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Abdullayev Ilxom Xotamovich, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named afterNizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Shadjalilov Shagiyas Shamuratovich, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Safarov Ural Xamrayevich, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Karakulov Nurbol Maidanovich, The Tashkent State Pedagogical University named afterNizami, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: nkaraqulov@mail.ru
LADSHAPT POLLUTION OF THE AHANGARAN VALLEY UNDER EXPOSURE TO THE TECHNOGENIC FACTORS AND ITS CONSEQUENCE
Astract. The article deals with the pollution of the environment by mining facilities as a result of the extraction and use of the natural resources of the Akhangaran valley in Uzbekistan.
Keywords: mineral resources, landscape, GDP, recreation, economy, atmosphere, lead, exploitation.
The current stage of development of society is not possible without the use of natural resources, in particular, mining of minerals in the mining industry. The main territories where mining operations are carried out and the natural landscapes are being polluted are mountainous areas, which in particular are the mountainous and foothill regions of Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan is extensively exploiting mountainous areas, where various mineral resources and the use of the territory for recreation are developed. One of the most widely used areas in Uzbekistan is the valley of the Akhangaranriver. The mining industry of Uzbekistan is represented here by the extraction of brown coal, copper, gold, tungsten and other minerals.
Extraction, transportation, storage and use of minerals is associated with the pollution of natural components, in particular the lithogenic base, surface and groundwater, soil and plants. There is general pollution of the lower layers of the atmosphere.
Contamination of the lithogenic base occurs in the process of extraction, transportation and processing of mineral resources, as well as due to man-made processes [2].
Pollution of natural landscapes in the extraction of minerals in Uzbekistan is associated with an increase in the production of non-ferrous metals. In particular, in the valley of p. Akhangaran, as a result of the impact of the mining industry on landscapes, a number of metals are pollutants of the natural environment. These include lead, cadmium, tin, copper, arsenic, strong, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, uranium, radium and other metals.
In areas under the influence of industrial enterprises in the cities of Angren and Almalyk, the presence of chemical elements in the leaves of plants is determined by atomic adsorption and is mainly determined by the degree of their danger.
Pollutants are divided into three groups according to the degree of danger: Group I - lead, cadmium, arsenic, tin; Group II - copper, molybdenum, selenium, nickel; Group III includes uranium, radium, vanadium, tungsten [1].
Lead is a highly toxic substance found on the leaves of almost all tree species in the study area. Its content is from 6.5 mg/kg to 17.8 mg/kg of rock or from 1 to 3.2 ounces. Studies conducted in most of the studied region show that the lead content in plants did not exceed the permissible limit concentrations accepted by the state control service of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The condition of the trees is satisfactory.
In the north ofAngren, lead poisoning was detected in the Yangiabad-2 industrial zone. Its natural content in the residential zone is 20 mg/kg, in industry - 18 mg/kg. On the III-IV terraces of the Akhangaran river in the Yangiabad-2 zone, the total lead content is 27 mg/kg or 1.5 times higher than the natural background (low pollution) [1].
In the southwestern part of the city, in asphalt concrete and building materials, lead content ranges from 14 mg / kg to 49 mg/kg or up to 3 times the natural content in nature. Its content on the territory of the rubber products plant reaches up to 40 mg/kg.
Cadmium is also a first-order pollutant. In the study area its content is small. Only in the southern part of this region
LADSHAPT POLLUTION OF THE AHANGARAN VALLEY UNDER EXPOSURE TO THE TECHNOGENIC FACTORS AND ITS CONSEQUENCE
there is little pollution; in the mountainous region, the content of cadmium in the grass and leaves of trees ranges from 0.58 mg/kg to 2.09 mg/kg.
Arsenic is included in the 1st group of toxic substances, and is found mainly in the mining and industrial zones of the study area. Industry its content is 0.4 mg/kg, and in the residential area - 0.5 mg/kg. On the I-II terraces of overburden of a coal seam, its content is 0.45 mg/kg, to the northeast it rises to 1.03 mg/kg. In the same area, the amount of arsenic in the area between Dukent and the River Karubusey is from 0.66 mg/kg to 1.66 mg/kg, or the excess of the background level is from 1 to 3.3 units per m2. Next to this site there is a plant for the production of asphalt concrete and building materials.
Zinc also belongs to the first risk group. In the residential area its content is 73 mg/kg, and in the industrial - 30 mg/kg.
In plants located on the upper terraces of Angren, its concentration in the mining industry is 70-85 mg/kg or 2.8 times higher than the background content. In the eastern part of the city, on 1 and 2 terraces ofoverburdening ofa coal mine, in a river valley, in coal fields and in adjacent areas, the zinc content is from 70 to 157 mg/kg or the excess is 2.8 times. In the northern part of the city, on the terrace, the zinc content ranges from 35 to 47 mg/kg, or 1.7 times higher than the natural level, that is, there is "weak pollution". In the central part of the city, the level of pollution ranges from 29 to 69 mg/kg, there is "low pollution" [3].
The most polluted areas are coal mines, railways and highways. The zinc content in natural foliage in rural and industrial areas is only 0.08 mg/kg. In the eastern part ofAngren, on terraces I and II, it ranges from 0.09 to 0.18 mg/kg. In the central part of the city, on railway lines, on the upper terraces of the Akhangaran river, its value ranges from 0.1 to 0.12 mg/kg or the excess is from 1.3 to 1.5 times. There is "weak pollution".
Copper is a pollutant of the second group, being a very toxic element and is found in almost all types of trees. Its content ranges from 12.5 mg / kg to 22.9 mg / kg. Anomalies are found on I, II, III above-flood terraces of the Akhangaran river. The spread of copper is associated with industrial production, with roads and railways. Its background content in the residential area is 14 mg/kg, and in the industrial area - 12 mg/kg. In the Nurobod-2 area, in the northern part of Angren, the copper content is from 12 mg/kg to 16.7 mg/kg or the excess is from 1 to 1.3 times. There is "weak pollution" on the railway. Excessive copper content in the human body leads to changes in brain tissue, skin, liver and pancreas.
On the left bank of the northeastern part of the city and on the Syrdarya terrace, in the area of sedimentation and in the upper part of the coal layers, copper pollution is 1-3 times more than the background. In the rest of the territory, the copper content in the region is less than the maximum permissible rate.
Nickel. It is in the second group of pollutants. It is distributed on the I, II, III and IV terraces above the floodplain. This is especially true for the southwestern part of the Yangiobad-2 industrial zone. In the residential area, its background content is 1.9 mg/kg, and industrial background - 1.9 mg/kg. In the I-II overburden terraces of a coal mine, its content ranges from 2.4 to 38 mg/kg. On the first terrace of the coal seam, next to the water treatment (opening), the amount of nickel is 4.8 mg/kg or the excess is from 1 to 2.4 times.
Molybdenum pollution in 80% of the area is very low. In the vicinity of Angren power plant there are areas with low pollution. In areas contaminated by molybdenum, there are also old and new sedimentary ponds. On precipitation (background content of 0.2-0.7 mg/kg), maximum accumulation of molybdenum was observed up to 2.5 mg/kg. The average amount of molybdenum in sedimentary rocks is between 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg in soil.
Molybdenum diffraction zones include 1, 2, 3 upper terraces. The background content in the residential area is 1 mg / kg; industrial background - 1.9 mg/kg. The pollution area extends from north to east to south and covers the main areas of 1, 2, 3 above-floodplain terraces. Molybdenum is mainly found near coal mine facilities. Its content is 1.5-2.1 mg/kg or the excess is 1.5 and 2.1 times [3].
Horizontal tungsten pollution is widespread in this area. Its natural content is 2.5 mg/kg. Heavy tungsten pollution is observed in man-made landscapes. The surface area of tungsten tissue is 10 times greater than perforation (2.5 mg/kg), in some areas - 69.1 mg/kg (27 times more), especially in the north-eastern part of the region (around old and new developments).
The degree of pollution is exceeded 5-10 times in wastewater, in irrigated areas of the southwestern zone (below cesspools). The irrigation zone is mainly located on the Syr Darya basin. In the vast maj ority of the territory (30%), tungsten pollution is 3-5 times higher than background (7.5-12.5 mg/kg).
The area is slightly polluted by vanadium. Its lithogenic content is much higher than in coal seams, a large amount of vanadium is emitted into the atmosphere during the burning of coal. As a result, vanadium spreads throughout the river valley. The content of vanadium in the soil is 150 mg/kg.
The uranium content has an average of 3.2 mg/kg in the rock and 1 mg/kg in the soil. The radioactivity of uranium has a strong effect on organisms through the kidneys. In Angren, in the industrial zone, the amount of natural uranium according to Kiziltepageologiya information is 4 mg/kg, and in the rest of the area and adjacent areas, in a quarry, in coal dust, its content is from 4 to 12 mg kg four.
While studying the distribution of pollutants in the Akhangaran valley, it was found that they are mainly found
in the mining, transport and processing industries of the mining industry. The plants around the industrial area are contaminated with heavy metal waste. Excessive amounts
of metal in landscape content adversely affect human health. The total mass of heavy metals and their distribution zones are controlled by geomorphological conditions.
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