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13Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 12 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
LEXICAL-GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ABSTRACT NOUNS IN UZBEK AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
This article deals with the difference between abstract nouns in the Uzbek and Russian languages, not only in the size and volume of their lexical-semantic content, but also in the nature of its representation. Their main semantic content is manifested along with the property of "additional aesthetic information " or "causing the so -called stylistic impression ". It is this feature of practical importance that makes it possible to divide abstract nouns into functional and emotional types in terms of style, as well as their correct and appropriate use in speech.
Key words: lexical-grammatical characteristics, abstract nouns, theology, epistemology, cognitivism, non-verbal factors.
INTRODUCTION
Abstract nouns occupy a special place among the objects of linguistics. Although they have always attracted researchers, there is still no consensus on their linguistic features. The main reason for this is that the extensional in the term "abstract noun" is multifaceted and not the same. What they all have in common is that they serve to separate the sign from the bearer, the agent of the action: in all abstract nouns something is separated from something: the sign from its bearer, the action from its owner. As for verbs, it should be noted that they are supposedly separated from the direct transition during the action [1, 56].
Abstract means that which exists only in our mind, but cannot be known by our senses. This includes qualities, relations, conditions, ideas, theories, states of existence, areas of study, etc. We cannot know such a noun as succession directly with our senses; we can only see or hear people acting in accordance with what we call consistency" [2, 79].
Since the place of such words belonging to the nominal group in the text is important, their interpretation is considered from the point of view of such disciplines as lexicology, word formation, text linguistics, linguoculturology, ontology, theology, epistemology, cognitivism, stylistics. important both theoretically and practically.
Khushnazarova Damira
Independent researcher in the UWLU
ABSTRACT
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The description of these linguistic units from a linguoculturological point of view makes it possible to determine many of their practically important features.
Abstract nouns in both Uzbek and Russian languages are a product of spiritual culture. In them, information about the experience of society is encoded in the form of symbols. Almost every one of them can be considered as a concept of culture. For example, when we talk about such concepts as happiness (happiness), freedom (freedom), perfection (ideal) or independence (independence), progress, development (development), we understand the phenomenon of the internal emotional state associated with them, in this language through their stylistic features are revealed. In terms of content and meaning, the words of this category combine in their form the dialectical unity of the concepts of meaning and subjectivity. Such words appear when the ideal becomes a reality, when a real imaginary object arises in the mind of a native speaker and is expressed in various versions of the language.
Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns and do not refer to things we can touch or hold, but to things we think about, ideas, imaginations and feelings we have [3, 97].
"Abstract nouns refer to things that we cannot physically interact with. They refer to things that we cannot see, hear, touch, taste or smell. These are things that cannot be perceived by our five senses. Therefore, abstract nouns refer to something intangible; it can be an idea, a feeling, a concept, or a doctrine" [4, 218]. They are associated with non-verbal factors and name the signs of objective behavior, situations, objects of the surrounding reality [5, 125].
Abstract nouns are nouns associated with concepts, ideas, and feelings. It is difficult to imagine our life without such words as love, hate, anger, success, depression, strength, importance, tolerance.
Tahirjon has achieved great success in the past year. Many people prefer their love to inspire them rather than hate them.
Jorabek has a narrow tolerance for people who waste his time. The desire for power has killed many good people. Abstract nouns have a number ofproperties that are unique to them.
ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY OF THE LITERATURE
An analysis of most of the linguistic literature on this topic shows that the issue of classifying the class of nouns is still debatable. In particular, since the criteria for distinguishing between abstract and concrete nouns in Uzbek and Russian linguistics are not sufficiently studied and theoretically substantiated, the boundaries between
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VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 12 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
them are conditional and fuzzy. Many classifications of proposed nouns can be considered conditional.
For example, the category of concrete nouns includes nouns denoting objects that can be counted, that is, things that can be presented separately, facts, real events. And the category of abstract nouns includes words denoting properties, qualities, actions, situations. .
Such a brief description of the semantic specificity of nouns of different categories is not always sufficient for the lexico-grammatical analysis of the word.
If we consider abstract nouns from the point of view of the word-formation criterion, then the word-formation criterion involves taking into account affixes characteristic of nouns of a certain category. However, this criterion does not work in cases where the noun in Russian does not have a suffix (fish, house, fear) or when the suffixes are homonyms: pig-v-a (substance) - cattle-v-a (collective) - dub -in-a (concrete) - teeth (abstr.); student period (abstract) [6, 185].
The appearance of such units in the language is due to the fact that native speakers have special mental abilities and the need for various imaginary articulations in their mental activity [7, 243].
Abstraction and concreteness are usually defined together or interchangeably. An illusion is something that exists only in our mind that we cannot know through our senses. It includes qualities, relations, conditions, ideas, theories, states of existence, areas of study, etc. We cannot know such a noun as permanence directly through our senses; we can only see or hear people acting in a so-called sequential manner" [8, 98].
Religion served as the initial and decisive factor in the intensive enrichment of the abstract vocabulary of the Uzbek and Russian languages. The adoption of Islam by the peoples of Central Asia and Christianity in Russia makes it possible to have a ready vocabulary of religious content.
The formation of religious ideas and imagination leads to the further development of the ability to abstract in native speakers.
The natural need for such a lexicon required the adoption and preservation of such words to the present day. Abstract nouns expressing religious concepts, such as the Lord, resurrection, Greek, slander, dream, answer, vice, came from the Old Church Slavonic language. Old Slavonic words led to the formation of a high style in the language, since in the linguistic consciousness of generations they retained the status of high-level book words, "alien to everyday life" (A. Shakhmatov) [9, 163].
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Many such examples can be found in religious texts, which served as the initial and only source of the spread of such words in the speech of living native speakers, in contrast to literary (bookish) speech. For example, from a hadith: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, was the most generous of all people. During Ramadan, when they met Hazrat Gabriel, their generosity increased even more... Hazrat Rasulullah was faster than a strong wind in good deeds. Or: "Religion is an exhortation in the way of Allah and His Messenger, the Imams of Muslims and all Muslims" More examples: Jealousy destroys faith, as the herb of bitter patience destroys honey. (Hadith 400). Literally: Just as a bitter plant spoils honey, so it depends to spoil faith in God. "Stress is good, but rushing is bad'. Literally restraint is useful, fussiness is harmful. (Hadith 491, B. Aladdin 1991, 84, 90.)
The above abstract nouns differ from each other not only in the size and scope of their content, but also in the nature of its presentation. Their main semantic content is manifested along with "additional aesthetic information" (according to I.R. Galperin). It is this aspect that determines the functional (literary or colloquial) and emotional stylistic types of abstract nouns.
Their presence in a particular language indicates highly developed linguistic needs and a high linguistic taste of the speaker. One and the same idea of signs or actions is expressed differently than usual, i.e., more concretely and refined.
Courage, courage - "courage", curiosity "curiosity", pride "dignity", sophistication "tenderness" in abstract nouns like hatred "hatred", courage "decisiveness, audacity", crime "crime", war "war", deficit " vice"", haste "storming", "hazing" in the meaning of the sign, an additional negative connotation is noticeable. In addition, all these words are used mainly in book texts, which is due to both paradigmatics and syntagmatics of the semantic structure of these words.
The study of the semantic aspect of abstract nouns not only at the sentence level, but also at the speech level allows us to determine their other variants when expressing close or similar meanings, which, in turn, reveals the peculiarity of the "stylistic impression" of these words (E.F. Petrishcheva: 1984 ,22). Verbs are formed to speak - conversation - bookish, conversation - neutral, talk - conversation -bookish.
Most abstract nouns with a positive or negative meaning are formed through the affix added to the stems of adjectives, and nouns are formed by the meaning of the stem of word formation. For example, they make up nouns with a positive meaning, such as joy, and nouns with a negative meaning, such as cunning, slyness, and bachkanal" [10, 124].
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According to many researchers, the stylistic features of abstract nouns are formed as a result of manifestation - the translation of the meaning of the sign into verbs and non-verbal words into the form of a noun. This is determined by the relation of semantics in them to the intension. This linguistic reasoning is further developed on the basis of a generalization of all the achievements of traditional, semantic, communicative and cognitive linguistics in the field of abstract vocabulary.
An analysis of the literature shows that the interpretation of the lexico-grammatical nature of abstract nouns from the point of view of semantics has served as an important linguistic factor in the complete definition of the stylistic features of these words.
In the semantic interpretation of nouns with an abstract meaning, L. Tenier's ideas about translation (change at the level of groups of words) were important (Tenier:1988).
Before the semantic theory, abstract nouns, from the point of view of the traditional formal-semantic direction, were hybrid forms formed from the stems of verbs or adjectives, and represented symbols and According to M. V. Lomonosov, they are interpreted as various nouns denoting "movements in the form of things".
At the same time, the meaning of abstract nouns does not appear as a repetition of the semantics of the compound stem or a simple sum of the components of the old and new categorical meanings, it is determined as a result of a high level of abstraction. and generalization. Abstracting the characteristic meaning of abstract nouns is just one of the possible ways in which nouns can be used stylistically [11, 145]. Their stylistic coloring can lead to their reduction in the meaning of the lexeme, and this gives us an additional abstraction.
The word-formation features of these words are based not only on linguistic indicators, but also on their semantics. This approach to studying the properties of abstract nouns helps to determine the existing and potential ways of categorical translation in them. Any word formation, one way or another, is an act of transferring lexical and grammatical meanings. Word formation is a strangled translation. The transposition of Tener's terms is preferable to the transposition of Balli's terms because it is more reasonable and meaningful.
Essentially, translation and transposition refer to the same phenomenon, that is, to a categorical mutation associated with a change in the syntactic environment of a word.
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Joint study of the semantic nature of abstract nouns on the basis of a number of extralinguistic (epistemological, psychological, social) and linguistic factors helps to reveal their lexico-grammatical and stylistic features more fully.
The essence of the idea of the specificity of the semantics of abstract nouns lies in the expression of uncountable properties in the form of things, that is, in the transition of the intension to the extension, which is associated with the specificity of the objects represented by abstract nouns. The combination of objectivity and predicative meaning in such words is due to the duality of their lexical and grammatical nature. This feature is manifested not only in abstract nouns formed from verbs of both languages, but also in derivatives formed from adjectives, combining adjectives and nouns. For example: abundance, wear and tear, difficulty, etc.
The specific semantics of abstract nouns manifests itself in the form of instability of nominal and predicate signs that contradict each other, which is due to their ligature and manifests itself in Russian and Uzbek languages "considering them in the context of word combinations".
CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS
Abstract nouns are words that distinguish the signs, characteristics, qualities of objects and persons from their carriers, as well as the names of actions, situations, processes and relationships between objects from those who perform them.
According to scientists, things and events that denote or designate abstract nouns cannot be physically seen or felt, that is, their designations are non-objective, they do not belong to the world of bodies. They represent qualities, properties, states, actions, processes, expressed in a meaningful form.
The linguistic nature of abstract nouns, as well as any linguistic units, can be fully manifested only in stylistically different functional texts. Therefore, it is unreasonable and unacceptable from a communicative point of view to ignore, when studying them, their stylistic parameters, which are mutually determined in advance with all linguistic features.
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