Научная статья на тему 'Классификация формы здания: инструмент поддержки зонирования для отдельных участков земли в архитектурном проектировании'

Классификация формы здания: инструмент поддержки зонирования для отдельных участков земли в архитектурном проектировании Текст научной статьи по специальности «Строительство и архитектура»

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Ключевые слова
ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ / ОСНОВАННОЕ НА ОГРАНИЧЕНИИ / CONSTRAINT BASED DESIGN / ПАРАМЕТРИЧЕСКОЕ ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЕ / PARAMETRIC PROGRAMMING / ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ / URBAN MODELING / ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ / OPTIMIZATION / АРХИТЕКТУРНОЕ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ / ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Аннотация научной статьи по строительству и архитектуре, автор научной работы — Донат Д., Лобос Д.

До проектирования одного из высотных жилых зданий архитекторы должны спроектировать теоретическую модель как визуальную основу зонирования и предмет для строительных норм и правил, примененных на земельном участке, а потом они могут проектировать иной объем, который выполняет "более определенные" строительные нормы и правила, а также удовлетворяет их собственную практику и потребности клиентов. Находить оптимальный объем за разумное время сложная задача. Наблюдаемое явление это "различие между формой и размером первого недостаточного теоретического объема и окончательного здания, размещаемого на участке". Были определены несколько переменных, связанных с потребностью клиента (пространственная программа); зонированием (градостроительные нормы) и архитектурным проектированием (архитектурная практика). Исследование сосредотачивается на идентификации и описании этих переменных, создании гипотезы об отношении между ними и синтезировании их в прототипе программного обеспечения (цифровой инструмент), которое поддержит создание нового оптимального здания, размещаемого на участке с использованием этих соотношений.

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TYPING THE SHAPE OF A BUILDING: ZONING PLANNING SUPPORT TOOL FOR INDIVIDUAL PLOTS IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Previous to the design of one of a high-rise housing building, architects must design a theoretical volume as a visual reference of the "default" Zoning Planning and Building Codes applied on the plot, and then they can design a different volume that fulfils the more "specific" Building Codes, but also satisfies their own practice and the needs of clients. To find the optimum volume in a reasonable time is a complex task. The phenomenon observed is "the difference between the shape and size of the first default theoretical volume and the final building envelop in a plot". Several variables have been detected, related to the client need (Space Program); the Zoning Planning (Urban Codes) and the architectural design (Architectural Practices). The research focuses in to identify and to describe these variables, to establish a hypothesis about the relation between them and to synthesize them in prototype software (a digital tool) that will support the creation of new optimal building envelops in a plot using these relations.

Текст научной работы на тему «Классификация формы здания: инструмент поддержки зонирования для отдельных участков земли в архитектурном проектировании»

Typing the shape of a building: Zoning Planning Support Tool for individual plots in Architectural Design

Dirk Donath, Danny Lobos,

Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany http://infar.architektur.uni-weimar.de

1. Introduction

Since Hugh Ferris in 1922 started with a series of massing studies the visualization of zoning planning began to be a topic for architects. Setbacks, plot area ratio, maximum building height, and other important attributes must be handled by the architect to fulfill the law, the needs of the clients and his own inspiration. This paper presents the problem of envelop design for high-rise isolated housing buildings, as well as a new Decision Support Systems tool based on the platform of a BIM software, that allows to simulate several options for building envelope according to the parameters required by the city Zoning Planning. These options deliver reliable data and geometry, to be analyzed in real time for the architects, engineers, builders, government and the client in the early stages of the building's design.

The current research contributes with a new approach because it analyzes the building from a normative point of view (Lobos, 2006), but also including the variables of the client and the architect. Whose have an influence on the final shape and size of the building envelop. In this paper we present a solution for Space Program and Urban Codes.

This process of the early and schematic definition of the shape and size of the building is included in the Urban Regulations different of countries and it is well-known as "massing study", "maximum building bulk" or "theoretical volume" that is a tridimensional volume, similar to a paralepipedo (polyhedron of six faces) with additions or subtractions according to the application of different urban codes (Fig.1). This operation has to be done as a part of the folder for the Government Building Permission.

Fig. 1 .The Zoning Planning applied to a plot in the city. Self Elaboration 2007 © Lobos

2. The Early Stages of Architectural Design Process

The research is focused on the early stages of architectural design process. In this stage take place the creation and analysis of the Theoretical Volume and the final building envelop. The decisions made in this stage are irreversible, so, the most important. Some approaches to the definitions and tasks of these "early stages" are discussed widely by Lewis (1998), Lyon (2002), we considerate the IBC (International Building Code), on which Patten (2003) highlights that all of the services provided by an Architecture office can be divided in 5 steps, the first is called Schematic design phase (15 % of the total services) and considerate: Programming, Space Diagrams, Site Development Planning, Site Utilization Studies, Utility Studies, Environmental Studies, Zoning.

3. Variables

3.1. Variable1: The Space Program

The Space Program is a transcription, or a translation, of the needs of the client into an architectural programmatic language, this means, words and numbers able to be interpreted by the architect into rooms, sizes and relationships. Here the spaces and their sizes must be scheduled (names and areas) named, listed, grouped by zones. We propose the use of a Digital Database represented by Dynamic Shared Table (a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet table) to store, edit and exchange, quickly the required data from the building. In our case (apartments) data will be: Number of users, number of Flats, sleeping rooms per Flat, store rooms, parking, Porter's Lodge, Building Services, multiuse rooms, green surfaces, circulations, engineering systems, etc, as shown in Tablel.

Table 1. Variables of the SPACE PROGRAMM for an isolated high-rise housing building in the commune of Providencia in Santiago de Chile.

VARIABLES OF THE SPACE PROGRAMM FOR A HIGH-RISE ISOLATED HOUSING BUILDING

IN THE COMMUNE OF PROVIDENCIA IN SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Variables to measure

and Units

Components of the

Housing Building / X >

Variables to measure Existence of Cost(Euros Quantity Size: Width Height (m) I 1 Î

PLOT

0 Plot Size X X

1 Plot Price X

2 Tax Value X

3 Commercial Price X

Appreciation Post-

4 Construction

5 Projected Profitability

Required Area X

NUMBER OF USERS

Number of users X

6 Occupation Load X

FLATS

7 Flat 1 sleeping room X X X X X X

8 Flat 2 sleeping room X X X X X X

9 Flat 3 sleeping room X X X X X X

10 Flat 4 sleeping room X X X X X X

11 Studio Flat X X X X X X

UNDERGROUNDS X X X X X X

STORE ROOMS

12 Store Room size 1 X X X X X X

13 Store Room size 2 X X X X X X

14 Store Room size 3 X X X X X X

PARKINGS

16 Flat Parking's X X X X X X

17 Visitor Parking's X X X X X X

18 Truck Parking's X X X X X X

PORTER'S LODGE

Porter's Lodge / X X X X X X

19 Reception

20 Porter's Toilette X X X X X X

Porter's Kitchen/Dinning X X X X X X

21 room

22 Porter's Shower X X X X X X

EXTERNAL PEOPLE

External Workers Lockers X X X X X X

23 room

24 External Workers Toilette X X X X X X

External Workers Dressing X X X X X X

BUILDING SERVICES

26 Water Fountain/Mirror X X X X X X

27 Swimming Pool (Big) X X X X X X

28 Swimming Pool (Medium) X X X X X X

29 Swimming Pool (Small) X X X X X X

30 Dressing room/Toilette X X X X X X

31 Sport Fitness Center X X X X X X

32 Sport Machines Room X X X X X X

Squash Court X X X X X X

Tennis Court X X X X X X

Babyfutbol Court X X X X X X

33 Covered Terrace Roof X X X X X X

34 Uncovered Terrace Roof X X X X X X

Uncovered Barbecue X X X X X X

35 space

36 Covered Barbecue place X X X X X X

MULTIUSE ROOMS

Adults Room in Terrace X X X X X X

37 Roof

38 Events Room X X X X X X

39 Multiuse Room X X X X X X

40 Internet Room X X X X X X

41 Multimedia Room X

42 Reading Room X

Kindergarten X X X X X X

Kids playing room X X X X X X

Laundry X X X X X X

43 Drying Room X X X X X X

EXTRA FEATURES

50 Green Surfaces X X X X X X

51 Flowerpot stand X X X X X X

52 Pergola X X X X X X

53 Double Height Hall X X X X X X

54 Waiting Room X X X X X X

Uncovered Floored X X X X X X

55 Circulations

Covered Floored X X X X X X

56 Circulations

57 Wide Entrance X X X X X X

58 Setback for Main Entrance X X X X

59 Exterior Porter Room X X X X X X

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ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

60 Elevator Rooms X X X X X X

Building Water Systems X X X X X X

61 Room

62 Electrical Room X X X X X X

Table 6. Variables of the SPACE PROGRAMM for an isolated high-rise housing building in the commune of Providencia in Santiago de Chile. Self elaboration from the analysis of 10 cases (Building Permission files) in the commune of Providencia.

3.2. Variable2: the Urban Code

The origin of the use of theoretical volumes is completely linked to the existence of the Urban Planning, particularly to Urban Regulations, since the (Athens Charter, 1933), and the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, 1958).

The New York City 1916 Zoning Resolution was a measure adopted primarily to stop massive buildings such as the Equitable Building in Manhattan (Fig. 1) from preventing light and air from reaching the streets below. It established limits in building massing at certain heights, usually interpreted as a series of setbacks and, while not imposing height limits, restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size. The 1961 Zoning Resolution coordinated use and bulk regulations. Architectural delineator Hugh Ferriss popularized these new regulations in 1922 through a series of massing studies (Fig. 2), with a series of "zoning envelope" studies; these illustrated how the maximum building volumes permitted by New York's setback zoning laws of 1916 could be incrementally refined into finished building designs.

Fig. 2. Equitable Building NY and Hugh Ferriss works ( www.enigma_foundry.com: may 2008)

There are more than 10 rules to apply at the same time, only in the early stages of the architectural design of a high-rise building. These rules come from three main resources: the Building Code (each country), the Local Ordinance (each commune or district), and the Site Information Report (each plot). By using these rules it is possible to design many different shapes, starting from the "maximum theoretical volume".

Our implementation will considerate the following Zoning Planning regulations: site size, Buildable coefficient (Plot/Area Ratio), Site coverage coefficient (Coverage Area), Setback requirements, Sky exposure plane, Maximum Building height, Story height, Underground levels (height and total depth).

1. Buildable coefficient (built area or Plot Area Ratio-PAR): is a non-negative real value that multiplied by the total area of the plot, determines the maximum gross floor area (square meters) of the complete building (value 1-10, increasing in ten decimal range: 1.1 - 1.2 - etc), regardless of its shape.

2. Site coverage coefficient: is a non-negative real value that multiplied by the total site area, determines the maximum ground floor area of the Ground Level of the building. The value ranges in tens, from 0 to 1 (0.1 - 0.5 - 0.6 - etc) or percentage in tens (10% - 50% - 60% - etc).

3. Setback requirements: determines the minimum horizontal distance allowed between each lot line of the plot and the nearest point of the building. Different codes for this requirement depends on the country, it varies as high as the building is. It applies in different parts of the height of the building.

4. Sky exposure plane: imaginary plane that cuts the theoretical volume, it starts from each lot-line following a defined angle upwards and inside the site (60°, 70°, 80° are possible values).

5. Building height: determines the maximum vertical distance allowed between the natural ground level and the highest point of the building.

6. Story height: determines the minimum allowable vertical distance between the finished floor and the ceiling of an inhabitable room (e.g Chile = 2.35 m).

7. Parking: every building must be designed with a minimum quantity of parking, determined by the Local Ordinance. As general practice 1 parking per flat and the 10% is in the surface of the plot and the rest is in the Undergrounds.

8. Shadows: Shadows over the neighborhood must be quantified. This variable will be included in the next version of the prototype.

As a summary these variables are related to three main areas: the Space Program, the Urban Codes and the Architectural Practices. These, according to our approach, determine the shape and size of the final envelop of a high-rise housing building in the early stages of design (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Diagram for the paperwork after the full Government Building Permission.

4. CAAD Prototypes

4.1. Cadastre for existing Commercial Software

It will be taken into consideration the results from Lobos (2007), and his cadastre for the existing commercial tools for Architecture. The analyzed tools were grouped in three areas: 1. Design Software for Architecs: Autocad 2d/3d, Maya, FormZ, Sketchup, Maxxon Form, Rhinoceros, Paracloud, Ecotect, Generative Components-and Affinity. 2. BIM/AEC Software: Revit building, Archicad, MicroStation, Architectural Desktop, Allplan, Catia / Designer, Vectorworks. 3. 3d Model& Animation Software: 3dsmax, Cinema 4d, Quest 3d, Autodesk VIZ, Softimage.

There was concluded that actually there is no commercial application that resolves the complete problem. In the most of them it is possible, and necessary, to develop new solutions for these new tasks by creating new ones in a programming language (Plug-in or Add-ons)

4.2. Cadastre for existing Prototype Software

Next we present the current state-of-the-art in prototype tools for the urban code tasks. We will divide the works in two categories: those that work over several plots (Urban Planning in blocks) and those that work in one plot (Architectural Design in one plot). In both cases we have find useful but partial solutions. Recent researches tend to support, but partially, this process by creating some new ICT Tools (Fig. 4).

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Fig. 4. Cadastre for existing Prototype Software

4.2.1. For several Plots

1. Cityzoom (Grazziotin et all, 2004). A Decision Support System for urban planning, with a specific built-in city model, where data is represented in an object-oriented model representing the urban structure, to simulate the impact of alternative urban regulations for large number of plots. Results can be displayed as tables, graphs, and in a 3D preview.

2. Neuplanung Umfeld Hauptbahnhof Zürich (Kaisersrot und KCAP, 2007). Use of the visualization of Zoning Planning regulations to support the design ideas.

3. C-Code 1.0 (Labarca and Culawgosky, 2006) Programming on AutoCAD the automatic generation of guided-style theoretical volumes and finished building envelopes for several blocks.

4. Normativa 3d (Wurman, 2006). To evaluate the Zoning Planning Tools through their tridimensional modeling, representing in graphic and visible way the target-image or the urban shape for the city.

5. A City Simulator Raposo et all (2001). To simulate and analyze cities where tall buildings are emerging on pre-existing urban schemes with irregular shapes.

4.2.2. For one Plot

6. Building Code from GIS linked to Internet: several researches (Erba and Uribe, 2005; Marambio and Garcia, 2005); Frassia (1999).

7. Parametric Envelope (Melantoni, 2006) creation of prototypes in REVIT, the Urban Code is turned to a computable data (input) and the tool shows an automatic theoretical volume (output) in real time.

8. BDS: Building Bulk Design Support Tool (Gonzalez, 2005) and Donath and Gonzalez (2006) a constraint-based design strategy to support participatory housing planning processes. Explains the implementation criteria of a constraint satisfaction approach to solving the building bulk design problem.

9. Spaceplan (Tonn, 2002) Bauhaus-Uni Weimar. A tool for planning and optimization of basic building regulations in urban plots. Input: plot size, setbacks, Plot Area Ratio, Maximum Occupation. Output: 3d volume optimized by Total Area or Total Stories.

10. Simulador PRU_Datos: a tool developed by (SOLNET S.A., 2005). For Economic Simulation and Profitability of the plots in a district or commune.

The most of these authors have created very useful tools to support larger Urban Design/Planning decisions or working on a specific plot. But none of them considerate the total number of codes of our case.

4.3. Parametric Model in REVIT

We introduce a new tool, called "Prototype for Urban Code constraints", and developed by Danny Lobos. Taking into consideration the required variables for the design of a theoretical volume of a building it was chosen the BIM software Autodesk Revit Building ® because of the simple and powerful 3d modeling visualization and the possibility to add the parametric constraints to the classical 3d Boolean Operations, through the use of Parametric Families function, as described by Melantoni (2006). Implementation: Windows XP, CPU Intel Core Duo 1.66 GHz, and memory 1 GB.

Once we calculate the total area (min-max) for the building in the Space Program Database (developed in Microsoft Excel), we are ready to model several scenarios in a plot. Starting from a generic box volume, constraints are added and they act as Boolean operators, mainly subtracting mass to the original volume, as described in (Gonzalez, 2005). The values of the codes (plot sides, setbacks, sky exposure angle, maximum building height, undergrounds depth, etc) (Table 2) can be added by the architect as a text format in a user friendly interface and see the changes of the shape and size of volume in real time (Fig. 5), then he can get automatically several reports on each scenario: 3d views/floor/section/elevations plans, total area of the building (m2), volume of the building (m3) and area per story (m2), perimeters (m), costs, ODBC databases, IFC models.

. Copy of 3D View 1

Mass Floor Schedule

Level Floor Area Floor Perimet er Floor Volume Exterior Surface Area

Level 1 408 m2 82.00 1632.00 m3 328 m2

Level 2 408 m2 82.00 1224.00 m3 246 m2

Level 3 408 m2 82.00 1224.00 m3 246 m2

Level 4 408 m2 82.00 1173.00 m3 291 m2

Level 5 357 m2 76.00 1071.00 m3 228 m2

Level 6 357 m2 76.00 1071.00 m3 228 m2

Level 7 357 m2 76.00 987.00 m3 304 m2

Level 8 273 m2 68.00 818.82 m3 204 m2

Level 9 272 m2 67.80 676.84 m3 302 m2

Level 10 141 m2 47.62 400.25 m3 142 m2

Level 11 126 m2 45.43 357.67 m3 136 m2

Level 12 112 m2 43.25 315.08 m3 129 m2

Level 13 98 m2 41.07 272.50 m3 122 m2

Level 14 84 m2 38.88 229.91 m3 116 m2

Level 15 70 m2 36.70 187.33 m3 109 m2

Level 16 55 m2 34.51 101.23 m3 115 m2

Level -1 1020 m2 128.00 3060.00 m3 996 m2

Level -2 1020 m2 128.00 3060.00 m3 384 m2

Level -3 1020 m2 128.00 3060.00 m3 384 m2

Grand total: 19

6993 m2 1363.26 20921.63 m3 5010 m2

&

Copy of ISOM Mass

BUILDING MASS

Family and Type Gross Surface Area Absorption Coef for 1sqm Absorption of all surface

Urban Codes: Building Mass 6030 m2 100.00 603016.62

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Fig. 5. Screenshot of "Prototype for Urban Code constraints", developed by Lobos (2007)

Table 2. Input/outputs in Revit prototype

INPUT / OUTPUTS IN REVIT PROTOTYPE

INPUT

OUTPUTS

1. Plot front

2. Plot depth

3. Maximum Building Height

4. Number of Stories

5. Floor to Floor Distance

6. Underground Max Depth

7. Number of Underground Levels

8. Sky Exposure Angle Left

9. Sky Exposure Angle Right

10. Sky Exposure Angle Front

11. Sky Exposure Angle Back

12. UG_setback_right

13. UG_setback_left

14. UG_setback_front

15. UG_setback_back

16. Height high setback LEFT

17. Height high setback RIGHT

18. Height high setback BACK

19. Height high setback FRONT

20. High Setback FRONT side

21. High Setback BACK side

22. High Setback LEFT side

23. High Setback RIGHT side

24. Base Setback BACK

25. Base Setback LEFT

26. Base Setback FRONT side

27. Base Setback RIGHT

28. Street Axis

1. 3d model of the building

2. 3d model of underground levels

3. Plot Area Ratio comparison Schedule: Current/ Allowed

3d views:

4. Isometric with Mass Model

5. Isometric with Floors/Slab of each story

6. Isometric with dimensions

2d drawings:

7. Floor plans for each story

8. Cross-Section

9. Longitudinal Section

10. Front Elevation

11. Back Elevation

12. Right Elevation

13. Left Elevation

Complex Cost schedules:

14. Levels label

15. Total building area (m2)

16. Building Volume (m3)

17. Schedule story area (m2)

18. Cost/story

19. Cost/m2

20. Story perimeter (m)

21. Totals for each field

Others:

22. ODBC databases

23. IFC models

24. DWG 2d drawings

25. DWG/DXF/DGN 3d model

26. Images: Jpg/Bmp/Png/Tiff

It must be considerate, for the future, the integration of the API features to work with the other detected variables. The Autodesk Revit API (Advanced Programming Interface) can be accessed fully by any language compatible with the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 (Visual Basic .NET or Visual C#). Due to the reviewed literature and the current available software knowledge, it must be considerate also the capabilities of other languages for these complex

tasks: Programming with AutoLISP (for AutoCAD/ADT), Programming in JAVA, Iconic Programming (Quest3d/Cinema4d), and Script for (3dsMax / Rhino / Generative Components).

Conclusions

We have revealed the phenomenon of the envelope design for high-rise apartment building. We have found and described its variables and then we have created a tool that generate new optimized building envelops for a plot. The results of this proposal show that the use of specific ICT Tools in the early stages of a building design helps to reduce the working time, increases the confidence on the generated solution and it also contributes to the exploration of several alternatives in a short time. The next step will be to distribute the space program into the boundaries of each floor.

We have provided the basis for the creation of a new concept: Plausible Optimal Envelop, which defines the optimal relationship between different variables in this stage of the planning process (client - urban codes - architect). This process and methods could be extended to other type of buildings: health, education, commerce, etc. The possibility of using IFC codes in each stage must be mentioned, it helps to exchange information among all software platforms and applications used in each stage and all of the involved players of the building process. The constructors, engineers and others players could have information about the building in early stages of the design to work on their fields.

References

Donath, D. and Gonzalez, L.F.: 2006, A constraint based Building Bulk Design Support, Sigradi X, Santiago de Chile, pp 278-282.

Frassia, M.:1999, Código Digital de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Sigradi III Montevideo, pp. 209-212

Grazziotin, P.C.; Benamy; T.; Sclovsky, L.; Freitas, Carla M. D. S. : 2004, Cityzoom - A tool for the visualization of the impact of urban regulations, SIGraDi [Proceedings of the 8th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Porte Alegre - Brasil, pp 216-220.

Lewis, R. K.: 1998, Architect: a candid guide to the profession, Cambridge - Mass, MIT Press.

Lobos, D.A.: 2006, Diseño Plausible de Plantas de Piso. Una metodología asistida por IT Tools, Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics (SIGRADI), Santiago de Chile, pp. 293-298.

Lobos, D.: 2007, Plausibility in Early Stages of Architectural Design: the case of Theoretical Volume in Santiago de Chile, Technical Report for Research Theme - 2007, INFAR -Bauhaus-Uni Weimar.

Lyon, E.: 2002, Strategies for IT Adoption in the Building Industry, Graduate Research Seminar, Georgia Institute of Technology, pp. 9-11.

Mellantoni, G.: 2006, Sólido Capaz: Modelamiento Parametrico de Distanciamientos. Revit Workshop, SIGraDi X, Santiago de Chile.

Patten G., J.: 2003, The Architect's Portable Handbook. First-step rules of thumb for Building Design. Third Edition, 0-07-142889-5, McGraw-Hill,

Raposo, M.; Sampio, M.; Raposo, P.; Camara, A.; Batista, A.; Andrade, F.: 2001, A City Simulator. ACADIA, ISBN 1-880250-10-1, New York. pp 52-61.

Wurman, D.: 2006, Normativa 3D. La modelación tridimensional como método de evaluación y herramienta de generación de la normativa. Tesis Magister en Arquitectura, Universidad Catolica de Chile.

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