6. Extralinguistics.
7. Paralinguistics.
8. Psycholinguistics.
9. Sociolinguistics.
10. Mathematical linguistics.
11. Computer Linguistics.
12. Cognitive linguistics.
13. Pragmalinguistics.
14. Linguoculturalology.
1. Dynamic linguistics. Dynamic linguistics mainly studies language in its real existence, in the active performance of various tasks in the communicative process, in "development" and change.
2. Static linguistics. Static linguistics distinguishes and describes a specific period (segment) of language activity that is fully synchronized. This field of linguistics, unlike dynamic linguistics, which is completely alienated from the process of development and change in language, examines the state of a certain "stagnant" part of language in relation to the present-day period.
3. Synchronous linguistics. Simultaneous linguistics is inextricably linked with static and structural linguistics and serves to describe the "stagnant" and "stable" state of a language in a given period.
4. Diachronous linguistics. Diachronous linguistics is inextricably linked with dynamic and atomistic linguistics, and studies the laws and consequences of the development of language and the development of language units.
5. Intralinguistics (internal linguistics). Internal linguistics studies the systematic relationship of language units, regardless of extralinguistic factors. Sources of research in internal linguistics include phonology, lexicology, and grammar.
6. Extralinguistics (external linguistics). Foreign linguistics studies the development and function of language in relation to socio-political, socio-historical, ethnic, and geographical factors. Accordingly, this linguistics examines language as a social phenomenon.
7. Paralinguistics. Paralinguistics is directly related to the activity of speech, the movement of hands and face (gestures, facial expressions), which is a constant companion of speech, which occurs simultaneously with the expression of ideas in the speech process, the height of speech, expressive- is an area that explores a number of aspects, such as emotional painting.
8. Psycholinguistics. Psycholinguistics as a generalization (synthesis) of psychology and linguistics studies the speech process in terms of content, communicative significance, the orientation of the speech act to a specific socio-practical goal, and its relevance. He pays special attention to the unity of form and content in speech.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the formation and acceptance of speech units on the basis of linguistic possibilities, the state of mind in the speech process (exchangeexpression and comprehension), including conditions (situations), similarity (analogy), differentiation, sensitivity, so pays special attention to the mood of the listener and the listener.
9. Sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is a necessary and logical connection between the sciences of sociology and linguistics and deals with the relationship between society and language (language and society). He interprets language as a social phenomenon. In this regard, the most important problem of sociolinguistics is to study the nature of
language as a social phenomenon, to determine its place and importance in society, in the science of linguistics.
Sociolinguistics mainly studies the relationship between language and social relations, social life, developmental events, facts, and the reasons for this connection. In fact, this field analyzes the social life of language in the life and development of society, that is, the events, processes, changes that occur as a result of the influence of external extralinguistic factors (factors). Thus, sociolinguistics studies how social factors affect language, how they are reflected in the language system, and how they are reflected.
It should be noted that sociolinguistics expands its activities with the use of statistics, censuses and questionnaires.
10. Mathematical linguistics. Mathematical linguistics examines the application of mathematical methods (eg, statistical methods, information theory, etc.) in the study and description of language.
11. Computer Linguistics. Computer linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics whose main purpose is to solve linguistic problems by means of a computer, directly under its "guidance". More precisely, computer linguistics is actively involved in a number of processes, such as language teaching, assessment of knowledge in a particular subject, editing texts, translating from one language to another, conducting statistical research.
12. Cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguistics is one of the newest branches of linguistics. This linguistics arose from the necessary interdependence of the sciences of cognitology and linguistics in order to work together.
13. Pragmalinguistics. Pragmatic linguistics is the result of a new stage of cognitive (empirical) research, research, formed on the basis of the achievements of structural linguistics. It takes as a system the state of use of the linguistic unit, the speech activity. Accordingly, it studies and examines a particular unity in speech activity, in reality, in the manifestation of speech, in cooperation with various non-linguistic factors and at different levels, in relation to them.
14. Linguoculturalology. Linguoculturalology was formed on the basis of linguistics, cultural studies, ethnography, psycholinguistics. He studies the relationship and influence of culture, ethnos, national mentality on the principles of anthropocentric paradigm.
CONCLUSION
In short, the science of linguistics as a whole, as noted, studies the language system through its various features, areas, with all its essence, complexity, with infinite communicative possibilities. In the same process, it interacts with a number of disciplines, actively participates in the coverage of the most pressing and complex issues such as language and society, language and history, language and development, language and thinking, language and speech.
Linguistics serves to confirm and prove that language is a tool of communication, one of the most important, basic, unique criteria for the development and prosperity of society. It also helps the learner to develop creative thinking, to think in the mother tongue and the peculiarities of the structure of the mother tongue, to be radically different from other languages. by absorbing the "self" reflection of the world, it serves as a solid foundation in the formation of national consciousness, national outlook, national pride and ideology.
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