Научная статья на тему 'К ПРОБЛЕМЕ АККУЛЬТУРАЦИИ И БИЛИНГВИЗМА'

К ПРОБЛЕМЕ АККУЛЬТУРАЦИИ И БИЛИНГВИЗМА Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

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Ключевые слова
аккультурация / билингвизм / этническая общность / корреляция / адаптируемы и неадаптируемые формы / смена языка. / acculturation / bilingualism / ethnic community / correlation / adaptable and non-adaptable forms / language shift.

Аннотация научной статьи по языкознанию и литературоведению, автор научной работы — Рябкова Е.С.

В данной статье рассматривается понятие аккультурации в свете проблемы билингвизма. Подробно описываются типы аккультурации. Рассматривается проблема восприятия иноязычной культуры через изучаемый язык.

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TO THE PROBLEM OF ACCULTURATION AND BILINGUALISM

This article examines the concept of acculturation in light of the problem of bilingualism. Types of acculturation are detailed. The problem of perceiving foreign-speaking culture through the language studied is considered.

Текст научной работы на тему «К ПРОБЛЕМЕ АККУЛЬТУРАЦИИ И БИЛИНГВИЗМА»

В «Русско-белорусском словаре" большое количество слов имеет два варианта перевода: один является калькой с русского языка, а другой - собственно белорусским.

Медицинские и анатомо-физиологические термины определяются семантической дублетностью, деривационной неактивностью. Вышеперечисленная терминология в основном состоит из наименований органов (страунт - жалудак), частей тела человека, отметин на теле (радзiмка - радзiмы знак), поэтому преобладающее большинство выявленных лексем является конкретными неодушевлёнными существительными.

Список литературы

1. Варанец В.1. Беларуская мова: дапаможшк для студэнтау лячэбнага, педыятрычнага, медыка-пахалапчнага, медыка-дыягнастычнага

факультэтау / В.1. Варанец. - Гродна: ГрДМУб 2008. - 168 с.

2. Масловская, Л.Ю. Периоды интенсивного проникновения английских заимствований в русский язык и сферы их употребления // Кросс-культурная коммуникация и современные технологии в исследовании и преподавании языков: материалы II Международной научно-практической конференции, Минск, 25 октября 2013г. /Бел. гос. ун-т; под ред. О.И. Уланович. - Минск: Изд. Центр БГУ, 2014. - 219 с.

3. Чалавек: тэматычны слоушк / 1н-т мовазнауства iмя Якуба Коласа НАН Беларуси склад. В. Д. Астрэйка р шш.]; навук. Рэд. Л. П. Кунцэвiч, А. А. Крывщш. - Мiнск: Беларус. Навука, 2006. - 573 с.

4. Ялоуская Э. А. Медыцынская i анатама-фiзiялагiчная лексiка у старабеларускай лiтаратурна-пiсьмовай мове XIV-пачатку XVШ стст.: Дыс. на тэму вуч. Ступ. Канд. Фшал. Навук: 10.02.01: 29.06.2001: 26.09.2001 / Ялоуская Эрыка Ананьеуна. - Мн., 2001.

К ПРОБЛЕМЕ АККУЛЬТУРАЦИИ И БИЛИНГВИЗМА

Рябкова Е. С.

«Поволжский государственный университет телекоммуникаций и информатики»

к.филол.н, доцент кафедры «Иностранныхязыков»

TO THE PROBLEM OF ACCULTURATION AND BILINGUALISM

Riabkova E.

The Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of Foreign Languages

Аннотация

В данной статье рассматривается понятие аккультурации в свете проблемы билингвизма. Подробно описываются типы аккультурации. Рассматривается проблема восприятия иноязычной культуры через изучаемый язык.

Abstract

This article examines the concept of acculturation in light of the problem of bilingualism. Types of acculturation are detailed. The problem of perceiving foreign-speaking culture through the language studied is considered.

Ключевые слова: аккультурация, билингвизм, этническая общность, корреляция, адаптируемы и не-адаптируемые формы, смена языка.

Keywords: acculturation, bilingualism, ethnic community, correlation, adaptable and non-adaptable forms, language shift.

The role of information technologies and the usage of the Internet as well arising, there seems necessary to consider the issue of bilingual interpersonal communication closely connected both with linguistic and cultural peculiarities of native speakers. The issue mentioned begs the question only when individual members of the ethnic community or the whole community itself are bilingual. If we mean monolingualism, for instance, it is not necessary to discuss the degree of the language use as in this case only one language is used in any communicative situation.

On the other hand, if we view the matter in a new light, then we will see there is a topic of native and L2 connection in statics and dynamics. In dynamic view it

is worth considering the processes and results of language shift which are connected with deethnization and acculturation.

It was in the late 20s and early 30s when the interest in acculturation came up to a point as the result of comprehensive study of an American immigrant. In the year of 1938, Gershkovich M., Linton R. and Raddfield R. published a great memorandum on acculturation.

Culture can be thought as educational background, set of relationships and standards of behavior. They are cultural codes of the peculiar society members which they inherit.

According to the description of the culture given, acculturation means approximation of the amount of cultural elements belonged to one ethnic group to the culture of another ethnic group.

Acculturation is an individual case of culture change or, more precisely, converged development, but this notion suggests that the convergence of the development of two cultures is not spontaneous, but is due to the influence of one culture on another. Acculturation should be opposed to enculturation - teaching a person of a (usually the first, native) culture (e.g. in childhood).

Acculturation can be the process enclosing only individual aspects of culture. In fact, we can speak of the process of acculturation in a language, writing, clothing, habits, attitude, music, etc. Examples of acculturation in music are the "spirituals". Acculturation related to a single aspect is called one-aspect; if it is related to two or more aspects then it can be called mul-tiaspectual.

Actually, the modification can be complex, but complexity is a special case of wider acculturation mul-tifaceted.

It should be mentioned there can be a set of types of acculturation. If we consider acculturation as approximation, then we ought to confirm that acculturation is a process of moving from two cultures to one. There is a number of stages between moving from the starting point to the end. From the point of view of our interest, the degree of use of language is established that the starting point is characterized by the absolute monolinguism of the ethnic community. Terminus ed quem of the process is also characterized by monolin-guism: ethnic community forgets its mother tongue and uses the language of another ethnic group.

The starting point and terminus ed quem of the process of approximation are not the acculturation itself. The starting point usually has no special name while terminus ed quem is called assimilation.

There are different types of bilingualism between these two extreme points (in relation to language use types).

Bilingualism defined from the term "language system" is a psychological mechanism (knowledge and skills) which helps to perform speech acts belonging to two language systems.

Just like culture, bilingual behavior can be studied in a number of ways, and a significant number of types of bilingualism should be expected.

Linguistic types of bilingualism refer to certain types of acculturation. Thus, there is a relation between linguistic and ethnographic phenomenon.

We think, it is necessary to consider the correlations between bilingualism and acculturation.

Types of acculturation are characterized by its degree, and in this article we are distracted from the sociological aspect of the problem, not paying attention to the ratio of acculturation type with the entire ethnic community or with the groups within it.

Weak, or initial, acculturation is characterized by adaptation. Adaptation is the result of cultural contact, when the receiving ethnic community or the receiving individual connects the original and foreign cultural elements. Adaptation can be called active or creative assimilation, as the restructuring of behaviors is determined by new and old cultural elements.

The initial acculturation corresponds to a practical or subordinated bilingualism. The receptive bilingual-ism is a precondition for speech that allows bilingual-ism to perceive a foreign-language message, but nothing more. A subordinate bilingualism is a mental mechanism that generates meaningful utterances, but in the wrong form.

The subordinative bilingualism has a basic characteristic similar to the basic characteristic of weak acculturation. In this type of bilingualism, foreign language speech is wrong, as it bears traces of the second language system.

It is possible to establish the first ethnological correlation, the general characteristic of which is the presence of adaptation. The latter concept, of course, is interpreted differently in terms of anthropology and linguistics; the analogy is set functionally or even metaphorically.

With weak acculturation and subordinated bilin-gualism, new cultural elements and all foreign-language speech acts are adapted. This adaptation is called solid.

It follows from the point of view of members of the secondary ethnic or linguistic community that the verbal and non-verbal behavior of an individual at the acculturation stage is always rated as wrong. Such an assessment on the part of members of the secondary relative bilingual language community can be established by their judgments: firstly, they always recognize the person in the initial stage of acculturation, as a stranger; secondly, his or her speech and non-speech behavior seems ridiculous to them.

Average, or advanced, acculturation compared to the acculturation of the initial does not give a single picture. In behavior and in mental relationships and evaluations of bilinguals, non-adapted and adapted elements are found.

However, the average acculturation is characterized by a new adaptation which is adaptation according to the patterns of the probability process. This means that in the same situation, bilinguals sometimes have adaptation, and sometimes they don't. Besides, it is not possible to establish a strict pattern and a visible connection between the situation and the behavior.

The trend is that the lack of adaptation is becoming more frequent, but prediction is only possible with regard to a credible number of acts. Thus, this prediction is probabilistic.

In the context of medium or advanced acculturation, some of the new cultural elements are certainly adapted, some are certainly not adapted, and the latter part is adapted according to the patterns of the probabilistic process.

This type of acculturation corresponds to the medial bilingualism, in which the foreign-language speech of bilingualism is characterized by both adapted and non-adapted forms. Some classes of language units or specific lexemes of foreign language speech in this case either necessarily adapted, or always avoid adaptation. The remaining classes of these units and the rest of the lexemes are adapted according to the patterns of the probability process.

A characteristic feature of medium acculturation and medial bilingualism is the presence of regularly non-adapted new cultural elements or linguistic forms, and finally the existence of a number of forms that are adapted according to the patterns of the probabilistic process.

In secondary acculturation and medial bilingual-ism, members of the secondary language and ethnic community rate their verbal or non-verbal behavior as correct or wrong one.

The last case of acculturation is the full acculturation, or the ultimate. In this case, it is not necessary to say that the individual or ethnic community completely abandons their culture. With full acculturation, the individual behaves correctly in both the primary ethnic community and the secondary one. It also fully assimilates the cognitive, moral and aesthetic values inherent in the secondary ethnic community.

An example is the grandchildren of immigrants (the so-called third generation) provided that they live in cities with predominant population belonging to a different ethnic group.

Full acculturation corresponds to the coordinate bilingualism. It is a mental mechanism that ensures the production of correct speech, which is consistently related to two language cultures. In the case of coordinated bilingualism, there is no adaptation, and this negative characteristic separates the type of bilingualism mentioned above.

With complete acculturation and coordinated bi-lingualism, the behavior of the individual is always correct and he is not considered a stranger.

The usual consequence of complete, or ultimate, acculturation is assimilation, i.e. a complete abandonment of the primary culture and a loss of awareness of a particular ethnicity.

The usual consequence of coordinated bilingual-ism is the abandonment of the native language or the transition to a different language, i.e. language shift. In some cases, however, assimilation and language shift do not occur for a long time. This is facilitated by special events held to preserve the native language and traditional culture.

In the current situation of American immigrants, this activity is carefully described by a team of researchers who worked under the direction of J. Fish-man. The authors emphasize that immigrants often realize their ethnicity with movement to America, and

therefore the question of their native language maintenance arises only in a foreign-speaking environment. The preservation of this language is facilitated by the compactness of the settlement, radio broadcasts in the native language, the press, the school, the presence of churches, where the native language is used as a liturgical language, as well as the prestige of the native and studied language. Prestige, of course, as a psychological category is ultimately derived from social relationships.

To sum it up, this article describes three ethno linguistic correlations between the type of acculturation and the linguistic type of bilingualism. Initial acculturation involves subordinated bilingualism, the medium is associated with medial bilingualism, and complete bi-lingualism refers to coordinated one. All of these types are established on the basis of the application of a single criterion - the absence or availability of adaptation. If, however, we look at other ethnographic and linguistic criteria, we should expect new types of acculturation, bilingualism and consequently new types of correlation between them.

In the dynamic aspect of the correlation between acculturation and bilingualism persist: if the ethnic community from the initial acculturation passes to the middle one, the inherent bilingualism ceases to be subordinate and becomes medial.

In this position, we see evidence that the rate of cultural change and the rate of language change are always the same.

The convergence of cultures contributes to the enhancement of the idiotism of the English speech of bi-linguals. However, this natural process cannot completely eliminate the interference of the Russian language, as cultures and languages will never become isomorphic, and linguist knowledge is exhaustive. Improving speech requires active research and pedagogical efforts.

References

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