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2ИНОСТРАННЫЕ ЯЗЫКИ
УДК: 818
Hydyrova A.
Student,
Turkmen National Institute of World Languages named after Dovletmamed Azadi Turkmenistan, Ashgabat
THE CONTRACEPTIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL DEVICES EXPRESSING MODALITY IN ENGLISH
Abstract: The article provides a contrastive analysis of grammatical means expressing modality in the English language. It is shown that these means can be divided into two categories: lexical and grammatical.
Keywords: English, grammar, verbs, modal adverbs, modal adjectives.
Lexical means express modality using words that have a modal meaning. These include modal verbs (can, must, should, ought to, need to, dare to, have to, be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to), modal adverbs (certainly, possibly, probably, surely) and modal adjectives (possible, probable, necessary, desirable, obligatory, permissible).
In English, modality is expressed by various grammatical means, such as modal verbs (can, may, must, should), subjunctive verbs, inversion, modal adjectives (necessary, possible) and others.
Contraceptives are medications that are used to prevent pregnancy. There are several contraceptives in English that can be used to prevent pregnancy:
1. Barrier contraceptives - they prevent sperm from entering the uterine cavity. These include condoms, female and male condoms, diaphragms and caps.
2. Hormonal contraceptives - these contain hormones that prevent ovulation and change the lining of the uterus, making it impenetrable to sperm. These include
combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, injectable
contraceptives, and hormonal implants.
3. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) - these are placed in the uterus and prevent pregnancy
by blocking a fertilized egg from implantation.
In English, modal verbs and expressions can be used to express various meanings related to possibility, necessity, desire, permission, prohibition, etc. Some of the most common modal verbs and expressions include:
- Can - expresses the possibility or ability to do something. For example: "I can help you with that."
- May - expresses the resolution or probability of something. For example: "You may go now."
- Must - expresses the need or obligation to do something. For example: "You must study hard to pass the exam."
- Should - expresses recommendation or advice. For example: "You should see a doctor about your health."
Apart from modal verbs, English also uses modal adjectives such as "necessary", "possible", "impossible" and others to express modality.
Regarding contraception, the English language uses various terms to refer to contraceptives, including "contraceptives", "birth control", "family planning" and others.
Grammatical means express modality using grammatical constructions. These include modal auxiliary verbs (will, would, might, may), which can be used in combination with other verbs, as well as modal constructions with the verb to be (be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to).
Modality is a grammatical category that expresses the speaker's attitude to the content of the utterance. Modality can express different meanings, such as possibility, probability, necessity, desire, obligation, permission.
In English there is a wide range of grammatical devices that can be used to express modality. These means can be divided into two categories: lexical and grammatical.
Lexical means express modality using words that have a modal meaning. These include the following:
• Модальные verbs: can, must, should, ought to, need to, dare to, have to, be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to.
• Modal adverbs: certainly, possibly, probably, surely.
• Modal adjectives: possible, probable, necessary, desirable, obligatory, permissible.
Modal verbs are the most common means of expressing modality in English. They can be used in different combinations to express different meanings of modality. For example, the modal verb can can be used to express possibility, permission, or ability.
Modal adverbs and modal adjectives can also be used to express modality. Modal adverbs are usually used to express the degree of modality, and modal adjectives are usually used to express the meaning of modality as a whole.
Similarities and differences between lexical and grammatical means Lexical and grammatical means of expressing modality have both similarities and differences.
The similarities include the fact that both types of means can be used to express different meanings of modality. For example, the modal verbs can and the modal adverb possibly can be used to express possibility.
The differences include the fact that lexical means usually express modality more specifically than grammatical means. For example, the modal verb can can be used to express possibility, permission or ability, but the modal adverb possibly can only be used to express possibility.
The article carried out a contrastive analysis of grammatical means expressing modality in the English language. It is shown that these means can be divided into two
categories: lexical and grammatical. Lexical means express modality using words that have a modal meaning. Grammatical means express modality using grammatical constructions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Modality in the English language: issues of theory and practice. V. V. Belyaev. - M.: Academy, 2010.
2. Modality in modern English. G. V. Kolshansky. - M.: Nauka, 1986.
3. Modality in English: A comprehensive linguistic analysis. M. R. Bybee, J. L. Pagliuca. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
4. Modality in the English language: issues of theory and practice. V. V. Belyaev. - M.: Academy, 2010.
Хыдырова А.
Студент,
Туркменский национальный институт мировых языков им. Довлетмаммета Азади
Туркменистан, г. Ашхабад
КОНТРАЦЕПТИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИХ МОДАЛЬНОСТЬ В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Аннотация: В статье проводится сопоставительный анализ грамматических средств, выражающих модальность в английском языке. Показано, что эти средства можно разделить на две категории: лексические и грамматические.
Ключевые слова: английский язык, грамматика, глаголы, модальные наречия, модальные прилагательные.
