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экономические Комиссарова Валерия Вячеславовна
науки К ВОПРОСУ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ...
УДК 332.122
К ВОПРОСУ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ КИТАЙСКОГО ОПЫТА СОЗДАНИЯ СВОБОДНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН В ПРИМОРСКОМ КРАЕ
© 2018
Комиссарова Валерия Вячеславовна, старший преподаватель кафедры «Экономика»
Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса (690014, Россия, Владивосток, улица Гоголя, 41, e-mail: Valeriya.komissarova@vvsu.ru)
Аннотация. В данной работе автор рассматривает свободные экономические зоны, как инструмент стимулирования инновационной деятельности предприятий. Целью данной статьи является анализ факторов успеха китайских свободных экономических зон и возможность применения этого опыта для развития Приморского края. Актуальность этой темы для российских исследователей обуславливается созданием территорий опережающего развития и Свободного Порта Владивостока в Приморском крае. Исходя из зарубежного опыта, можно с уверенностью сказать, что создание свободных экономических зон на территории страны может стать ключевым фактором развития экономики и являться одной из важнейших сил, поддерживающих развитие инновационного производства на территории страны. Примером успешного использования данного инструмента был выбран Китай по определенным причинам. Всем известен опыт специальных экономических зон Китая, которые вытолкнули отсталую большую страну в ряд передовых держав, если не по качественным, то по количественным показателям. Одним из ключевых факторов данного технологического прорыва в Китае является создание множества особых экономических зон на территории страны с рядом ключевых черт, присущих только данному государству. Проведя параллели и найдя точки опоры, вполне возможно применить китайский опыт в российских свободных экономических зонах. За последние полтора десятилетия Китай практически с нуля создал конкурентные высокотехнологичные сектора экономики, совершив настоящий технологический прорыв: микроэлектронику и телекоммуникационное оборудование, биотехнологии и новые источники энергии. В России же эти отрасли находятся на стадии первоначального развития. Применение опыта передовых стран в создании таких зон в соответствующих отраслях нашей страны даст мощный импульс для экономического роста. Конечно же, работы для экономистов в данной области еще очень много. В этой работе автор показал, как правильно используя такой инструмент как свободные экономические зоны можно эффективно стимулировать инновационную деятельность предприятий. Но еще предстоит найти пути реального использования данного опыта.
Ключевые слова: свободные экономические зоны (СЭЗ), территория опережающего развития (ТОР), научно-технический прогресс, инновационный потенциал, частно-государственное финансирование, иностранные инвестиции
TO THE QUESTION OF CHINESE EXPERIENCE FREE ZONES IMPLEMENTATION IN PRIMORSKY KRAI
© 2018
Komissarova Valeriya Vyacheslavovna, senior lecturer Department of Economics Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service (690014, Russia, Vladivostok, Gogol street, 41, e-mail: Valeriya.komissarova@vvsu.ru)
Abstract. The paper examines author's point of view concerning free economic zones as an instrument for stimulating the innovative activity of enterprises. The purpose of the article is to analyze the Chinese zones success factors and the possibility of applying this experience to the Primorsky Krai development. The relevance of this topic for Russian researchers is conditioned by the territories of advanced development and the Free Port of Vladivostok creation in Primorsky Krai. Based on foreign experience, we can say with sureness that the free economic zones creation in the country can become economy key factor development and the most important forces supporting the innovative production development in the country. As successful example China was chosen for certain reasons. Everyone knows the China's special economic zones experience, which pushed the backward big country into a number of advanced powers, if not in terms of quality, then in terms of quantity. One of these technological breakthrough key factors in China is the special economic zones multiplicity creation with a number of key features inherent in this state only. Drawing parallels and finding support points, it is quite possible to apply the Chinese experience in the Russian free economic zones. Over the past decade and a half, China has almost completely created competitive high-tech sectors of the economy from scratch, having made a real technological breakthrough: microelectronics and telecommunications equipment, biotechnologies and new sources of energy. In Russia, these branches are at the stage of initial development. Applying the leading countries experience in such zones creation for relevant sectors of our country will provide a powerful impetus for economic growth. Of course, there is still a lot of work for economists in this field. In the article, the author showed how effectively to stimulate the enterprises innovative activity correctly using such a tool as free economic zones. But we still have to find ways to make real use of this experience.
Keywords: free economic zones (FEZ), territory of advanced development (TAD), scientific and technical progress, innovative potential, public-private financing, foreign investments
The statement of the problem in general and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks. The history of free economic zones creation goes back into the distant past. Historically, the FEZ initial feature is a special regime of customs taxation. The Free Economic Zone definition is collective and conditional. Due to the UN Transnational Corporations Center, at the moment there are more than 30 different definitions [1]. A variety of criteria for zones classification and factors determining the free zones occurrence and development led to such a multitude of concepts. The Free Economic Zone can be defined as an instrument for selectively reducing the scale of state intervention in economic processes. This definition covers a wide range of different institutional phenomena related to the preferential management regime operation.
The International Convention on the Simplification
and Harmonization of Customs Procedures established the concept of SEZs as part of the country's territory where goods are treated as objects outside the national customs territory and therefore are not subject to normal customs control and taxation (Kyoto, May 1973) [2].
The latest research and publications analysis where the problem aspects were considered and the author is based which on; previously unresolved parts of a common problem allocation. Although the economic zone of any type is a special territorial-administrative or territorial-administrative entity, many world countries use completely different zone names. For example, in addition to the term "Free Economic Zone" in Russia, there are also "Special Economic Zone", "Free Customs Zone", etc. In a broad sense, the definition of SEZ was proposed by Moscow economists, T.P. Danka and Z.M. Okrut: "The sEz is understood as the state (states)
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sovereign territory, which is an integral part of the countrys' economic complex where production and distribution of the social product is provided to achieve a specific and specific national integrated, corporate goal, using special mechanisms for regulating socio-economic production and distribution relations capable of to diffuse expansion of its boundaries" [3]. Special economic zones, as one of territories with a special legal status, are studied in the works of such Russian and foreign scientists as L.A. Vardomsky [4], T.P. Danko [3], R.I. Zimenkov [5], Z.M. Okunt [3], A.P. Latkin [6], H.J. Fen [7], Ya.M. Tsu [8] etc.
The article objectives formation (setting the task). The purpose of the article is to analyze the Chinese zones success factors and the possibility of applying this experience to the Primorsky Krai development. The relevance of this topic for Russian researchers is conditioned by the territories of advanced development and the Free Port of Vladivostok creation in Primorsky Krai.
Basic material research presentation with full justification of the scientific results obtained. Now about 25 zone varieties in the world do exist and 2000 free economic zones function, including more than 400 free trade zones, many scientific and industrial parks, more than 300 export-production zones, 100 special zones (ecology-economic, off-shore, tourist etc.). There are externally and internally market-oriented zones. To solve these problems, there are all kinds of benefits for customs, rent, currency, visa, labor and other modes, which create conditions for industry development and foreign capital investment.
The free economic zones creation goals vary widely, depending on the economic, social, and sometimes political conditions of a country. In developed capitalist countries, SEZs are created, as a rule, in stagnant areas, suffering unemployment, with underdeveloped infrastructure. By giving these regions the status of zones, the governments do not focus on attracting foreign investment, but try to create conditions to maximize the development of existing industries integrated into the domestic market, as well as providing additional jobs.
In a generalized form, the creation of FEZ is aimed at achieving such goals as:
- advanced technologies attraction, in relation to national;
- economy activation by attracting foreign capital;
- foreign exchange assets receipt, and, thus, foreign exchange reserves growth;
- domestic consumer market saturation;
- increasing the population level of employment and the workforce qualification;
- modern market infrastructure creation;
- accelerated development of depressed areas;
- world experience acquisition in the field of economic management, international entrepreneurship [9].
World practice involves two options for creating SEZs. The variant "from above" means the zone formation occurs on the central authorities' initiative and within the framework of the state program (as, for example, in South Korea). Option "from below" means the creation of FEZ in the due to market self-organization order (Dominican Republic, Poland). The second variant is developing more dynamically, including mixed public-private financing. Proposals for the free economic zone establishment shall be forwarded to a specially authorized state federal or regional body, which is included in the work on the formation of conditions for zones creation after taking a positive decision. Particular attention in zones establishment is usually paid to such criteria as the location choice, the social and industrial infrastructure formation, the sectorial structure of the region's economy [5].
The type of zones choice for specific territories is affected not only by general, but also by local factors. So, for transport, foreign trade zones, there is a need for a large transport hub. They, as a rule, are located in seaside cities, which have seaports, railways, and airports. These same conditions are desirable for placing trading, banking and other 166
areas. To create zones such as technoparks and technopo-lises, a well-developed research and production base and a skilled workforce are needed. The tourist and recreational zones organization requires the presence of cultural and historical centers, attractive landscapes for tourism, developed infrastructure. The organization of complex Special Economic Zones (SEZ) implies an enclave or island location of the territory, as was noted in the draft Federal Law "On Free Economic Zones in the Russian Federation", which is related to the problems discussed below [10]. Taking into account the tasks set during the particular zone formation, corresponding requirements are also made for its placement. The most common of these are:
- favorable geographical position and transport accessibility to external and internal markets and the availability of developed transport communications;
- developed productive capacity, availability of industrial and social infrastructure;
- significant in terms of reserves and natural resources values (the first place hydrocarbon reserves, non-ferrous metals, forest resources, etc. takes) [11].
Therefore, the most favorable areas for the FEZ location, as a rule, have a border location, and also have seaports and a backbone transport network (railway, road and airports), established industrial, scientific and cultural centers, areas of concentration of the most valuable natural resources.
In some cases, the SEZs creation is also advisable in the areas of new economic development that do not have an initially developed industry, industrial and social infrastructure, but allow solving important long-term national programs (strengthening the country's fuel, energy and mineral resources base, etc.).
To organize an effectively functioning zone with a special economic regime, it is necessary to be guided by the following principles, developed in world practice:
- profitability, entrepreneurial and investment activity;
- business competitiveness in comparison with similar activity territory at the expense of new forms and organization methods use;
- goal setting in both the short and long term;
- unity of the entrepreneurial and management initiative in the context of economic entities interests and SEZ compromise (compliance of the FEZ management structure with economic conditions);
- ensuring the legislation, regulatory and regulatory requirements, as well as the terms of lending, freight, customs services, operations with securities [11].
China started to create special economic zones in the late 1970's. In this case, the experience of other Asia countries and territories - such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia and others - was used.
Free economic zones in China have a number of distinctive features inherent only to this state. It should be understood that initially the creation of FEZ in China was hampered by a number of harmful factors, to some extent peculiar to the modern Russian Federation: instability of economic development, problems with infrastructure, lack of a unified regulatory framework. In this regard, it is appropriate to pay special attention how the Chinese government stopped the influence of these factors on the free economic zones efficiency [7].
The development of China's free economic zone was favorably influenced by objective factors: cheapness and excess labor; favorable geographical position (access to the sea, availability of ports), proximity of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Also, the subjective reasons that contributed to the development of SEZ: the policy of reform and openness, taken since 1978; legal guarantees for foreign capital; economic benefits; the inflow of resources from the whole country for the development of zones. The foreign capital inflow in many ways has become a source of rapid economic growth of the PRC due to a significant trade expansion with foreign partners. More than 500 thousand enterprises with the participation of foreign capital are registered in China.
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Комиссарова Валерия Вячеславовна К ВОПРОСУ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ...
The share of industrial production attributable to companies with foreign capital increased from 2.3 % in 1990 to a peak of 35.9 % in 2003. In 2015, companies with foreign capital accounted for 47.3 % of the volume of foreign trade and 44.8 % of imports. It is especially worth noting that Chinese enterprises with foreign capital are leading in the export of high-tech products. In turn, the creation of special economic zones contributed to China's economic growth [12].
Table 1 - Success key factors of Chinese SEZ (FEZ)
Government measures The measures to ensure the smooth functioning of free economic zones attract attention. The government initially thought out a long-term strategy for the step-by-step development of the FEZ, characterized by flexibility and focus on possible changes in operating conditions
Policy goals and priorities conformity Stimulating the high-tech industries development and the consumer goods production, the focus on exports. In accordance with these objectives, tax advantages were provided to investors. The most attractive for investors were the technical and economic development zones, where, along with the ready infrastructure, the most favorable conditions for the activities implementation were provided.
Capital investment issue regulation The territory of the Chinese SEZ clearly regulates the capital investment issue, depending on the special economic zone type or activities within the FEZ itself. The investor clearly knows the terms he will have to work, for example, what is the nature of the customs benefits, the term and cost of renting the land, the amount of tax relief.
Infrastructure preparation support Chinese government has provided significant support in the preparation of infrastructure for the depositors' activities. The forms of financing choice also differed in the orientation towards the implementation of a long-term development strategy, for example, state banks provided concessional loans for a period of up to 10 years, and also invested the investments of "Huangqiao emigrants" (Chinese living outside the PRC).
Management system The management system in the zones themselves is built on both the internal and the macroeconom-ic level. It is noteworthy that all administration is aimed at solving the main problem - to create the most convenient tools for depositors to solve emerging issues. The financing forms choice also differed in the orientation towards a long-term development strategy implementation, for example, state banks provided preferential loans for up to 10 years.
* Compiled by the author
Thus, already 10 years after the first FEZ creation in the territory of the PRC, large-scale economic projects were implemented, during which the territory of the FEZ turned into efficiently functioning export-production complexes. Free economic zones benefit is confirmed by the fact that about half of the country's foreign trade turnover is currently passing through the FEZ, and in total for the period from 1980 to 2015, nearly $20 billion was raised in the Chinese SEZ. To assess the China's free economic zone prospects, it is enough to look at the data on the turnover of Chinese SEZs for 2015 [13]. The data are given in Table 2.
Table 2 - Turnover of the Chinese Free Economic Zone in 2015
Cost, min. USD Growth, %
Goods turnover Export Import Goods turnover Export Import
Shenzhen 466.7S 27!. 16 195,42 12.7 10.5 15.9
Xiamen 74,38 45,38 29,00 6,0 6,4 5,4
Zhuhai 45,7 21,63 24,04 -11,6 -9,8 -13,1
Shaniou 8,8 6,16 2.64 0,2 3,5 -6,9
Hainan 14,33 3,14 11,19 12,3 23,7 9,5
Total 609.97 347,69 262,28 9,4 8,4 10.8
Before considering the applying foreign experience possibility in the free port of Vladivostok, it is necessary to identify the main shortcomings of Russian free economic zones.
The creation of the modern Free Port Vladivostok proj -ect began in December 2014, when the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin in his message to the Federal
Assembly came up with the initiative to create it, and, most recently, on July 13, 2015, Federal Law No. 212-FZ "On the Free Port of Vladivostok" was signed [14]. The main free port activity objectives are the use of geographical and economic advantages of the Primorsky Territory as the eastern sea gate of Russia, the development of trade with the Asia-Pacific region countries, the creation and development of large-scale production, etc.
As for the status of the free port essence, this provision provides the establishment of the duty-free import and export of goods right, within the whole port or part of its territory. This regime is quite common in various countries of the world and traditionally provides free port residents also the opportunity to receive tax and other benefits and preferences. It should be noted that the Vladivostok has already status of the free port in the period from 1862 to 1909. That time such measure helped the city become the largest port of the planet along with Hamburg and London [15].
Returning to the shortcomings of the zones, we shall single out the main ones. The first shortcoming is the unstable economic situation in Russia. A high level of inflation in the Russian economy has been observed for a long time, as well as debts and ruble instability.
The second drawback is that public security is guaranteed by the state authorities at an insufficient level.
The third problem is often changed foreign economic policy, regulations and laws [16].
The fourth and one of the most important problems is unfavorable conditions for attracting foreign investors, since in most regions of Russia there is no necessary infrastructure. There are also not enough organizations that can protect the interests of foreign investors. The efficiency level of many government institutions serving foreign investors is very low.
Let us highlight the key features of the Chinese free economic zones.
The main Chinese FEZ features are:
- intensive economy development, the basis of which is the following market regulation principles;
- reliance on foreign capital; the main priority is the development of industry, an increase in exports, a broad attraction of imported raw materials and technologies;
- development in various national spaces; active interaction of FEZ with the country' rest;
- the tax system is differentiated according to the regional features of the FEZ.
By 2015, China's share in world exports was already 12.3 %. During the 1985-2016 periods, the direct investments inflow into China has grown from 2 to 127 billion US dollars a year. The competitiveness of China's production continues to increase. As of 2012, China is already ahead of many leading countries in terms of industrial production. One of the most important results of free economic zones functioning is the employment problem solution. As of 2015, unemployment in China was 4.2 %, compared with the United States, where unemployment in 2015 was at 5.2 % [17]. Rapid rates in recent years, wages in China are growing. Thus, the special economic zones played for the country not only the role of rapid development instrument of China's economy, but also significantly affected the living standards of the Chinese population.
An analysis of the selected factors dynamics allows us to conclude that the most important result of the special zones creation is the problem of employment solution, the development of regions, economic growth, and the growth of the human resources index.
The findings of the study and the prospects for further research in this area. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn. The success of Chinese FEZ as a tool for maintaining innovative production lies in the very specifics of Chinese FEZ.
- FEZ in China was created with the purpose of China's exit to the international arena;
- China's free economic zones differ from the export-pro-
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duction zones and free trade zones of other countries, since they embody not only the solution of the FEZ territories economic development strategic tasks, but also embrace the policy of "reform and opening up" the whole of China;
- China's free economic zone reflects the experiment on the use of market relations in conditions of state property prevalence;
- embodying the «reform and opening up» policy SEZ in China have evolved from regional seaside strategies to expanding the openness of inland and border areas [8-18].
With regard to the use of Chinese experience for the development of FEZ in Russia, in particular in Primorsky Krai, here there are several ways:
1. Stabilization of macro-regulation. In view of the different processes and consequences of the political and economic transition to the new economic system, different free economic zones results in these two countries were formed. In China, for a long time, there has been a stable political situation. The centralized power has the necessary powers that successfully reconcile the division of rights and interests between special economic zones and the government. For today in Russia macro regulation is in a chaotic condition. There are no clear explanations in federal laws regarding the legal status of free economic zones. There is no necessary environment for the development of the SEZ. Consequently, the Russian government first of all needs to prepare a special law for the SEZ, which will help spread this phenomenon throughout the country.
2. Improve the environment for attracting foreign investors. The success of Chinese FEZ, in general, is a favorable investment environment. For Russia, in order to draw up a long-term strategy for the FEZ development, it is necessary to make the SEZ an important driving force in the Russian economic system transition process to the stage of a mature market economy - this will require changing the economic and political influences of the former central administrative system; make the SEZ an important channel for enhancing openness to the outside world; make the SEZ an important channel for attracting foreign capital, advanced technology and modern management; make the SEZ an important channel for strengthening the complex state power of Russia, and it is desirable to start this process from the Far East, and then extend it to the whole country, thereby making a uniform development of the Russian economy; with the FEZ help fully identify the advantages of Russia in natural resources to make the SEZ a channel for replacing Russia's shortcomings in household appliances and light industry; make FEZ the base for an experiment on drafting and improving laws and regulations on foreign economic activity, maintaining stability and continuity in conducting foreign economic policy; on the SEZ basis to strengthen political and economic cooperation with neighboring countries, to develop mutually beneficial relations.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 27.04.2018
Статья принята к публикации 25.06.2018
Azimuth of Scientific Research: Economics and Administration. 2018. Т. 7. № 2(23)
