CC BY
10LM-I-14
Laser-induced periodic surface structures: when electromagnetics drives hydrodynamics
J. Bonse1, M. Mezera1, C. Florian12, J. Krüger1, S. Gräf 3
1- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, D-12205 Berlin, Germany 2- Princeton University, 70 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA 3- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany
joern.bonse@bam.de
Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS, ripples) are a universal phenomenon and can be generated in a contactless, single-step process on almost any material upon irradiation of solids with intense laser radiation [1,2]. Nowadays processing rates of up to m2/min are enabling new industrial applications in medicine, optics, tribology, biology, etc. [3-6]. Depending on the specific type of LIPSS, their structural sizes typically range from several micrometers down to less than 100 nanometers - far beyond the optical diffraction limit - while their orientations exhibit a clear correlation with the local polarization direction of the laser radiation.
Electromagnetic models
Thin-film
toi FDTD
CO!
£L PIC
f-j Electromagnetic absorption (Slpe-theory)
c; SEWs: Polaritons, Surface Plasmons, etc.
r^i
"rc Scattering
£ CD Diffraction
60 £ 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
a> £ Solidification
Surface tension gradients
c X Q> V. Capillary waves
Surface acoustic waves
iZ Self-organization
MD
Matter reorganization models
Fig. 1. Historic development of LIPSS theories based on electromagnetic models (top) or matter reorganization models (bottom).
Reproduced from [7]. (CC-BY 4.0 license)
From a theoretical point of view, however, a vivid, controversial, and long-lasting debate has emerged during the last two decades, whether LIPSS originate from electromagnetic effects (seeded already during the laser irradiation) - or whether they emerge from matter reorganization processes (distinctly after the laser irradiation), see Fig. 1. This presentation reviews the currently existent theories of LIPSS [7]. A focus is laid on the historic development of the fundamental ideas, their corresponding mathematical descriptions and numerical implementations, along with a comparison and critical assessment of the different approaches.
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[2] J. Bonse, S. Höhm, S.V. Kirner, A. Rosenfeld, J. Krüger, Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structures - A Scientific Evergreen, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 23, 9000615, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2016.2614183
[3] C. Florian, S.V. Kirner, J. Krüger, J. Bonse, Surface functionalization by laser-induced periodic surface structures, Journal of Laser Applications, 32, 022063, (2020). https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000103
[4] S. Gräf, Formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures on different materials: fundamentals, properties and applications, Advanced Optical Technologies, 9, 11-39, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1515/aot-2019-0062
[5] J. Bonse, Quo Vadis LIPSS? - Recent and Future Trends on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures, Nanomaterials, 10, 1950, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10101950
[6] J. Bonse, S.V. Kirner, J. Krüger, Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS), Handbook of Laser Micro- and Nano-Engineering (K. Sugioka, Ed.), Springer, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69537-2_17-2
[7] J. Bonse, S. Gräf, Maxwell Meets Marangoni - A Review of Theories on Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures, Laser & Photonics Reviews, 14, 2000215, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202000215
