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RESEARCH ARTICLE | НАУЧНАЯ СТАТЬЯ © Ertesyan A.R., Sadykov M.I, Nesterov A.M., 2021
45 Я http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2021-23-l-17-21
к ЩГ Y / Ч Поступила 29.11.2020/Принята 12.01.2021 | Received 29.11.2020/Accepted 12.01.2021
УДК 615.451.322
LABORATORY STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PHOTOPOLYMER RESINS FOR REMOVABLE PROSTHETICS
Ertesyan A.R., Sadykov M.I, Nesterov A.M.
Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russian Federation
ЛАБОРАТОРНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ФОТОПОЛИМЕРНЫХ СМОЛ ДЛЯ СЪЕМНОГО ПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИЯ
Эртесян А.Р., Садыков М.И., Нестеров А.М.
ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, г. Самара, Российская Федерация
Abstract. The search for new materials that would improve the physical and mechanical properties of basic plastics is very urgent. The aim of this study was to study the physical and mechanical characteristics of photopolymer resins for removable prosthetics. To study the physical and mechanical characteristics, experimental and laboratory tests of photopolymer resins (type 4) for SLA printing on 3D printers NextDent Denture 3D +, Dental Pink and Denture Base Resin were carried out, based on ISO. Conclusion. Laboratory study of the physical and mechanical properties of base plastics, on samples ofphotopolymer resins for SLA printing on a 3D printer "NextDent Denture 3D + ", "Dental Pink" and "Denture Base Resin" based on ISO, allow us to conclude that all test indicators samples exceed the minimum values specified in ISO 1567: 1999.
Keywords: removable prosthesis, biocompatible photopolymer resin, 3D printing, SLA, stereolithography.
Аннотация. Поиск новых материалов, которые позволили бы улучшить физико-механические свойства базисных пластмасс является весьма актуальным. Целью данного исследования явилось изучение физико-механических характеристик фотополимерных смол с для съемного протезирования. Для изучения физико-механических характеристик, проведены экспериментально-лабораторные испытания фотополимерных смол (тип 4) для SLA печати на 3D принтере «NextDent Denture 3D+», «Dental Pink» и «Denture Base Resin», опираясь на ISO. Заключение. Лабораторное исследование физико-механических свойств базисных пластмасс, на образцах из фотополимерных смол для SLA печати на 3D принтере «NextDent Denture 3D+», «Dental Pink» и «Denture Base Resin» опираясь на ISO, позволяют сделать заключение о том, что все показатели испытаний образцов превосходят минимальные значения, указанные в ISO 1567:1999.
Ключевые слова: съемный протез, биосовместимая фотополимерная смола, 3D-печать, SLA, стереолитография.
REFERENCES
[1] Bobrov A.P., Orlova N.A. Removable denture reconstruction. New materials, new sol. / A.P. Bobrov, N.A. Orlova // Institut stomatologic - 2008.
- № 3. - P. 84-85. (in Russian)
[2] Kalivradzhiyan E.S., Salivonchik M.C. Results of microscopy of basic polymers / E.S. Kalivradzhiyan, M.C. Salivonchik // Dental technician. LLC Medical Press Moscow. - 2014. - №22. P. 31-34. (in Russian)
[3] Ertesyan A.R., Sadykov M.I., Nesterov A.M. Review of 3D printing technologies in dentistry / A. R. Ertesyan, M. I. Sadykov, A. M. Nesterov // Medical and pharmaceutical journal "PULSE". - 2020 - Tom. 22. - № 10. - P. 15-18. (in Russian) http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2019-22-10
[4] Ertesyan A.R., Sadykov M.I., Nesterov A.M. 3D TECHNOLOGIES IN DENTISTRY// Proceedings of the XIII-XIV International Multidisciplinary Conference «Recent Scientific Investigation». Primedia E-launch LLC. Shawnee, USA. 2020. https://www.internauka.org/conf/usa#articles (date of the application: 07.11.2020)
[5] Braian, M., Jimbo, R., Wennerberg, A. Production tolerance of additive manufactured polymeric objects for clinical applications / M. Braian, R. Jimbo, A. Wennerberg // Dent Mater. - 2016. - Vol. 32. - P. 853
- 861.
[6] Can 3D Printed Dentures Look Good?, URL:https://3d.formlabs.com/recording-can-3d-printed-dentureslookgood?aliId=eyJpIjoibjA3c mdDY 1wvcFg1Q0lFZ3oiLCJ0Ij oickhcL2FZY0 lnK0hZMnF5UFBRV1p3MGc9PSJ9 (date of the application 15.06.2020).
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИМ СПИСОК
[1] Бобров А.П., Орлова Н.А. Реконструкция съемного протеза. Новые материалы, новые решения/ А.П. Бобров, Н.А. Орлова // Институт стоматологии. - 2008. - №3. - P. 84-85.
[2] Каливраджиян Э.С., Саливончик М.С. / Результаты микроскопии базисных полимеров // Э.С. Каливраджиян, М.С. Саливончик // Зубной техник. ООО «Медицинская пресса» Москва. -2014. - №22. - P. 31-34.
[3] Эртесян А. Р., Садыков М. И., Нестеров А. М. Обзор технологий 3D - печати в стоматологии / А. Р. Эртесян, М. И. Садыков, А. М. Нестеров // Медико-фармацевтический журнал «ПУЛЬС». - 2020 - Том. 22. - № 10. - С. 15 -18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2019-22-10
[4] Ertesyan A.R., Sadykov M.I., Nesterov A.M. 3D TECHNOLOGIES IN DENTISTRY// Proceedings of the XIII-XIV International Multidisciplinary Conference «Recent Scientific Investigation». Primedia E-launch LLC. Shawnee, USA. 2020. https://www.internauka.org/conf/usa#articles (дата обращения: 07.11.2020)
[5] Braian, M., Jimbo, R., Wennerberg, A. Production tolerance of additive manufactured polymeric objects for clinical applications / M. Braian, R. Jimbo, A. Wennerberg // Dent Mater. - 2016. - Vol. 32. - P. 853 - 861.
[6] Can 3D Printed Dentures Look Good?,URL:https://3d.formlabs.com/recording-can-3d-printed-
dentureslookgood?aliId=eyJpIj oibj A3cmdDY
1wvcFg1Q0lFZ3oiLCJ0Ijoickhc
L2FZY0lnK0hZMnF5UFBRV1p3MGc9PSJ9 (date of the application 15.06.2020).
Author Contributions: Ertesyan A.R. - literature review, writing a text; Sadykov M.I. processing; Nesterov A.M. - processing of materials, research concept and design. Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
literature review, statistical data
Ertesyan A.R. - SPIN ID: 2931-9961; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3541-9971
Research interests, number of main publications: Orthopedic treatment of patients with complete and partial missing teeth, more than 21 publications were published, 2 of them in WoS, 12 in the Higher Attestation Emission and 9 in conference proceedings.
Sadykov M.I. - SPIN ID: 4206-1902; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1986-8996
Research interests, number of main publications: Orthopedic treatment of patients with complete and partial missing teeth, more than 182 publications were published, 5 of them in SCOPUS, 3 in WoS, 124 in the Higher Attestation Emission and 36 in conference proceedings.
Nesterov A.M. - SPIN ID: 2863-4643; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4187-4375
Research interests, number of main publications: Orthopedic treatment of patients with complete and partial missing teeth, more than 152 publications were published, 5 of them in SCOPUS, 3 in WoS, 109 in the Higher Attestation Emission and 29 in conference proceedings.
Вклад авторов: Эртесян А.Р. - обзор литературы, написание текста; Садыков М.И. - обзор литературы и
обработка материалов; Нестеров А.М. - концепция и дизайн исследования.
Заявление о конфликте интересов: Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Эртесян А.Р. - SPIN ID: 2931-9961; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3541-9971
Сфера научных интересов, количество основных публикаций: Ортопедическое лечение пациентов с полным и частичным отсутствием зубов, опубликованы более 2 публикаций из них 2 в WoS, 12 в ВАК и 9 в материалах конференций.
Садыков М.И.- SPIN ID: 4206-1902; ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1986-8996
Сфера научных интересов, количество основных публикаций: Ортопедическое лечение пациентов с полным и частичным отсутствием зубов, опубликованы более 182 публикаций из них 5 в СКОПУС, 3 в WoS, 124 в ВАК и 36 в материалах конференций.
Нестеров А.М.- SPIN ID: 2863-4643; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4187-4375
Сфера научных интересов, количество основных публикаций: Ортопедическое лечение пациентов с полным и частичным отсутствием зубов, опубликованы более 152 публикаций из них 5 в СКОПУС, 3 в WoS, 109 в ВАК и 29 в материалах конференций.
For citation: Ertesyan A.R., Sadykov M.I, Nesterov A.M. Laboratory study of physical and mechanical properties of photopolymer resins for removable prosthetics // Medical & pharmaceutical journal "Pulse". 2021. Vol.23. №1. С. 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2021-23-1-17-21.
Для цитирования: Эртесян А.Р., Садыков М.И., Нестеров А.М. Лабораторное исследование физико-механических свойств фотополимерных смол для съемного протезирования // Медико-фармацевтический журнал "Пульс". 2021. Т.23. №1. С. 17-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2021-23-1-17-21.
Introduction. Modern research trends in the manufacture of removable plate prostheses are aimed at developing new and modernizing existing materials and technologies. Despite the emergence of various base materials on the market, acrylate-based plastics are still the main ones for the manufacture of removable dentures. Many years of experience in their application have revealed, along with the advantages, and a number of disadvantages [1,2].
An important task is to improve the physic mechanical properties of prostheses, as the number of patients who turn to dentists for their breakdowns is constantly growing. The reasons for this are very diverse, but one of the most common is imperfect technologies for the manufacture of removable dentures [3,4]. Therefore, the search for new polymerization methods that would improve the physical and mechanical properties of basic photopolymer resins is very urgent [5].
Today, despite the development of chemistry, polymer technology and the emergence of new, most diverse polymer materials, the most common for the manufacture of removable dentures are basic acrylate-based plastics. This is confirmed by the fact that 98% of all removable plate prostheses in the world are made of acrylic plastics [2].
Based on the foregoing, the interest in new photopolymer resins for the manufacture of removable dentures becomes clear [6].
The aim of this study was to study the physical and mechanical characteristics of photopolymer resins for removable prosthetics.
Materials and research methods. Base materials according to ISO 1567: 1999 "Denture base polymers. Technical requirements. Test methods" are divided into 5 types, in our study we used light-curing materials (type 4).
To study the physical and mechanical characteristics, experimental and laboratory tests of photopolymer resins (type 4) for SLA printing on a NextDent Denture 3D+ 3D printer by NextDent B.V. (Netherlands), Dental Pink by HARZ Labs (Russia) were carried out and Denture Base Resin by Formlabs (USA), based on: ISO 1567: 1999 Denture base polymers. Technical requirements. Test methods ".
Investigations of the physical and mechanical characteristics of plastics were carried out on the basis of the Department of Mechanics in laboratory No. 12 of SamGTU (Samara). All studies were carried out on standard instruments that have passed timely metric control, have state registration and meet ISO requirements.
According to pre-created STL (file format) files, using stereolithography (SLA) method, samples from photopolymer resins "NextDent Denture 3D +", "Dental Pink" and "Denture Base Resin" were printed on a 3D printer, in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and the algorithm 3D printing.
The essence of the method consists in double torsion testing of base materials. A load is applied to a notched sample of material, with the sample subjected to four-point bending, resulting in slow crack growth, at which the fracture toughness index
Ki is determined. The Ki index quantifies the stress at the crack tip.
Five plates of the base material are prepared with a length of 64 mm, a width of 40 ± 0.5 mm, and a height of 3.1 ± 0.1 mm. 24 hours after manufacture, the samples are kept in water at a temperature of 37 ± 1 ° C for 50 ± 1 h before the start of the crack resistance test. After removing from the water, an incision with a depth of 4 - 5 mm is made at one end of each sample with a diamond disk, cleaned with a razor blade, removing the remains of the base material. The notch serves as a stress concentrator for the formation of the initial crack, therefore its shape and size do not significantly affect the test results.
The sample is placed on the supports, groove down and loaded until an initial crack appears and the load is abruptly removed. After receiving the initial crack, the sample is loaded again until it breaks. Crack resistance index Ki, MN / m15, is calculated by the formula:
_ P Kl = m2
where: P is the load on the stationary section, MN; t is the thickness of the sample, m.
The fracture toughness Ki of type 4 base materials must be at least 1.0 MN / m15.
To study the water absorption and solubility of samples from photopolymer resins, two samples in the form of a disk with a diameter of 50 ± 1 mm and a thickness of 0.5 ± 0.1 mm with flat upper and lower surfaces were made by SLA printing.
Prepared samples on a stand are placed in a desiccator containing freshly dried silica gel at a temperature of 130 ± 5 ° C and placed in an oven and kept at a temperature of 37 ± 1 ° C for 23 ± 1 h, after which the desiccator is removed from the oven and the samples are transferred to second desiccator. The second desiccator must be kept under laboratory conditions at a temperature of 23 ± 2 ° C for 60 ± 10 minutes, the samples are weighed on an analytical balance with an error of 0.2 mg. After weighing all samples, the test is repeated until a constant mass Mi is reached, that is, until the weight loss of each sample during the next weighing does not exceed 0.2 mg. Calculate the volume V, mm3, of each sample, calculated from the mean of the diameter of three measurements and the arithmetic mean of five thickness measurements.
Wet samples with constant mass are immersed in water at a temperature of 37 ± 1 ° C for 168 ± 2 hours;
wipe off with a dry towel until visible moisture disappears, leave in air to dry for 15 ± 1 s; After 60 s ± 10 s after removal from the water, weigh to the nearest 0.2 mg and record the mass of the samples M2. Secondary adjustment of the samples to constant weight is carried out in a desiccator and the constant weight of the dried samples M3 is recorded. Calculation of values of water absorption Wb, ^g / mm3, is determined by the formula:
WB =
M7 -M3
V
where: M2 - is the mass of the sample after immersion in water, ^g; M3 - constant sample mass after secondary drying, ^g; V - sample volume, mm3.
The solubility of the sample is determined as the mass of the soluble substance per unit volume Wp, ^g / mm3, according to the formula:
M1-M3
wp =
V
where: Mi - initial constant mass of the sample, ^g. The samples were considered to have passed the test if the water absorption index of the base materials did not exceed 32 ^g / mm3, and the solubility did not exceed 1.6 ^g / mm3.
The statistical analysis of the research results was carried out using the programs "BIOSTAT", "STATISTIKA 6.0 for Windows" by "Stat Soft, Inc." For significant differences in mean values in paired comparisons, Student's t-test was used at p <0.05. If the distribution of the studied parameters did not correspond to the normal (Gaussian) distribution, the nonparametric method was used and the comparison was carried out using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Correlation analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. With a small number of observations, when the general statistical population was divided into groups, the reliability of the results was calculated using the one-sided version of Fisher's exact test. Differences were considered significant at a confidence level ofp <0.05.
Results and its discussion. The study of the physical and mechanical properties of photopolymer resins "NextDent Denture 3D +", "Dental Pink" "Denture Base Resin" was carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO 1567: 1999 for samples and methods. A summary of the results is presented in table 1.
Table 1
Results of physical and mechanical properties of photopolymer resins
№ ISO 1567:1999 indicator Photopolymer resins
NextDent Denture 3D+ Denture Base Resin Dental Pink
1 Crack resistance K1, MN / m15 1.31 ± 0.06* 1.32 ± 0.05* 1.22 i 0.05*
2 Water absorption, ^g / mm3 19.3 ± 0.5** 19.5 ± 0.5** 21.2 i 0.5**
3 Solubility, ^g / mm3 0.084 ± 0.003*** 0.08 ± 0.003*** 0.093 i 0.004***
Note: * - differences between the studied groups are significant at p > 0.05; ** - differences between the studied groups are significant at p <0.05; *** - differences between the studied groups are significant at p <0.001.
Таблица 1
Результаты физико-механических свойств фотополимерных смол
№ Показатель по ISO 1567:1999 Фотополимерная смола
NextDent Denture 3D+ Denture Base Resin Dental Pink
1 Трещиностойкость К1, МН / м15 1.31 ± 0.06* 1.32 ± 0.05* 1.22 i 0.05*
2 Водопоглощение, мкг / мм3 19.3 ± 0.5** 19.5 ± 0.5** 21.2 i 0.5**
3 Растворимость, мкг / мм3 0.084 ± 0.003*** 0.08 ± 0.003*** 0.093 i 0.004***
Примечание: * - различия между изучаемыми группами достоверны при р >0.05; ** - различия между изучаемыми группами достоверны при р <0.05; *** - различия между изучаемыми группами достоверны при р <0.001.
Thus, in samples from Denture Base Resin fabricated by the SLA method, the best indicators were obtained in the study of fracture toughness Ki, namely 1.32 ± 0.05 MN / m15, versus 1.31 ± 0.06 MN / m15 for NextDent Denture 3D + and 1.22 ± 0.05 MN / m15 Dental Pink. The best indicator of water absorption was shown by NextDent Denture 3D + photopolymer resin 19.3 ± 0.5 ^g / mm3; Denture Base Resin 19.5 ± 0.5 ^g / mm3; Dental Pink - 21.2 ± 0.5 ^g / mm3. The solubility of Dental Pink, on the other hand, was the highest - 0.093 ± 0.004 ^g / mm3, while for NextDent Denture 3D + and Denture Base - 0.084 ± 0.003 and 0.08 ± 0.003 ^g / mm3, respectively.
Conclusion. Thus, after conducting a laboratory study of the physical and mechanical properties of base plastics, on samples from photopolymer resins for SLA printing on a 3D printer "NextDent Denture 3D +", "Dental Pink" and "Denture Base Resin" based on ISO 1567: 1999, one can make a conclusion that all test parameters of samples have a high percentage of compliance with the base materials. This confirms the optimal qualities of these materials and makes it possible to recommend them for clinical use as a base material for removable prosthetics.
Corresponding Author: Ertesyan Albert Robertovich - Ph.D., Instructor of the Department of prosthetic dentistry, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russian Federation
E-mail: [email protected]
Ответственный за переписку: Эртесян Альберт Робертович -ассистент кафедры ортопедической стоматологии, ФГБОУ ВО «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, г. Самара, Российская Федерация
E-mail: [email protected]
