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LINGUISTIC EXPRESSION OF THE CONCEPT SMILE AND LAUGH IN THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Mehribonu Mirzo qizi Sultonova
Navoiy region Kyzyltepa district, an English teacher of the School N#9
ABSTRACT
The concepts of "laughter" and "smile" are usually considered the same block, although for research purposes they can be separated by drawing border solely on the presence / absence of a sound component. As the analysis showed, these areas -laughter and a smile - are really closely "intertwined" with each other, their formation is walked in difficult ways, this is especially evident when studying origin of lexemes representing laughter and smile in English language. The following article is devoted to the study of linguistic expression of the concept smile and laugh in English.
Key words: etymology, origin, borrowing, loan word, laughter, etymological subtlety, stem, nominee, expression, concept, connotation.
If we look at the semantics of the verb laugh in diachronic aspect and study the etymology, then you can come close to the original meanings, which formed the basis for the development of modern semantic structure.
According to etymological dictionaries, the verb laugh had in ancient times English form hliehhan, which corresponds to the Old Upper German hlahhen, Gothic hlahian, which goes back to the Germanic root *hlah- and Proto-Germanic *klak-, possibly akin to Indo-European Pei stem *klek- with the meaning "shout". As noted by the composition dictionaries, obviously, this is an onomatopoeic word that found in similar forms and meanings in other languages, for example in ancient Greek and Latin, as well as in Slavic, Baltic, German and Celtic.
Pokorny's dictionary [Pokorny 1959] provides interesting information about this Indo-European stem *klak- (kleg-, klog-, klang-, kleg-, kleig-, kleik-, etc.). Each presented option, in its own way, is a development of the onomatopoeic word kel-("call").
In Latin, the verb clango means "to thunder (of a trumpet), to shout (about birds). In Greek, a noun with this stem means "ringing, noise, hum, vague noise", and the verb - "shout, sound".
In Church Slavonic there was a verb kliknuti ("shout, howl"). From the same base, according to Pokorny, the verb with the meaning "call", which was, according to apparently borrowed into English from the Scandinavian languages, whereas the native
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English verb clypian with the same meaning fell into disuse and has not survived. Thus, according to Pokorny's dictionary, the verb to laugh goes to the Indo-European root, which had different sound options, and in its content is close to the concept of "call" (eng. call). It can be assumed that the primary names of these phenomenawere associated with the desire to attract attention or use were used to indicate sounds that attract attention.
Let us turn to the etymological dictionaries of the English language to identify the features of the above representatives. According to etymological dictionaries (Makovsky M.M. The Great Etymological Dictionary of Modern English; Partridge E. A Short Etymological Eictionary of Modern English; The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology; The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary On Historical Principles), the nominees a smile and to smile, meaning "to give the face an air of pleasure, irony, or mockery", is closely related to Middle English smilen, corresponds to Old German smilan and Middle High German smilenter/smielen, and is a loanword from the Scandinavian languages. The spelling of these words had many varieties at different times: smyle, smale, smyl, smylle, smyll, smill, smoyle and smoile, but according to the Oxford Dictionary, most of the variants were used in Scotland. Moreover, the verb to smile acquired additional shades: the noun smiler formed from it began to denote too much smiling person, rather a hypocrite, and is found in the "History of the Knight" by J. Chaucer. Then, at the beginning of the 15th century, this verb meant a smile addressed to someone. It should be noted that some expressions have been preserved in their original form, but are gradually losing their relevance in English, for example, to smile on/upon somebody in the meaning of "look at someone with approval". Over time, the meaning of the verb is rethought, and new connotations arise: 1) in the 16th century, to smile acquires the meaning of "change, transform, have a pleasant appearance"; 2) in the 17th century to smile is interpreted as "to answer with a smile, to express something with a smile"; this period is marked by the entry into the vocabulary of a new adjective smileful ("smiling"); 3) in the 18th century, the antonym smileful appeared - smileless (smyless), denoting "weak", as well as "unsmiling", "boring", "dull" (dated 1719); 4) a phrasal verb appears to smile away - "to get rid of something" (dated 1760) ; 5) in the 18th-19th centuries, there are also such unfixed forms of the word as smilingness (in Lord Byron) and smilefulness, which can be interpreted as "smiling"; 6) in the 19th century, in the jargon of the lower English-speaking strata, the word smile meant "drunkard" and "to get drunk", moreover, it was implied that they drink whiskey or bourbon (The Oxford Dictionary notes that the nominees smile and to smile ("drink") were used colloquially, they date back to 1858;158 7) in the 19th century, the nominee smilet meant "a slight smile"; 8) in the 19th century, smiler meant
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"a glass" and "a drink-mixture of plain and ginger beer" (1892)159 - it can be assumed that these meanings have some prerequisite: in the 7th century there was an expression to smile like a brewer's horse ( "to smile like a brewer's horse", today in American slang this expression means "to look smug and joyful"), while in some regional dialects (mainly in Yorkshire) to smile was interpreted as "wander", and the noun smile or smail denoted a beer foam (this expression has not gone out of use, but, on the contrary, has acquired a figurative meaning and in American slang means "to drink with someone); 9) in the 19th century, the expression to give a smile appears, which means "to smile with a certain smile" (i.e., a certain kind of smile is meant, the expression dates back to 1837); 10) in Middle English, well-made wine or wine that had been stored for a long time was called smyle; 11) the phrase a sardonic smile is noteworthy, the occurrence of which is associated with risus sardonicus (a reference to the smile of the deceased, to the enlightened smile of the Buddha) or to Homer's Odyssey, in which sardonicus meant "bitter" - perhaps because of the bitter taste of grass growing in Sardinia; 12) in the US, the word smile is sometimes used to denote a thick belly, which is visible between trousers and a shirt ("beer belly", that is, a metaphorical transfer is obvious here); 13) the expression I should smile began to be used in the UK after it was borrowed from the United States at the end of the 19th century and meant "I would probably smile" - for a long time this phrase was attributed to secular conversations and was considered a kind of vulgar expression during a conversation; 13) in the 20th century, in the novel by J. Salinger, the phrase a phony smile ("fake, insincere smile") appeared, which became stable, well-established in American English and gave rise to a number of synonyms a fake smile / a forced smile. Moreover, nowadays smiling faces in the USA often denote hypocrites and two-faced people. The appearance of such phrases is due to pragmatism and the harsh reality of the 20th century.
Such a vivid history of representation, which smile can boast of, reveals its importance for the English-speaking environment and allows us to judge the increased relevance to this day, as well as the expansion of the concept in the collective consciousness.
REFERENCES
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2. Chomsky N. Language and thought. Wakefield, Rhode Island & London: Moyer Bell, 1993. -96p.
3. Cambridge Advanced dictionary. Cambridge University Press, 2005. - 1572p.
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4. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Ed.by C.T. Onions. Oxford University Press, 1966. - 1042 p.
5. The Oxford Dictionary of English proverbs. Oxford University Press, 1970. -950 p.
6. The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Oxford University Press. Ed.by Speake, J. Simpson J. Oxford University Press, 2009. - 400 p.
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9. Max D.T. National smiles//The New York Times Magazine. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/magazine/national-smiles.html
10. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1966. URL: http: //www.classes.ru/grammar/ 174.Akhmanova/
11. Julius Pokorny: Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (1959)
