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УДК: 10.02.20
Shohimardonova M. O.
Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of Tashkent Region
Master of degree
LEXIC- GRAMMATIC CATEGORIES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
IN PROVERBS
Annotation: This article discusses the lexical and grammatical categories of phraseological units in proverbs and their essence
Key words: Phraseology's, proverb, category, difference
Phraseology can be loosely defined as the study of conventional phrases. Some scholars regard all conventional expressions as lexical units, although the fact that many such expressions are variable to some degree, and have their own special grammar, semantic, syntactic present's problems for this view. The view of language that emerges from this work is one in which no strict distinction can be made between semantic and syntactic patterns. Considering the purpose of speaker in speech acts the basic role is occupied not the morphological form of a predicate, but a speech situation.
The potential of the speech acts formed by means of the form of conditional can be found out by the definition of context types. In speech acts the special role is allocated also to the extralinguistic act. These are role relations of communicants, features, socially-psychological relations. Proceeding from the communicative purposes of the speech act, we can argue on an estimation of the interlocutor about his national consciousness, national outlook. If the motivation is carried out in concept, and the concept proceeds in judgment, the judgment is published through the sentence. If the word is a material form of concept the sentence a material forms of opinion. If conducts to interrelation of language and thinking.
The applied variants connected with restriction of a human idea, are the motivational display which, in turn, is connected with the functional and pragmatically nature of language norm. Semantic of modality is based on estimation.
The grammatical nucleus is based on an estimation of semantics of modality in the form of conditional. Semantic meanings are formal meaning as they are encoded in the language of texts, that is, when it is used in an appropriate context to achieve particular aims. Pragmatic meaning is not an alternative to semantic meaning, but complementary to it, because it is inferred from the interplay of semantic meaning with context: E.g. the Golden State, the Bee Hive State, the Cotton State. As we know phraseological units consist of separate words and therefore they are different words, even from compounds. World have several structural forms, but in phraseological units only one of the components has all the forms of the paradigm of the part of speech it belongs to: For example: to go to bed, goes to bed, went to bed, gone to bed, going to bed. The rest of the components do not change their form. The syntactic feature of the phraseological
units is:
Phraseological combination
Phraseological units
phraseological fusion
This scheme is according by the classification of academician V.V.Vinogradov. In phraseological combinations words retain their full semantic independence although they are limited in their combinative power. For example: to wage war (but not to lead word), to render assistance, to render services (but not to render pleasure).
Semantically speaking zero equivalence does not mean a gap in the national or conceptual system of a language, but a different ordering of reality in linguistic items. The target language is able to express every state of affairs by exploiting all linguistic means inside the sentences and beyond its boundaries. For example: Full of beans
down in the mouth_adjectives
dyed in the wool as thick as hailstones
The phraseological image becomes sustainable, as the cohesive links persist developing the image and acquiring new associations and tries in discourse. Unlike Halliday and Hassan, who see cohesion as a lexical, phraseological units as a lexical and semantic relation, as we know and believe that cohesion is also a stylistic relation. We would argue that stylistic features have a role of their own in securing cohesion and coherence. Thus, a sustained phraseological image provides for the semantic and stylistic cohesion of the text. Cohesion is provided by further reiteration of the phraseological units in proverbs.
For example: "I have taken a vow that no women shall sleep under my roof again!" the phraseological unit "under one's roof is reiterated as the story develops, enhancing. The emotional tension and creating and mounting feeling of affective suspense.
Thus, phraseological reiteration is a form of cohesion. His compelling emotions are conveyed by semantic and stylistic reiteration of the phraseological image, reasserting the thought, as it we, to himself. Indeed, it remains at the back of his mind all the time and it keeps emerging at stressful moments. Lawrence is a good psychologist and master of prostrating human emotions. The development of the phraseological image lends continuity and narrative perspective.
The use of phraseological units gains a cumulative effect, affording a psychological insight into the emotional tension of the main character and covering the whole of the short story. The narrative turns into an overt manifestation of the mind in action. The phraseological pervades the text, as the image roof, is reiterated and different stylistic patterns are used. By analysis of
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special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of inter language phraseological conformities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure.
According to contextual approach red tape, mare's nest, make up a group of phraseological units referred to as idioms because of the impossibility of any change, "the fixed context" and their semantic inseparability. But there is still another approach to the problem of phraseology in which an attempt is made to overcome the shortcoming of the phraseological theories discussed above. The main features of this new approach which is now more or less universally accepted by Soviet linguists are as follows: 1. Phraseology is regarded as a self- contained branch of linguistics and not as a part of lexicology; 2. Phraseology deals with a phraseological subsystem of language and not with isolated phraseological units. Semantic stability is based on the lexical stability of set expressions. Even when occasional changes are introduced the meaning of set expression is preserved. It may only be specified, made more precise, weakened or strengthened. In other words in spite of all occasional phraseological and phraseomatic units, as distinguished from free phrases, remain semantically invariant or are destroyed.
For example, the substitution of the verbal component in the free phrase " to raise a question" by the verb to "settle (to settle a questionchanges the meaning of the phrase, no such change occurs in to rise (stir up) a hornets' nest about one's ears. Very little is known of the factors active in the process of lexicalization of free word-groups which results in the appearance of phraseological units. This problem may be viewed in terms of the degree of motivation. We may safely assume that a free word- group is transformed into a phraseological unit when it acquires semantic inseparability and becomes synchronically non- motivated. When one of the components of a word -group becomes archaic or drops out of the language altogether the whole word- group may become in one group completely or partially non-motivated. For example: lack of motivation.
Phraseological units constitute the 'phrasicon' of a language - that is, the whole inventory of idioms and phrases, both word-like and sentence-like set expressions. Word-like phraseological units are 'nominations' and designate a phenomenon, an object, an action, a process or state, a property or a relationship in the outside world. They are manifest in the traditional parts of speech which are related to these conceptual entities: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
They represent the centre of the phraseological system (in the model of centre and periphery applied to the phrasicon) and embrace idioms and non-idioms (i.e. non-idiomatic restricted collocations). Idioms form the majority and may be regarded as the prototype of the phraseological unit. Non-idioms have transparent meanings and include technical terms (terminological word groups), onymic entities (i.e. phrases which are proper names), clichés, paraphrase verbs, and other set expressions.
The learned sin in this respect even as do the ignorant and the practise
spreads until it becomes an epidemic. The epidemic word with us yesterday was unquestionably "conscription"; several months ago, it was "preparedness." Before then "efficiency" was heard on every side and succeeded in superseding "vocational teaching," only to be displaced in turn by "life extension" activities. We can explain it during the analysis of phraseological units.
Literature:
1. Lyons John. Semantics. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1987
2. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms. - London: Longman, 1989
