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Raspopova E.A. - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism", Russia, Moscow, Sirenevyj bulvar, House 4, e-mail: [email protected]
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-179-186
LACTATE IN ATHLETES' DERMAL EXTRACT IN CYCLIC KINDS OF SPORT DEPEMDING ON THE TYPE OF ENERGY METABOLISM AND CONSTITUTION
Marchik L.A.1, Martynenko O.S.1
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Named After I.N. Ulyanov", Russia, Ulyanovsk,
Annotation. Different biochemical methods of athletes' training level estimation are recently used in sports practice. Sweat is one of the most available objects of study, however, as there are no valid information concerning dependence of sweat chemical composition and characteristics change on the character of the loads and the level of athletes' training, each extract of sweat is rarely studied. Materials. The article analyzes the results of lactate concentration determination in athletes' dermal sweat lavages in cyclic kinds of sport with different types of energy metabolism and constitution. Research methods: ergometric testing, anthropometric and biochemical methods, statistical results handling. Results. Three types of muscle activity energy provision are revealed among qualified athletes in cyclic kinds of sport: anaerobic (phosphate-glycolytic), aerobic, mixed. Groups of athletes with different characteristics of skeletal muscles energy metabolism are heterogeneous according to the type of constitution. The representatives of an aerobic type are ectomorphs (asthenic and thoracal body type). Among anaerobic type representatives' mesomorphs prevail (muscle type of constitution), among athletes with the mixed type of energy supply asthenic, thoracal and muscle types of constitution are equally presented. During the experiment different variants of biochemical material (dermal extract) sampling, offered by the author of the method V.A. Khramov [8], were tested: a palmar lavage, fingers lavage, lavage getting with the help of filter paper. Conclusion. The upper-range values of lactate concentration after physical load were among athletes with anaerobic (phosphate-glycolytic) type of energy metabolism. This index decreases among sportsmen with the mixed type and is minimal among sportsmen with aerobic type of energy. The simplest and the most informative variant of the test organization for lactate concentration determination in each extract is a palmar lavage dermal extract getting. Keywords: muscle activity energy supply, type of constitution, glycogen, lactate, dermal extract. For citations: Marchik L.A., Martynenko O.S. Lactate in athletes' dermal extract in cyclic kinds of sport depending on the type of energy metabolism and constitution. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport (Pedagogical-Psychological and Medico-Biological Problems of Physical Culture and Sports). 2018; 13(3): 133-138. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-179-186.
INTRODUCTION
Material selection for the level of different metabolites in athletes' organism revelation is considerably restricted: venous and capillary blood, urine. Sample acquisition is connected with several problems: pain, sterility conditions, aesthetic inconveniences during urine collection and others. Nowadays
special attention is paid to searching for noninvasive methods of study. V.A. Khramov [8] offered the method of several biochemical indices determination (lactic acid, urea, creatinine and others) in a dermal sweat extract of athletes, which is received with the help of a swab from then definite parts of the skin. Lactate (lactic acid) is an intermediate
oxidation product of animal starch (glycogen), the main source of muscle tissue energy supply, is formed as a result of anaerobic glycolysis. Quantitative composition of lactate in different organs and internal environments varies greatly and is the index of general state of an organism. Although lactic acid concentration in sweat is directly connected with its content in blood, nevertheless, 1-2% of lactate, which is formed in an organism during physical load, move away with sweat [3]. We can suppose that its concentration in dermal extract of athletes will be different depending on predominance of anaerobic or aerobic energy production and depending on the degree of muscle and fat components development.
The aim of this research work is the level of lactate in dermal extract determination among athletes of cyclic kinds of sport with different types of energy metabolism and constitution.
Objectives: 1. To determine individual peculiarities of muscle activity energy and constitutional types of athletes of cyclic kinds of sport.
2. To analyze the indices of lactate concentration in dermal extract of athletes with different types of energy metabolism and constitution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
54 young men at the age of 19-21 took part in the experiment (candidate masters and masters of sports). They were the representatives of cyclic kinds of sport (athletes-sprinters, biathletes, skiers). The research was held during the preparatory period of a yearly training cycle.
Methodology. Individual peculiarities of muscle activity energy organization among the respondents was defined on the basis of ergometric test, using Muller equation. It reflects critical time of load holding dependence on its power and on the volume of muscle activity energy supply systems [7].
t =
Wc
, where
e - base of the natural logarithm, W - load capacity,
t - critical time of load holding,
a and b- coefficients, which reflect individual characteristics of energy supply
Athletes fulfilled two loads "to the limit" in the zone of great (4 W/kg) and submaximum (6 W/kg) relative capacity. Testing load was given at an ergometric bicycle "Ritm VE - 05" (Russia). The time of load holding was registered. Taking into account the information about time sweep of the main metabolic processes: phosphate, glycolytic (lactating) and aerobic [1] and knowing individual values of Muller equation degree indices, maximum power was calculated, which the respondent can support during 10, 40 and 900 sec. These powers values were accepted as W10,W40,W900 indices, which characterize power of the corresponding energy sources [2,4,]. On the basis of the received results respondents were divided into the types of energy supply. For this purpose average group values of power indices were calculated. The difference of individual values in +0,67 o from the average group values gives the notion of this or that source contribution into general energy production of an organism.
Three ways were used in order to get dermal extract of sweat:
- with the help of a palmar lavage: 3ml of distilled water were applied over the palmar surface (palmar hole), extraction lasted during 3 minutes with a slight palm rocking. Received water extract was pipetted off into a test tube;
- with the help of fingers lavage: 15 ml of distilled water were poured into 20-25 ml beaker, then fingers were put into it (1-2 phalanges) and kept there 3 within minutes. The received lavage was filtered;
- using the stripes of filter paper: small
stripes of filter paper (5 cm ) were moistened with distilled water and with the help of pincette put them on the palm, in 3 minutes put the stripes into the glass of 15 ml distilled water for 10-15 minutes. Lactic acid concentration [5,8] on 1 cm2 surface of the palm was defined in the received lavages.
b
e
Lactate concentration in dermal extract was defined two times: before and after hour and a half of physical training. The types of constitution were defined according to V.G. Shtefko, A.D. Ostrovskiy [9] methodology with ectomorphy coefficient calculation according to Heath-Carter system [10].
RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR DISCUSSION
Individual values of ergometric indices analysis, which characterize abilities of energy systems, helped to reveal 3 types of muscle activity energy supply among athletes of cyclic kinds of sport in the following percentage ratio:
1. Anaerobic (phosphate-glycolytic) type with prevailing development of anaerobic sources of energy, is characterized by a high power of phosphate and glycolytic sources of energy supply (Wi0 ,W40 indices) and a low aerobic power and capacity (W900, "b" coefficient ) - 22,2%.
2. Aerobic type with prevailing contribution of oxygen energy system into general energy production of an organism. The respondents of this group have a high level of aerobic source development (maximum values of W900 and "b" coefficient), a low level of phosphate (W10) and glycolytic (W40) sources of energy supply - 18,5%
3. Mixed type with an equal proportional development of all sources of
energy supply. The respondents of this group have equal typical power indices (W10 ,W40 W900 ) - 59,3%.
Depending on the volume of ectomorphy coefficient [9], on the basis of the given anthropometric changes and visual inspection respondents were divided into the following types of constitution: ectomorphs (asthenic and thoracal), mesomorphs (muscle) and endomorphs (digestive). In general ectomorphy prevails in sampling: ectomorphs- 65,38% (26,92% - athletes with asthenic constitution, 38,46% - with thoracal constitution), mesomorphs (with muscle constitution- 34,62%). Endomorphs (with digestive constitution) in the given sampling were not revealed. Picture 1 presents percentage ratio of constitutional types according to the groups with different types of energy metabolism.
As table 1 shows, before physical load lactate concentration in dermal extract of athletes with different types of muscle activity energy supply is almost equal (within the following limits: 52-56,5mcg/cm2). After hour and a half of physical training lactate concentration in dermal extract among all athletes goes up by half - 67,5-94,35 mcg/cm2. Such kinds of results are received by G.A. Savin (2000) during physical training level of athletes' study [6].
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
□ Asthenic
80
66,67
43,/
,2 ,2533'3r
2 ¡0 25
0 0
□ thoracal
□ muscle
Picture 1-Percentage distribution of constitutional types according to the groups with different types of energy metabolism among athletes of cyclic kinds of sport
The highest value of lactate concentration after physical load was among
athletes with anaerobic (phosphate-glycolytic) type of energy (table 1).
Table 1
Lactate level in dermal extract of athletes of cyclic kinds of sport with different types of energy
metabolism
Note. *- validity of differences in the line, A- validity of differences in the column
Energy type Lactate concentration, mcg/cm2
before physical oad after hour and a half of training
palmar lavage fingers lavage lavage received with the help of filter paper palmar lavage fingers lavage lavage received with the help of filter paper
aerobic 53,60 +1,07* 51,60 +0,62 49,80 +0,53* 71,20 +2,41A 69,40 +2,48A 68,60 +2,45 A
mixed 55,75 +0,61* 52,31 +0,36* 49,56 +0,18* 85,19 +1,65*a 83,19 +1,59A 80,27 +1,50A
anaerobic 55,17 +0,88* 51,83 +0,59* 49,67 +0,57* 91,50 +1,92*a 89,50 +1,57A 83,83 +0,80*a
This index decreases among athletes with the mixed type and is minimal among athletes with aerobic type of energy metabolism. We can suppose that the received values are conditioned by the leading role of an anaerobic glucose oxidation during the processes of ATP resynthesis among athletes of the I group. Final products of them are the
following: lactic and pyroracemic acid. Athletes with aerobic type these products undergo more intensive further oxidation in Krebs cycle using oxygen, that is why they have the least lactate concentration in dermal extract. Before physical load and after hour and a half of physical training the greatest lactate concentration was in palmar lavages
(table 1), less lactate concentration was in fingers lavages, the least value was in palmar lavages using filter paper. The difference in lactate concentration in the mentioned samplings before the load is valid (p<0,05) and is 4-7 mcg/cm2. It is obvious that lactate concentration in palmar lavages is higher, than in fingers lavages, as the number of sweat glands on palmar surface is bigger, than on fingers [3]. The smallest value of lactic acid concentration in lavages with filter paper use can be explained by some part of lactate
Lactate level in dermal extract of athletes of cy
disappearance, which can't be fully washed off the paper. After physical load the same differences are revealed in lactic acid concentration in the mentioned samplings, but the differences are not always valid, in case of strong hidrosis validity of differences is preserved between lactate concentration in dermal extract, received with the help of filter paper. Lactate concentration in dermal extract of athletes with different types of constitution is presented in table 2.
Table 2
kinds of sport with different types of constitution
Lactate concentration, mcg/c m2
be! ore physical load after hour and a hal f of training
Somatotype palmar lavage fingers lavage lavage received with the help of filter paper palmar lavage fingers lavage lavage received with the help of filter paper
asthenic 54,50 51,88 49,50 80,50 78,75 76,5
+0,92* +0,64* +0,34* +3,17A +3,25A +3,01A
thoracal 55,09 52,30 49,80 80,50 78,80 75,50
+0,81* +0,37* +0,30* +1,58* +1,53 +1,31
muscle 55,11 52,0 49,56 91,00 88,56 84,33
+0,60* +0,38* +0,28* +1,18*a + 1,01 A +0,90* a
Note. *- validity of differences in the line, A- validity of differences in the column
CONCLUSION
Held by us research showed that lactate level in dermal extract is not only athletes' physical training level index [6,8], but also glycolytic source contribution to general energy production of an organism. The upper-range values of lactate concentration after physical load were among athletes with anaerobic type of energy metabolism and minimal among athletes with aerobic type of energy. The interconnection is revealed between the peculiarities of skeletal muscles energy and constitutional types of sportsmen. The representatives of aerobic type are ectomorphs (asthenic and thoracal constitution); among athletes of anaerobic type prevail mesomorphs (muscle type of constitution), among athletes with the mixed type of energy supply asthenic, thoracal and muscle types of constitution are equally presented. There were no endomorphs in the
studied sampling. The most convenient, informative and simplest variant of lactate level determination in dermal extract is biomaterial getting by means of palmar surface lavage.
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Submitted: 24.05.2018
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Marchik L.A. - Associate Professor of Human Biology and the Basics of Medical Knowledge of the "Ulyanovsk pedagogical University Named After I. N. Ulyanova", 432030, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Narimanova Avenue, House 97, kv.101, e-mail: marchik.liudmila@,mail.ru
Martynenko O.S. - Teacher of Biology and Chemistry of the Highest Qualification Category, Gymnasium № 33, 432011, Russia, Ulyanovsk, Goncharova str., House 56/2, kv. 52
DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2018-13-3-187-199
AEROBIC THRESHOLD AND RACING SKIERS' (YOUNG MEN) CARDIAC SYSTEM POTENTIALITIES DETERMINATION AND ESTIMATION ON THE BASIS OF STEP-
INCREASING CYCLOERGOMETRIC LOAD
Petrov R.E.1, Mutaeva I.S.2, Ionov A.A.2
1Yelabuga Institute (branch) of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Establishment of Higher
Education "Kazan (Privolzhskiy) Federal University" Russia, Yelabuga, [email protected] 2Naberezhnye Chelny College (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism" Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, [email protected], [email protected]
Annotation. At the present stage of development skiing went through many qualitative changes, concerning the speed of distance overcoming and the technique of skiing. Equipment development and more qualitative skiing tracks helped racing skiers increase the effectiveness of performances. In this connection the demands concerning athletes' functional side of readiness also increased. The article is about methodological aspects of the correspondence determination ways and estimation between potential working capacity of cardiac system and maximum oxygen
