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■ ■ ■ Career, Somatization, and Formation of the Entrepreneurial Potential
Lipai T.P.1, Tchanturia N.G.2, Goderdzishvili B.G.2
1. Minsk City Institute for the Development of Education, Minsk, Belarus.
2. Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Abstract. The first decades of the 21st century, the system of social and labor relations is facing unprecedented challenges from the external environment. These are globalization, economic growth based on the increasing role of knowledge, as well as the revolutionary development of information and communication technologies. On the other hand, the solution of the acute problem of employment of the population is becoming more closely associated with the concept of "self-employment" and "employment according to the demand on the labor market.
It is difficult to find a vacancy in the profile of the received specialty, especially for young specialists due to the high level of competition in the labor market. Many professions that were interesting for young people in "soviet times" lost their social and material status among young professionals. Conversely, some occupations that were in "soviet times" stigmatized (for example entrepreneur), today is the real way to solve the problem of unemployment. Today formation of entrepreneurial competencies among graduates of modern society is one of the most important issues in the development of our education and economy.
Consequently, in the short term, the real way to solve the problem of unemployment is to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises-business entities, which today is the most important direction of economic reforms in 21st century. The effective functioning of these reforms is directly related to the identification and development of entrepreneurial potential among the unemployed young people, with the creation of an appropriate educational base and support for entrepreneurship at the state level. Therefore, the study of the entrepreneurial potential of the population is of great importance for the planning of measures of the entrepreneurial policy of the country as a whole.
Key words: motivation, social and labor relations, stigma, employment, entrepreneurial potential
For citation: Lipai T.P., Tchanturia N.G., Goderdzishvili B.G. Career, Stigmatization, and Formation of the Entrepreneurial Potential [Карьера, стигматизация и формирование предпринимательского потенциала]. Communicology(Russia). 2019. Vol. 7. No.1. DOI 10.21453/2311-3065-2019-7-1-43-52.
Inf. about the authors: Lipai Tatyana Petrovna, Cand. Sc. (Soc.), professor at the department of management and economics of education, Minsk City Institute for the Development of Education; Tchanturia Natalia Grigorievna, Cand. Sc. (Econ.), associate prof. at the dept. of business administration, faculty of business technologies, Georgian Technical University; Goderdzishvili Bella Grishaevna, Dr. Sc. (Econ.), assistant prof. at the dept. of business administration, faculty of business technologies, Georgian Technical University. Address: 220034, Belarus, Minsk, Bronevoj lane, 15А. E-mails: lipai@tut.by, nataliawanturia@yahoo. com, b.goderdzishvili@gtu.ge.
Received: 02.02.2019. Accepted: 27.02.2019.
Introduction
The relevance of this topic is due, firstly, to the activation of this process by the state itself, as a way to solve the problem of growing unemployment, leading to economic, psychological and social losses, and, secondly, exacerbated the state's need for regulating the work young specialists and creating conditions that increase their productivity; thirdly, satisfying the need for self-realization of a person as a useful creative work and recognition his society.
Many professions that were interesting for young people in "soviet times" lost their social and material status among young professionals. Conversely, some occupations that were in "soviet times" stigmatized (for example entrepreneur), today is the real way to solve the problem of unemployment. Today formation of entrepreneurial competencies among graduates of modern society is one of the most important issues in the development of our education and economy
"Entrepreneurial potential" is a fundamentally new and relevant research topic, especially for countries with developing economies, since until recently the labor behavior of an entrepreneur was not the subject of its study.
The entrepreneurial potential of the individual has been researched by economists in the context of entrepreneurship, understood as the activity of creating economic innovations, the form of realization of the role function, the end product of economic creativity, etc., starting from the XVIII century. R. Cantillon and his followers J. Thunen, G. Mangoldt and F. Knight identified risk-taking as one of the elements of entrepreneurial potential; J. Schumpeter considered innovation and creativity as the leading ability of an entrepreneur; L. Mises, F. Hayek, I. Kirzner focused on such individual psychological characteristics of an entrepreneur as managerial skills, independence in choosing and making decisions, the ability to respond to changes in the economic and social situation [Cheplyaeva].
The economic needs of modern society have long ago made adjustments to the structure of entrepreneurial potential — elements such as professional knowledge, innate and acquired abilities, innovative potential, and functional skills and qualifications appeared in it.
The goal is to disclose the content of the economic category "entrepreneurial potential", the specifics of its formation and the most effective use in practice, which basically means:
- Identification of the essence of entrepreneurial potential as an economic category;
- Consideration of the formation of entrepreneurial potential;
- Identification of the features of the formation of entrepreneurial potential in the economic reality of Georgia.
- Determination of conditions for effective use of entrepreneurial potential;
The subject of the research is the problems and conditions for the formation and effective use of the entrepreneurial potential in Georgia.
The object of the research is the study of the entrepreneurial potential of young people.
Research methodology
The basis of our general conclusions and judgments are:
1. Research on the predisposition of the entire population of Georgia to entrepreneurship, conducted by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) - the globally recognized research organization Global Growth 2014 [Lezhava, Brekashvili, Melua; NDI studies in Georgia...], and systematized the results.
2. A large-scale study in the format of the project "Support for youth entrepreneurship in Georgia", in cooperation with Georgia and the Economic Development Center HEDC, conducted in 2015. The goal of the project was to develop youth entrepreneurship in Georgia and expand its access to financial resources. Within the framework of the project, seminars, discussions, trainings and a grant competition were held in 7 regional cities [Youth Entrepreneurship Assessment.].
3. A study of the predisposition of youth entrepreneurship conducted at Tbilisi State University. Javakhishvili in 2017, the target group of which was the student youth of 18-24 years old category. The questionnaire was developed on the basis of the methodology presented in the research report "Global Monitoring of Youth Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship" GEM [Natsvlishvili].
These studies showed that being a successful entrepreneur in Georgia is enviable -75.9 per cent of the working-age population of all ages believe that entrepreneurship is a good career choice, but in fact only 7.2 per cent of them are going to open or already have their own business (enterprise). Motivation of entrepreneurial activity necessitated by necessity-need (necessity) (48.6%) is almost equal to entrepreneurial activity caused by opportunity (opportunity driven) (50.6%) [Lezhava, Brekashvili, Melua: 8].
Compared to EU countries and non-EU countries, the percentage of Georgia's population is high, which considers that:
1) Starting a business is a good career choice;
2) Successful entrepreneurs have a high status in society
3) Media attention to entrepreneurship and, therefore, recognition in society is high. This indicator of Georgia is comparatively higher than in Estonia, the country accepting participation in the project [Lezhava, Brekashvili, Melua: 25].
Despite this, involving young people in the private sector, increasing their motivation and activation is a challenge. It is well known that young people are a vital force for developing countries, and the state itself should be interested in realizing its potential by participating in economic activities. Nevertheless, these studies have shown that due to lack of awareness of the efforts of the Georgian government to promote entrepreneurial activities, young people living in the regions have a low level of motivation and nihilistic attitude to the beginning of their own entrepreneurial activities, due to several factors -for example, many of them they have a business idea, but they do not have the ability to attract financial resources and ways to search for a market later for the realization of a product. Labor migration is also a significant factor - most active young people rush to big cities, preferring to reveal their abilities there or go abroad, and in most cases stay there. This leads to a shortage of educated and highly qualified personnel in the region.
The second serious obstacle to the successful and long-term self-employment of the population of Georgia is the high level of secret unemployment.
According to the data of the National Statistical Office of Georgia, in 2016, for every 1,000 people of economically active population aged 15 years, 118 were unemployed, 11.8% (235.1 thousand people), although in reality, about 40% of the population perceived themselves as unemployed. Interestingly, the self-perception of unemployment among people often does not correspond to the level of employment by a certain official statistical methodology in Georgia. For example, a certain part of the population that does not have the desired "decent" work, but earns a part-time job, considers itself unemployed. In the Georgian labor market, such are certified taxi drivers, small traders engaged in retail trade, agricultural population employed in agriculture, private teachers - tutors, etc. According to official statistics, they are not unemployed, but create an impressive army of hidden unemployment.
The government cannot solve the problem of unemployment only by increasing employment in the public sector, this will lead to an increase in bureaucratic costs burdening the economy. Therefore, the solution is to strengthen the private sector.
The ratio of people employed in the public and private sectors over the last decade has slightly changed in favor of the latter - according to Geostat data for 2007-2016, a larger number of workers employed in Georgia were self-employed or employed in small and medium-sized enterprises, in agriculture and retail trade. etc.) Of the 2.0 million people (2016, see 1) - of the entire employed population, about 1.01 million (57%) - are self-employed. As it turns out, the majority of the population employed in this way are not happy with the place of work (or informally) or do not indicate the area and place of work at all (4.1% in 2016) believing that it does not correspond to their education and social status, which leads to a steady growth in the level of informal employment in 2016-2017, in informal employment in the private sector among women 33-35%, and 33-39% among men, which negatively affects the state budget [Employment and unemployment...].
One of the most important tasks of the above studies was to study and analyze the integration of the above-mentioned unemployed into the labor market and identify what should be effective assistance from the banking, financial, educational and government sectors.
The analysis of the main indicators of entrepreneurial mood-predisposition
Entrepreneurship is a very complex system that reveals the connection between social values, individual characteristics and various forms of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a kind of intermediary between socio-economic conditions, social values and new jobs.
The study of entrepreneurial mood-predisposition among the unemployed young population was based on the following main indicators:
Social values and attitude of the target society to entrepreneurial activity:
- Perception of stability
- Opportunities to exit the business, other risks;
Evaluation of the individual characteristics of potential entrepreneurs:
- Entrepreneurial skills and capabilities
- Entrepreneurial attitude
Perception and assessment of the entrepreneurial ecosystem:
- Government policy
- Government programs to support entrepreneurship
- Entrepreneurial education
Introduction of scientific, technical and technological innovations:
- Market openness
- Cultural and social values
The survey results show optimistic expectations and positive attitudes of young people towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship. An interesting material for analysis is the fact that the majority of respondents have a desire to start their own business, to the question: "Do you want to become an entrepreneur? "86.8% of respondents answered positively, and only 12% of respondents answered negatively. Although this number of people willing to engage in entrepreneurship, in our opinion, is explained by the above phenomenon "Motivation of entrepreneurial activity caused by necessity-need"
According to the respondents, the first three main obstacles to starting entrepreneurship are as follows: 44.5 percent of respondents believe that limited funding opportunities are the main obstacle to starting a business, 26.4 percent consider the lack of knowledge, experience, main obstacles to starting a business vocational training and education, and 14.2% of respondents say that an unfavorable production and environment in the country is a decisive obstacle.
The survey results provide information on the potential sources of acquiring individual skills needed for entrepreneurship. Most respondents believe that they lack the knowledge and experience to start an entrepreneurial activity. 58.7% of respondents believe that such skills are generated in the process of working at an enterprise / organization, 21.3% believe that these skills can be acquired during training, and only 4.9% of respondents believe that socialization in a business environment develops the skills necessary for entrepreneurship. 70.2% of the students surveyed are personally acquainted with people who have started an entrepreneurial activity in the last two years. Acquaintance with entrepreneurs and successful examples of their activities have a positive effect on the entrepreneurial intentions of young people and their attitudes towards the entrepreneurship process. Thanks to personal contacts with entrepreneurs, young people can acquire knowledge and experience for entrepreneurial activities.
Research proves that it is advisable to carry out entrepreneurial education in such a way that the educational process includes extended contacts with young successful entrepreneurs. In addition, it is recommended to increase the component of practice and internships at enterprises in higher and vocational schools in business education.
Public opinion surveys and Geostat data show that the general public has a positive attitude towards the private sector [Employment and unemployment.].
With regard to entrepreneurial activity, guided by current employment data, the most attractive for them are the following five sectors: banking, financial and insurance
services, trade / commerce, tourism / resort facilities, agriculture and processing of agricultural products, hotel business and catering.
It follows from the above that the formation of entrepreneurial potential in Georgian society and especially among unemployed youth should be carried out primarily by raising the level of motivation and changes in consciousness, including entrepreneurial personal and psychological skills - the low level of psychological readiness for entrepreneurial activities of the population One of the main limiting factors in the development of the private sector in Georgia is that, under other equal conditions, it happens in The development of society and the economy, so that all sectors, including government, education, non-governmental and private, actively work to develop and stimulate the unemployed population in the direction of self-employment and self-sufficiency. This task is complex and requires the development of a consistent and long-term strategy.Young people should familiarize themselves with examples of success and believe in themselves. The correct formation of entrepreneurial potential is significantly influenced by close contacts with successful entrepreneurs, with their way of working and living. Thanks to these contacts, young people will be able to acquire the knowledge and experience, the proper incentive and motivation to start an entrepreneurial activity, which will shape their personal and psychological readiness for entrepreneurial activity.
Practical implementation of project results
To solve problems in this direction, the Georgian authorities are already taking serious steps. Of these, especially, in our opinion, the following are noteworthy:
1. In 2014, the piloting program of the "Entrepreneurship Club" began at the level of general and vocational education, under which pupils of secondary schools and vocational colleges had the opportunity to observe and take direct part in generating business ideas, in creating businesses, in organizing, in management and liquidation process. Entrepreneurship education will eventually become an indispensable component for all programs. Consequently, the process of developing and introducing new modular programs continues intensively.
2. For the first time in Georgia, the Center for Development of High Technologies and Innovations (Technological Park) was established, which began its operation in January 2016. Technologies are equipped with the latest technology, equipped with laboratories. Technopark is a space for creativity, cooperation and development.
3. An Industrial Innovation Laboratory (FabLab) was created - a laboratory space consisting of the latest technologies and highly qualified specialists in modeling and prototypes.
4. Since 2016, the incubator for start-up companies (Start-up Incubator) - offers a variety of consulting services. In order to conduct technical and business training on startups and SME, FabLab together with the Tbilisi Technopark implemented the project "Start a business with FabLab". International companies demonstrate functional spaces with equipment from Intel, HP, Autodesk, Samsung, Cisco, Epson and actively demonstrate the latest products of high-tech companies.
5. From July 1, 2018, the turnover tax of small entrepreneurs is reduced by 5 times -from 5% to 1%. Parliament supported the initiative and approved amendments to the tax code, which entered into force on July 1. In addition to tax cuts, another, very important change is foreseen - until July 1, a business with an annual turnover of no more than 100,000 GEL was considered small, now this figure will grow to 500,000.
6. At the end of 2018, in the regime of eliminating surplus loans from the poor and in order to support the self-employment process and entrepreneurship, the government and donor organizations of Georgia zeroed debts of up to GEL 2,000 to 500,000 insolvent persons blacklisted by private credit organizations.
Projects and programs to support and stimulate small and medium-sized businesses that are implemented and implemented by international donor organizations and the government of Georgia are important and diverse and help to solve specific problems in certain periods of time. However, the problem of unemployment and self-employment is still a serious challenge for the country, which, in our opinion, is caused by the following factors:
1. Increasing the level of entrepreneurial education and knowledge - part of the population, is aware of the need to improve the level of business skills and relevant knowledge, both in the process of developing an idea and for doing business. It would be important for the central government to coordinate this process in order to ensure that all regions are covered in this direction.
2. Collaboration with the private sector and creating opportunities for mentoring. The absence of practical experience is one of the most important risk factors for the development of entrepreneurship. Experienced entrepreneurs can provide mentoring assistance to start-up entrepreneurs. Expanding access to business services is especially important after receiving a grant / financing.
3. Identification of priority areas for starting a business at the regional level in accordance with the requirements of the local and export markets. This problem can be solved by determining the profiles of the regional economy and assessing the potential of existing resources. The availability of such information would greatly help donor organizations to make the best financing decision.
4. Expanding access to financial resources for start-up small businesses. Although non-governmental and donor organizations provide such opportunities, the low level of self-employment motivation is to start their own entrepreneurial activities, the population — especially the youth — is very limited in their ability to independently attract financial resources.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the formation and implementation of entrepreneurial potential among the population is a complex problem and involves complex solutions, of which we are following:
- Development and formation of multi-level educational bases and programs to support entrepreneurship: Family - School - Professional College - University - postsupport
- The level of informativeness of the general public about programs providing support for self-employment and entrepreneurship is very low; (The absence of a complete, accessible database of implemented measures for the promotion of small business projects hinders the assessment of the effectiveness of projects, technical and other assistance to sustainability in the field of small business promotion).
- There is an acute shortage of information about the deep and comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) and key global markets, although small and medium-sized enterprises show great interest in exporting the manufactured product;
- Potential entrepreneurs and owners of existing companies do not have sufficient information on the necessary procedures for preparing a product for export, and do not adequately assess their capabilities in the adaptation process.
- It is important to create a personal and psychological readiness of society for entrepreneurial activity, which implies a systematic development of intellectual, emotional, behavioral and motivational qualities and skills, which are clearly in short supply in modern Georgia.
- The correct formation of entrepreneurial potential is significantly influenced by close contacts with successful entrepreneurs, with their way of working and living. Thanks to these contacts, young people can acquire the knowledge and experience, the proper incentive and motivation to start a business.
- The issue of creating information centers on the "one-stop" principle, which helps to raise awareness of young people through social networks, Internet resources, public links and popular means of info-communication, is becoming increasingly important;
- It is important to conduct permanent research on the formation and development of entrepreneurial potential in society, which will be based on personal transformation of the psycho-social readiness of the population, which will positively affect employment statistics in modern Georgia.
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■ ■ ■ Карьера, стигматизация и формирование предприниматель-ского потенциала
Липай Т.П.1, Чантурия Н.Г.2, Годердзишвили Б.Г.2
1. Минский городской институт развития образования, Минск, Беларусь.
2. Грузинский технический университет, Тбилиси, Грузия.
Аннотация. В первые десятилетия XXI века система социально-трудовых отношений сталкивается с беспрецедентными вызовами со стороны внешней среды. Это глобализация, экономический рост, основанный на возрастающей роли знаний, а также революционное развитие информационных и коммуникационных технологий. С другой стороны, решение острой проблемы занятости населения становится все более тесно связанным с понятиями «карьера», «самозанятость» и «занятость» в зависимости от спроса на рынке труда. Трудно найти вакансию в профиле получаемой специальности, особенно для молодых специалистов из-за высокого уровня конкуренции на рынке труда.
Многие профессии, которые были интересны для молодежи в «советские времена», потеряли свой социальный и материальный статус среди молодых специалистов.
И наоборот, некоторые профессии, которые в «советские времена» подвергались стигматизации (например, предприниматель), сегодня являются реальным способом решения проблемы безработицы. Сегодня формирование предпринимательских компетенций у выпускников современного общества является одним из важнейших вопросов развития нашего образования и экономики.
Следовательно, в краткосрочной перспективе реальным способом решения проблемы безработицы является содействие развитию малых и средних предприятий-предпринимателей, что сегодня является важнейшим направлением экономических реформ в XXI веке. Эффективное функционирование этих реформ напрямую связано с выявлением и развитием предпринимательского потенциала среди безработной молодежи, с созданием соответствующей образовательной базы и поддержки предпринимательства на государственном уровне. Поэтому изучение предпринимательского потенциала населения имеет большое значение для планирования мероприятий по предпринимательской политике страны в целом.
Ключевые слова: мотивация, социально-трудовые отношения, стигма, занятость, предпринимательский потенциал
Для цитирования: Липай Т.П., Чантурия Н.Г., Годердзишвили Б.Г. Карьера, стигматизация и формирование предпринимательского потенциала // Коммуникология. 2019. Том 7. №1. DOI 10.21453/2311-3065-2019-7-1-43-52.
Сведения об авторах: Липай Татьяна Петровна, канд. социологических наук, профессор кафедры управления и экономики образования, Минский городской институт развития образования; Чантурия Наталья Григорьевна, канд. эконом. наук., ассоциированный профессор кафедры бизнес-администрирования, ф-т бизнес-технологий, Грузинский технический университет; Годердзишвили Белла Гришаевна, доктор экономики, ассистент-професор департамента Бизнес-Администрирования, кафедры бизнес-администрирования, ф-т бизнес-технологий, Грузинский технический университет. Адрес: 220034, Беларусь, г. Минск, Броневой пер., 15А. E-mails: lipai@tut.by, nataliawanturia@yahoo.com, b.goderdzishvili@gtu.ge.
Статья поступила в редакцию: 02.02.2019. Принята к печати: 27.02.2019.
