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УДК 796.012
КИНЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ РАЗЛИЧИЯ ТЕХНИКИ СПРИНТЕРСКОГО БЕГА ПО ДИСТАНЦИИ В ШИПОВКАХ И КРОССОВКАХ
Олег Борисович Немцев, доктор педагогических наук, профессор, Айдамир Батырбиевич Бгуашев, Адыгейский государственный университет, Майкоп; Алексей
Фёдорович Гришин, кандидат педагогических наук, Государственный морской университет имени адмирала Ф. Ф. Ушакова, Новороссийск; Наталья Алексеевна
Немцева, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, Адыгейский государственный
университет, Майкоп; Светлана Борисовна Полянская, Филиал Кубанского государственного университета, г. Славянск-на-Кубани
Аннотация
Целью работы являлось сравнение характеристик техники спринтерского бега по дистанции в кроссовках и шиповках. 17 спринтеров, прыгунов в высоту и с шестом (11 мужчин и 6 женщин) приняли участие в исследовании. Видеосъёмка проводилась при помощи высокоскоростной видеокамеры Casio EX-ZR700 (240 Гц). Для двумерного видеоанализа использовалось программное обеспечение Kinovea. Парный двухвыборочный t-тест для средних применялся для оценки достоверности различий выборочных данных. Было установлено, что использование шиповок позволяет достоверно повысить скорость бега (с 8,21±0,75 до 8,33±0,83 м/с, p=0,009). При использовании шиповок достоверно уменьшается время опоры (с 0,121±0,008 до 0,117±0,007 с, p=0,002) и увеличивается длина шага (с 2,05±0,21 до 2,08±0,20 м, p=0,038). Углы ноги и стопы достоверно больше в момент касания дорожки и достоверно меньше в момент отрыва от неё при беге в шиповках.
Ключевые слова: двумерный видеоанализ, время опоры, длина шага, угол ноги.
KINEMATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAXIMAL SPEED RUNNING IN
SNEAKERS AND SPIKES
Oleg Borisovich Nemtsev, the doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Aydamir Batyrbievich Bguashev, Adyghe State University, Maykop; Alexey Fedorovich Grishin, the
candidate of pedagogical sciences, Admiral Ushakov Maritime State University, Novorossiysk; Natalia Alekseevna Nemtseva, the candidate of pedagogical sciences, senior lecturer, Ady-gheya State University, Maykop; Svetlana Borisovna Polyanskaya, Kuban State University
Branch in Slavyansk-On-Kuban
Annotation
The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of running techniques during maximal speed running in sneakers and spikes. Seventeen sprinters, high and pole vault jumpers (11 males and 6 females) took part in the study. Videotaping was done using Casio EX-ZR700 camera (240 Hz). Kenova software was used for 2D video analysis. The paired sample t-test was performed to compare the means differences. It was found that using spikes significantly increased the running speed (from 8.21±0.75 to 8.33±0.83 m/s, p=0.009). When using spikes, ground contact time was significantly less (0.121±0.008 and 0.117±0.007 s, p=0.002) and step length was significantly larger (2.05±0.21 and 2.08±0.20 m, p=0.038). Foot and leg angles were significantly bigger at touchdown and significantly less at take-off when sprinting in spikes.
Keywords: 2D video analysis, ground contact time, step length, leg angle.
INTRODUCTION
What kind of shoes to choose for trainings and competitions in sprint running, is it possible to perform part of high-speed training running work in the sneakers or it will change the athlete's technique - these are important questions, the answers to which determine both the success of the performance and the prevention of athlete's injuries. At the same time, most studies compare only the features of running barefoot and in spikes, or in various kinds of spikes. So, for example, Williams, Toon, Caine and Hopkinson [6] compared the kinematics of different foot segments
during acceleration phase (at the 10 m point) in sprint running between barefoot and shod conditions. Also, Smith, Lake and Lees [4] showed that sprint spikes significantly increased sprinting velocity (0.3 m/s average increase at the 20 m point) and studied metatarsophalangeal joint function when sprinting barefoot and in spikes. Smith, Lake, Sterzing and Milani [5] investigated the features of sprint in spikes of various bending stiffness and concluded that increasing shoe bending stiffness did not lead to significant differences in sprinting performance. Meanwhile, it still remains under investigated how much the use of spikes can increase the effectiveness of sprint running in different parts of the distance and what changes in running technique may occur. So, the purpose of this study was to compare the technique characteristics during maximal speed running in sneakers vs. spiked shoes.
METHODS
Seventeen sprinters, high and pole vault jumpers (11 males - height 1.85±0.10 m, body mass 75.8±9.3 kg, age 19.9±1.4 years, 100 meters personal best 11.57±0.41 s, and 6 females -height 1.61±0.06 m, body mass 49.5±3.7 kg, age 21.0±1.2 years, 100 meters personal best 13.55±0.28 s) were recruited as volunteers. Each participant performed, after standard individual warming up, two attempts of 50-meter maximal speed running using a three-point start: the first attempt in sneakers and then, after 10-15-minute rest, the second attempt in spikes. All parts of the investigation were done at the indoor stadium on a Mondo track surface. Casio EX-ZR700 camera (operating at 240 Hz, shutter speed 1/320) was positioned just opposite the 40-meter distance mark at 25 meters from the track in such a way that the optical axis of the camera was perpendicular to the direction of the run. Kinovea-0.8.20 software was used for 2D video analysis. The following kinematic characteristics were determined (Figure 1): running speed (from takeoff of one leg to take-off of the other leg), step length (from toe position at touchdown of one leg (left or right) to the other leg (right or left) toe position at the next touchdown), ground contact time (from foot-strike to toe-off), flight time, step frequency, leg angle at touchdown and takeoff, knee angle at touchdown and take-off, foot angle at touchdown and take-off. All kinematic characteristics were recorded for the same (right or left) leg during both sneakers and spikes running.
Figure 1 - Variables defined in the study
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the studied data were normally distributed (p from 0.279 to 0.990), while F-test confirmed the equivalence of variances in compared samples (p from 0.218 to 0.457). So, the paired sample t-test was used to evaluate the significance of means differences. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d and interpreted as 0.21 - 0.50 small; 0.51 - 0.80 medium and > 0.80 large [0].
RESULTS
As follows from the results, using special sprinting shoes (spikes) allowed the participants to increase their running speed (1.37%, d=0.777) statistically significantly (Table 1). Wherein, there were many statistically significant differences in the technique characteristics when running in sneakers and spikes. Thus, ground contact time was statistically significantly less (medium effect size, d=0.772) and step length was statistically significantly larger (medium effect size, d=0.544) when running in spikes (Table 1). At touchdown participants of the study set their leg to the track at a significantly higher angle (leg angle differences 1.95%, d=0.885) positioning the heel higher (foot angle differences 9.15%, d=0.743) when running in spikes (Table 1).
Table 1 - Characteristics of running technique during maximal speed sprint in sneakers and spikes (Mean ± S.D.)____
Kinematic data Sneakers Spikes P
Speed (m-s-1) 8.21 ±0.75 8.33±0.83 0.009
Ground contact time (s) 0.121±0.008 0.117±0.007 0.002
Flight time (s) 0.132±0.016 0.134±0.017 0.391
Step length (m) 2.05±0.21 2.08±0.20 0.038
Step frequency (Hz) 3.96±0.32 4.01±0.33 0.173
Leg angle at touchdown (°) 69.5±2.1 70.9±2.5 0.003
Knee angle at touchdown (°) 150.2±9.3 151.4±7.8 0.338
Foot angle at touchdown (°) 19.3±6.6 21.1±6.4 0.008
Leg angle at take-off (°) 51.8±2.8 50.6±3.4 0.048
Knee angle at take-off (°) 169.8±6.9 169.4±6.0 0.708
Foot angle at take-off (°) 89.3±4.8 83.8±5.8 0.000
During spikes running, athletes also performed take-off at a significantly more acute angle (leg angle differences 2.16%, d=0.551) with a significantly smaller foot angle (differences 6.13%, d=1.215). Despite significantly larger step length when running in spikes, no significant differences in flight time and step frequency were detected in the attempts performed in different shoes (Table 1). No significant differences of knee angle at touchdown and take-off were noticed when running either in sneakers or in spikes.
DISCUSSION
The larger running speed when running in spikes observed in this study confirms the efficiency of special shoes (spikes) and characterizes the ability of participating athletes to use them effectively. The maximum increase in running speed observed in this study was 3.85% (1.37% for group). The running speed here is specifically the distance running speed, while the time of running a 50-meter distance as a whole also depends on the effectiveness of the start and acceleration phases, where the value of quality shoes may be different. The decrease of ground contact time and the increase of step length without the increase of flight time during spikes running may be regarded as a consequence of more effective leg-ground interaction, although some authors consider the ground contact time to be the function of running speed [3]. On the other hand, Logan, Hunter, Hopkins, Feland and Parcell [2] observed significantly shorter stance times in racing flats compared to running shoes in female runners during the same speed run (there were no significant differences of the stance time between running in racing flats, running shoes and distance spikes in male runners at the same speed). At the same time, the reduction of ground contact time during spike running observed in this research did not change the step frequency due to multidirectional changes in flight time when athletes ran in spikes (Figure 2).
Athletes participating in this study placed their feet onto the surface more actively when running in spikes. Greater foot angle in this case obviously allowed to ensure the contact with the track surface of that part of the shoe where the spikes are located. Differences in leg angle when running in different footwear found in the present study were unidirectional (and thus were significant) but small in value and, therefore, require further confirmation in subsequent studies. Finally, it should be noted that a comparison of the considered characteristics of the running
technique in sneakers and spikes, normalized relative to the running speed, showed the presence of statistically significant differences only in the foot angle at the take-off (p=0.022). This suggests that not only the ground contact time, according to some authors, but also some other characteristics of the technique are a function of the running speed.
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So, running in spikes compared to running in sneakers resulted in achieving higher running speed. Wherein, changes in the technique of running are characteristic of running at a higher speed: the stance time decreases and the step length increases. At the same time, running in spikes is significantly different from running in sneakers as for the interaction of the foot with the track surface (greater foot angle at touchdown and smaller at take-off), which is determined by different participation of the muscles of the shin and thigh in the interaction with the support. The results of this study confirmed significant differences in techniques when running in special and nonspecial footwear during maximal speed run, but most of the observed differences are due to the higher running speed in the spikes. This, in its turn, determines the possibility of maximal speed running in various shoes during pre-competition training of athletes. Additional investigations of foot kinematics during maximal speed running in various shoes will help to understand better the changes of running techniques observed in the present study.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences / J. Cohen. - USA : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988. - 567 p.
2. Ground reaction force differences between running shoes, racing flats, and distance spikes in runners / S. Logan, I. Hunter, J.T.J.T. Hopkins, J.B. Feland, A.C. Parcell // Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. - 2010. - Vol. 9 (1). - P. 147-153.
3. Novacheck, T.F. The biomechanics of running / T.F. Novacheck // Gait and Posture. - 1998. -Vol. 7. - P. 77-95.
4. Smith, G. Metatarsophalangeal joint function during sprinting: A comparison of barefoot and sprint spike shod foot conditions / G. Smith, M. Lake, A. Lees // Journal of Applied Biomechanics - 2014. - Vol. 30. - P. 206-212.
5. The influence of sprint spike bending stiffness on sprinting performance and metatarsophalangeal joint function / G. Smith, M. Lake, T. Sterzing, T. Milani // Footwear Science. - 2016. - Vol. 8 (2). - P.
0 ,01 0 01 6
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Figure 2 - Flight time changes in spikes running compared to sneakers running
CONCLUSION
109-118.
6. Kinematics of the foot segments during the acceleration phase of sprinting: a comparison of barefoot and sprint spike conditions / B.J. Williams, D.T. Toon, M.P. Caine, N. Hopkinson // The Impact of Technology on Sport II / Fuss F.K., Subic A., Ujihash, S. (Eds.). - London : Taylor and Francis, 2008. - P. 199-204.
REFERENCES
1. Cohen, J. (1988), Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
2. Logan, S., Hunter, I., Hopkins, J.T.J.T., Feland, J.B. and Parcell, A.C. (2010), "Ground reaction force differences between running shoes, racing flats, and distance spikes in runners", Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Vol. 9 (1), pp. 147-53.
3. Novacheck, T.F. (1998), "The biomechanics of running", Gait and Posture, Vol. 7, pp. 77-95.
4. Smith, G., Lake, M. and Lees, A. (2014), "Metatarsophalangeal joint function during sprinting: A comparison of barefoot and sprint spike shod foot conditions", Journal of Applied Biomechanics, Vol. 30, pp. 206-12.
5. Smith, G., Lake, M., Sterzing, T. and Milani, T. (2016), "The influence of sprint spike bending stiffness on sprinting performance and metatarsophalangeal joint function", Footwear Science, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 109-18.
6. Williams, B.J., Toon, D.T., Caine, M.P. and Hopkinson, N. (2008), "Kinematics of the foot segments during the acceleration phase of sprinting: a comparison of barefoot and sprint spike conditions", In Fuss, F.K., Subic, A., Ujihashi, S. (Eds.), The Impact of Technology on Sport II, Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 199-204.
Контактная информация: [email protected]
Статья поступила в редакцию 28.08.2019
УДК 796.07
СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПСИХИЧЕСКИХ КАЧЕСТВ У КУРСАНТОВ ВУЗОВ ВМФ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГРУППОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Алексей Алексеевич Пивачёв, Главное командование Военно-Морского Флота, Санкт-Петербург; Алексей Григорьевич Щуров, доктор педагогических наук, профессор, Военный институт физической культуры, Санкт-Петербург
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается эффективность влияния профессионально-прикладного группового комплексного физического упражнения на совершенствование профессиональных психических качеств у курсантов вузов Военно-морского флота в процессе его использования на занятиях по физической подготовке. Групповое комплексное упражнение включает комплекс военно-прикладных упражнений: 1) бег 100 м по пересеченной местности с ящиками с боеприпасами и оружием в руках; 2) преодоление дистанции 500 м (2 х 250 м с разворотом) на 6-ти вёсельных ялах; 3) метание гранаты массой 600 г на 20 м по стенке на точность. Особенность данного упражнения состоит в том, что оно предполагает обязательное совместного взаимодействие членов малой группы (подразделения) друг с другом и выполнение профессионально-прикладного элемента - гребли на 6-весельных ялах. Результаты педагогического эксперимента показали, что применение в течение учебного года в обоих семестрах по 16 и 8 часов разработанного нами группового комплексного физического упражнения вместо обычных плановых занятий, предусмотренных действующей программой, свидетельствуют о более значительной динамике показателей совершенствования психических качеств у курсантов экспериментальной группы по сравнению с контрольной.
Ключевые слова: профессиональные психические качества, групповое комплексное упражнение, курсанты.
