CC BY
18Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 5/2 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
УДК 63(93)
KARAKALPAKISTAN, ENVIROMENTAL SITUATION
Rakhimova Gulchehra Sobirjonovna
Kokand State Pedagogical Institute "History"
Head of Department, Doctor of Philosophy in History Kokand Uzbekistan E-mail: rakhimova.80@bk.ru
ABSTRACT
In this article, the 40-80s of the twentieth century in the Republic of Karakalpakstan located the military, chemical and cotton-ginning industries in the urban centers of densely populated areas, but industrial products served the interests of the former Soviet Union. The rapid introduction of production is associated with the neglect of the material and technical base of industrial enterprises, lack of technical equipment, industrial waste on the environment, the water content of the Aral Sea and damage to the population.
Keywords: industrial enterprises, environment, people, manufacturing, water, soil, health, atmospheric air, disease.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В данной статье 40-80-е годы ХХ века в Республике Каракалпакстан военные, химические и хлопкоочистительные производства располагались в городских центрах густонаселенных районов, но промышленная продукция служила интересам бывшего Советского Союза. Быстрое внедрение производства связано с запущенностью материально-технической базы промышленных предприятий, отсутствием технического оснащения, промышленными отходами на окружающую среду, водностью Аральского моря и ущербом для населения.
Ключевые слова: промышленные предприятия, окружающая среда, человек, производство, вода, почва, здоровье, атмосферный воздух, болезни.
INTRODUCTION
Due to global climate change, soil erosion is declining in most Central Asian countries, fertile lands are shrinking, and desertification, water scarcity, drought, and the provision of drinking water to the population are becoming serious problems. [1] The regions of Karakalpakstan are mired in economic and socio-environmental problems related to the tragedies of the Aral Sea. The Republic of Karakalpakstan,
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
O
R
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 5/2 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
which once led the fishing and livestock industries, is now perceived by everyone as the center of environmental problems. The drying up of the Aral Sea has dealt a severe blow not only to Uzbekistan, but also to the nature, natural resources and social life of all Central Asian states.
The Republic of Karakalpakstan has been a leader in the economy in the production of cotton, astrakhan, rice and fish products among the regions of Uzbekistan. Its natural resources have played an important role in the development of the economic sector. Agriculture, fishing and rice farming served as the region's livelihood. In such a development, the Aral Sea has created strong opportunities for the economic and social life of Karakalpakstan to flourish. The service of the Aral Sea has also been an important source in the rapid development of industry in manufacturing. Unfortunately, the ecological catastrophic drying of the Aral Sea in 1960-1970 had a serious impact on the economic and social spheres of the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Analysis of the literature on the subject. There are a number of works devoted to the social and economic problems of the Karakalpak ASSR during the Soviet period. Of these, O. G'oipov, M. Researchers such as Mambetullaev, K.Naimov, S.Tatiboev, R.Urazbaeva [2] are examples of this. These studies praised the high level of social security in Karakalpakstan during the Soviet era, changes in the health of the population and the satisfaction of the population, the fact that all in society have equal rights from socialist politics. However, the social problems that arose in the nature of the region, in its natural resources, in the social life of its population, were not recognized at all.
During the years of independence, the number of researches on some problems of economic and social life of the Republic of Karakalpakstan has increased. Research has also been conducted on issues such as socio-ecological, nature and health of the population of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The ecological tragedy of the Karakalpak ASSR encourages scientists in all fields to conduct research to solve problems. Including Z.Kurbanova, K.Bektemirov, M. T. Turymbetova, MK Saribaev, A.Abdukamolova, Sh.K.Narbaev [3] studied social problems, S. K. Sultanova, E. L. Aleynikova, E.J. Embergenev. I.R. Turdimambetov, D.Atakhanova, G.Shamambetova [4] conducted research on the socio-ecological situation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the state of natural resources, the problems of public health.
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
o
R
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 5/2 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
For example, researcher Sh.Norboev: "As a result of the escalation of environmental problems in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the population has lost livestock due to lack of fodder in the livestock sector, water shortages, and crop failure due to lack of natural soil fertility in agriculture. In the Southern Aral Sea, Romitan, and Moynak districts, social problems have led to economic crises. "[5] He discussed the impact of the Aral Sea on the emergence of socio-environmental problems in Romitan and Moynak districts. However, the negative impact of industrial enterprises in these regions on the environmental situation has not been highlighted.
Numerous foreign researches and scientific researches have been carried out on the social and ecological problems of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. the deteriorating environmental situation is also covered in detail in the work of a foreign researcher. In particular, Johann Linn stated that due to the reduction of arable land in Uzbekistan, dumping of industrial waste into rivers, the spread of salt on the bottom of the Aral Sea, many arable lands in Khorezm and Samarkand regions have deteriorated [7].
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
When there is a lack of forces to move economic regions, the economy there will face a crisis. Unfortunately, many studies have studied the Aral Sea as a factor in the environmental situation in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. However, the impact of industrial enterprises on the socio-ecological situation in the region has not been studied separately.
On December 5, 1936, the Kara-Kalpak ASSR became part of the Uzbek SSR, and for the first time in Karakalpakstan in 1952, Shumanay, Kenes and Kipchak districts were formed. [8] In 1964, the region became known as the Karakalpak ASSR. As a result of the incorporation of many lands into Karakalpakstan, by 1988 the number of districts in the country increased to 11. The main source of livelihood for the population of Karakalpakstan has been fishing, cattle breeding and rice growing. The industrial development of Karakalpakstan has been served by metalworking, chemical, oil and cotton ginning industries. In addition, the region's industrial enterprises are adapted to the manufacturing industries related to agriculture, cotton growing, fishing, rice growing and animal husbandry. For example, cotton (cotton ginning, spinning, oil refineries), fish (canning, packaging plants), livestock (leather, footwear) and housing materials, repair, food enterprises. During the Second World War, the light and food industries were more active in the
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, p VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 5/2
educational, natural and social sciences ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor Q SJIF 2022: 5.947
Advanced Sciences Index Factor ASI Factor = 1.7
Karakalpak ASSR. Because food for the front, canned fish, black lake skins were prepared and sent from Karakalpakstan. [9] After the Second World War, Karakalpakstan's industry underwent radical changes. Cotton, fish canning and textile enterprises were built.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
The plans and commitments set by the Center required industrial enterprises in the country to operate at a rapid pace. However, the technical requirements of the industry could not be solved in time due to economic dependence. Karakalpakstan's agricultural industry is short of technical equipment. In the cotton fields, tillage and cotton cultivation, defoliation, and harvesting were done by manual labor. In 1965, the Karakalpak state farms did not have sufficient scientific and technical bases. [10] Therefore, industrial complexes in agriculture did not develop. Uzselkhoztekhnika's tractor repair shops lacked technical equipment, and the delivery of tractor parts was not carried out in a timely manner. Therefore, agricultural mechanization was sometimes based on manual labor. Even in the cotton ginning and food industries, technical facilities such as technical lathes, ventilation, dust collection drums and filters did not have sufficient supply. Deficiencies in the maintenance of industrial enterprises have led to the cessation of the process of contamination of industrial wastes. Uncontrolled dumping of industrial waste into the Syrdarya River has had a significant impact on water quality. In 1968, cotton ginning and food industry enterprises in the Karakalpak ASSR dumped wastewater into the Syrdarya basin, [11] causing pollution of the river. As a result, the composition of water in many rivers, streams and streams in the Karakalpak ASSR has changed. Pollution of river water from industrial wastes has led to drastic changes in river water ecology. The distribution of river water in arable lands has also affected soil quality. Soil salinity and air pollution from industrial dust have increased in the territory of Karakalpakstan. The impact of the environment on the cotton, cocoon and livestock sectors has been significant. Contaminated soil, water and atmosphere from industrial wastes have increased the number of plant and animal deaths. Shortages of fodder products in the livestock sector have led to a crisis in the livestock and karakul industries. In the Karakalpak ASSR, the volume of production of astrakhan leather, wool (per thousand tons) and sheep and goat (per thousand hiobi) was as follows. [12]
Product name 1985 year 1986 year 1987 year
Karakul 130,5 132,5 125,2
Jun 2173 1827 1730
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 5/2 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
Sheep and goats 303,9 523,9 478,3
Environmental problems have led to a shortage of all natural resources, leading to a crisis in the livestock sector in Karakalpakstan.
In the 1980s, the maintenance bases of ginneries located in the districts of Karakalpakstan were insufficient. The shortage of technical parts has led to a decline in labor productivity. The breakdown of technical equipment at the industrial enterprise, the breakdown of machines, malfunctions have led to the production of poor quality products in the manufacture of raw materials.
CONCLUSION
The non-replenishment of technical equipment of industrial enterprises in the Republic of Karakalpakstan with the planned funds, the shortage of technical equipment has weakened the production processes at the industrial enterprise. Production products were of poor quality and non-fulfillment of established plans. Insufficient implementation of nature protection systems in industrial enterprises has led to negative changes in the environment. In particular, the extinction of animals and plants in nature has led to economic crises.
REFERENCES
1. Узбекистан Республикаси Президенти Шавкат Мирзиёевнинг Бирлашган Миллатлар Ташкилоти Бош Ассамблеясининг 72-сессиясидаги нуткни урганиш буйича. -Тошкент: "Маънавият". 2017. -Б. 89.
2. Гаипов А. История развития социального обеспечения здравоохранения Каракалпакстана в период развитого сойиализма (1959-1970 гг). Автореф., дисс., канд.,ист.,наук. -Нукус. 1972.28.с.; Мамбетуллаев М. История орошения Каракалпакской АССР. Автореф., дисс., канд.,ист.,наук -Ташкент: 1967. 26.с.; Наимов К. Руководство партийной организации Каракалпакии местными
советами в период дальнейшего развития социалистического общества 1951-
1958 гг. Автореф., дисс., канд.,ист.,наук. -Тошкент: 1975. 26.с. 3. Курбанова З.И. Становление и развитие этнографической науки в Каракалпакстане. (1920-2000 гг). Дисс.канд,мед.наук. -Нукус. 2002. 164.с.; Бектемиров К. Обеспечеине развития региона в условиях экологической напряженности (на примере Республики Каракалпакстан). Дисс..док., мед., наук. -Нукус. 2008. 290.с.; Адилханова А. Н. Дисбиотестические нарушения микрофлоры кишечника детей Каракалпакстана и их коррекция. Дисс.канд,мед.наук..(PhD).-Ташкент: 2012.130.с.; Нарбаев Ш. К.
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, p VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 5/2
educational, natural and social sciences ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor Q SJIF 2022: 5.947
Advanced Sciences Index Factor ASI Factor = 1.7
Совершенствование организационно-экономических основ формирования системы пастбищепользования (на материалах Республики Каракалпакстана). Дис..канд..экон..наук. -Тошкент: 2018. 138.с.
4. Турдимамбетов И.Р. Коракалпогистон Республикаси нозогеографик вазиятини яхшилашнинг ижтимоий-иктисодий хусусиятлари. Географ.фан.док.диссер. -Тошкент. 2016. 82.б.; Атаханова Д. Коракалпагистон Республикаси ахолисининг касалланиш даражасига ташки мухит ифлосланишининг таъсири гигиеник бахолаш. Тибб.фан.бyй.(PhD)диссертацияси. -Тошкент. 2018. 120б.
5. Нарбаев Ш.К. Совершенствование организационно-экономических основ формирования системы пастбищепользования (на материалах Республики Каракалпакстана). Дис..канд..экон..наук. -Тошкент: 2018. -С. 18.
6. Атаханова Д. Коракалпагистон Республикаси ахолисининг касалланиш даражасига ташки мухит ифлосланишининг таъсири гигиеник бахолаш. Тибб.фан.бyй.(PhD)диссертацияси. -Тошкент: 2018. -С. 46.
7. Johannes Linn. Central Asia Human Development Report. Slovakia. Bratislava. 2005. -Р. 99.
8. Каракалпакистан. Материал из Википедии-свободной энциклопедии. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2020 йил 20.10. 12.48.
9. Тангирбергенова К. Экономика Каракалпакии в годы Великой Отечественной войны (1941-1945 гг.) Автореф. Дисс.канд.ист.наук. -Тошкент: 1991. -С. 12.
10. Шамамбетов Б. Аграрное развитие Республики Каракалпакстан в 1965-1985 гг. Опыт и проблемы. Автореф..дисс.канд.ист.наук. -Тошкент: 1994.-С. 27.
11. Норадние хояйство Узбекской ССР в 1987 г. Статистический ежегодник. -Тошкент: "Узбекистан". 1989. -С. 130-131.
12. Приаралью всесоюзный хашар // Правда Востока 1989 год 1 июль.
