CC BY
64J.K.ROULINGNING FANTASTIK ASARLARIDAGI
ANTROPONIMLARNING LINGVO-PERSPEKTIV MUAMMOLARI
Solijonov Juraali Kamoljnovich
Termiz davlat universiteti email: stuard redman@mail.ru ORCID: 0000-0001-6394-295X UDK 81.2/.4481.25
ANNOTATSIYA
Mazkur maqola J.K.Rouling tomonidan yozilgan "Garri Potter" turkumidagi romanlar seriyasining tarkibidagi antroponimlarning ingliz tilidan o'zbek tiliga tarjimasi va ularning mohiyatiga lingvitik nuqtai nazardan o'quvchi uni anglashi uchun ta'sir qiluvchi omillarni hisobga olgan holda tahlil qilingan. Obyekt sifatida tanlangan ismlar to'qima bo'lgani tufayli personajlarning ismlaridan oldin ularning asardagi vazifasi hamda xarakteri o'ylab topilgani, so'ngra uni lingvistik qoliplarga solingan. Shu tufayli maqolada tarjimon ularni o'zbek tiliga o'girishdan oldin etimologik, leksikologik, semantik va fonetik tahlil qilishi uchun qoliplar taklif qilingan.
Kalit so'zlar: antroponimlar, transliteratsiya, lingvo-perpektiv, fantastik asarlar, Salazar Slizerin, ingliz-o'zbek tarjima, leksikologiya.
LINGUA-PERSPECTIVE PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ANTHROPONYMS IN THE FICTION BOOKS OF J.K.ROWLING
ABSTRACT
This article analyzes the English-Uzbek translation problems of anthroponyms in the Harry Potter series written by J.K. Rowling from the point of the linguistic factors that influence the reader's understanding of their essence. The names chosen as objects in the article are Active, the role and character of the personages in the work were created before the names of the characters, and then it was put into linguistic patterns. That is why; this article proposes templates that include etymological, semantical and phonetical analysis before the act of translation.
Keywords: antroponyms, transliteration, lingua-perpective, fiction, Salazar Slytherin, English-Uzbek translation, lexicology.
INTRODUCTION
Lexic problems have always been one of the most central points of translation; we have to limit the scope of the term as onomastical problems of translation. The translation process of a J. K. Rowling novel is so disputable that one could get deep into the lines and live in the wold of eloquent powerful stylistics. Word building of the novel put the great tasks that require enormous research and analysis.
In all culture, throughout the beginning of literature, about 2000 years of BC or earlier, people wanted to choose the proper name for the new member of their family relating to his prosperous future, which they picked up by considering the name's deep meaning carefully. This is still an important part of our life, simultaneously, as they called literature as "the mirror of life," writers have been trying hard to name their characters in books in that way. The criteria are hard to accomplish on that part of writing. When we look at the case inductively, names of characters in fairy tales are the best examples: "Bo'g'irsoq" or "Bilmasvoy" in Uzbek - "Незнайка" in Russian relates the personage's lacking knowledge which can be translated as "Dunno," "Know-Nothing" or "Ignoramus" into English. Main aim to get them translated is to reach the point where a child should be aware of at least one behavioural temper of the character that helps a child to imagine a vivid picture of the personage in the tale.
The process may not always be repeated with all names in literature, especially when the name is not as straightforward as given above as "Alice" in Wonderland and "Alpomish" (an Uzbek epic). They express a specific cultural background and carry special history in them, although "Sim-sim" and "Qaqnus" were meant to determine that they belong to another fictive world that is apart from us that hooks a reader to a story or a personage name more than a simple name.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEACH METHODOLOGY
Comparative literature, contrastive and descriptive translation and interpretation analysis of linguistic terms and stylistically analysis of literary translation during the research for the article.
The inventive crafting of the author - J. K. Rowling creates inevitable questions theoretically to develop in the research. The outcomes can be seen from three angles: the first one is to examine if the names are supposed to be translated or some translators translated them, if yes, how, in the target language. As it comes, the second angle is to see the strategies and methods used to translate the objectives and to select the right ones to show the answer. Finally yet importantly, is to determine
the names' carrying the semantic load or any descriptive meaning by comparing and contrasting the English-English variations, as well, during the study.
Anthroponyms are studied with their etymologies and are analyzed with controversial ideas of two translators of a work. By contrasting them in English, Russian and Uzbek, we intend to get a fragile line of semantic connection a bit stronger in the Uzbek version.
To investigate the Russian versions of Harry Potter books, we have browsed some authentic comments and official articles on the internet, such as personal opinions and announcements, and official articles on Russian magazines. Some are given below:
Official translation of Harry Potter is considered to be poorly done among Russian fans. That is why we have at least two other translations. One was done by Maria Spivak (Мария Спивак) and the other is called simply „public translation' (народный перевод). " - says Mishka Koala [1]
A Russian newsagent BFM.RU says "Гарри Поттер и философский камень" вышла в новом переводе" - Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone have been republished with a new translation" by Maria Spivak in Azbooka-Atticus: Machaon publishing house. [2] Respectively, one can observe that The Blair Partnership on Wikipedia has accepted Maria Spivak's version.
RESULTS
The names examined in the present article are one of the most common and important personages, despite the fact that, we had much more to analyze in the first book of Harry Potter with more than 50 names. We have seen the etymological and semantical background of names: examined 19 character names, 2 nouns and a solution for the issue of interlanguage phonetical transformation: when to use "g" and "h" in Uzbek instead of "h" in English. Next research goes deeper in the current field and continues with the names of plants and meals, which are problematic, but 'pageturner' fields of onomasiology.
DISCUSSION
Names of personages are supposed to be transliterated in "Harry Potter" book 1. However, what if a character loses its features for changing its name? Each name is chosen due to the role, aim, character and importance of a personage in the novel. For example, Professor Quirrell is one of the main characters in the book 1, but it is known with negative features as aggression, confusion and scare. The word seems to be derived from "Quirrel" the abbreviation of "squirrel," but it is only a one-sided
hypothesis. However, Shokir Dolimov, a translator of Russian-Uzbek, gave "белка" for "Quirrel:"
- Professor Belka! - tanishtirdi uni Xagrid, - Garri, professor Belka "Xogvars"da senga murabbiylik qiladi. [3, P.57]
We consider that the translation of Quirrel to 'Belka' which means 'a squirrel' in Russian is a total mistake and connected to Mr Sh. Dolimov in Tashkent on the talk about the Uzbek translation of the book to correct his misunderstanding of Maria Spivak's first unedited English-Russian translated version where "Белка" was used initially. He admitted that and accepted the transliterated version 'Kvirel' into Uzbek.
Surprisingly, the Russians accepted the version of Maria Spivak who saved the original name... later in the latest editions:
—Профессор Квиррелл! - представил его Хагрид. - Гарри, профессор Квиррелл — один из твоих будущих преподавателей. [4]
Another fact "Professor Quirrell" is told to come from "querulous" which means "fearful," and "irritable". The author claims to have created the name imaginary. Some say this appeared after removing "s" from "squirrel" - "quirrel." [5]
J. K. Rowling has always used the art of onomastics for the series of Harry Potter. This means one can see the features of characters through their names. Most names are alliterative, whimsical, and have a kind of Latin-based roots.
To continue with, Ronald Bilius Weasley, the word 'Ronald' is proper name, from Old Norse Rognvaldr "Having the Gods' Power," from rogn "gods," literally "decreeing powers" (plural of reign "decree") + valdr "ruler," he is said to have 'the advisor of the king' meaning as one of the best friend of a hero. The word "Weasley" As for "Weasley," which sounds a lot like "weasel," which is not a popular animal. In addition, a man named John Wesley was the founder of Methodism in England in the 1700s. Rowling is supped to like the animal, though, 'the rumours came up after deleting the post on Twitter on weasel' according to The Insider. The personage is positive and he is a favourite of children to be secretly courage and patient as most of them. We approve the '"Uizley" version of the name into the Uzbek language, although it can change to "Wizley" in speaking.
"Garri birdan Ronga qaradi, uning angrayib qolganligini ko'rib u ham hech qanday kitob o'qimaganligini tushunib oldi.
- Men Ron Uizleyman, - dedi Ron.
- Garri Potter, - dedi Garri." [6]
"Гарри Роннинг ханг-манг булиб колган башарасига караб, у хам дарсликларни тула-тукис ёд олмаганлигига ишонч хосил килгач, узини енгил тортди.
- Men Ron Uesliman, - po'ng'illadi Ron.
- Garri Potter, - o'zini tanishtirdi Gam." [3, P.108]
In Uzbek, we still have a confusion on the change "s" to "z" as in "Weasley" to "Uizley" or "Uesley" which are stated in two fragments of two Uzbek versions. It is claimed that it would be phonetically pure to accept it as "Uzley" in Uzbek according to some philologists.
Ron Weasley's best friend Harry Potter has always been "Garri Potter" in the Uzbek language, however, an official newsagent KUN.UZ is calling him now as "Harri Potter" which does not fit to the norms of phonetics in Uzbek. The Uzbek language was strongly affected by the Russian language in the period of Soviets for at least 40 years. Therefore, Uzbeks have transliterated any name starting with the letter "H" in any Germanic language as "G" as in "guide" in English. For instance, "Genri" for "Henry", "Gitler" for "Hitler" etc.
The article "Harri Potter aslida ikkita bo'lganmi?" [7] or "Harri Potter haqidagi birinchi ertakka 20 yil to'ldi" [8] are really intriguing that one of the most outstanding agency has still had controversial principles on transferring the phenome "h" to "g" with its earlier news "Deniyel Redkliff Garri Potter rolini ijro etishni inkor etdi" [9]. Here is the proper solution for the case: when "H" comes directly before the letters 'a,' 'u,' 'o' we keep the /h/ sound, such as English "Doctor House" to Uzbek "Doktor Haus" in pronunciation. When the letter "h" comes before 'e', 'i' or 'y' we have to use 'g' instead:
TABLE 1. The phonemic change norms in transferring the letter "h" [h]from English to "g" [g] into Uzbek.
Latin or English based Transliteration into Uzbek
names
1 Hermione Germiona
2 Hrtler Gitler
3 Hydro Gidro
4 House Haus
5 Hflgrid Hagrid
The table above proves our theory in our translation version which means agency is wrong to use "h" or "g." As the aim of the master's article, we conclude that the word has to be as "Garri" in Uzbek as 90% of the people know it from Uzbek translated version of Harry Potter movies which have been broadcasted since 2005 on the Uzbek TV channels.
Another bright character is Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore, which is the director of Hogwarts Witchcraft and Wizarding School in the Harry Potter
universe. In the opening chapter of the first novel of the series, Dumbledore arrives at number four, Privet Drive in Little Whinging, Surrey. When the evil wizard Lord Voldemort kills Harry's parents before being reduced to a lesser form, Dumbledore decides to place the now-orphaned Harry in the home of Vernon and Petunia Dursley. Historically, "Albus" meant "white, bright" in Ancient Roman in the Latin language. The name used to be given to boy babies. Several European magazines mention it to be a hint to his long white beard. "Percival" was one of King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table, which strengthens his position in the novel by his being in search for Voldemort's Horcruxes (advanced dark magic to attain immortality in the novel).
"Wulfric" is an Anglo-Saxon male name that means "wolf ruler" or "wolf power', doubtlessly, he has a wolf power in the novel. "Dumbledore" is used for an old English word to mean "bumblebee" which is an insect - a large hairy social bee which flies with a loud hum, living in small colonies in holes underground. Rowling herself said the reason for the name "Dumbledore" in her interview in 1999:
"Because Albus Dumbledore is very fond of music, I always imagined him as sort of humming to himself a lot, " Rowling said in a 1999 interview." [10]
We accepted the word "Dambldor" - to get pronunciation form of "Dumbledore" in Uzbek by omitting "e" at the end:
"- Biz buni faqatgina taxmin qila olamiz, balki, hech qachon bila olmasmiz ham, - dedi Dambldor." [6, P.12]
- Taxmin qilishdan boshqa chora yo'q, - javob qaytardi Dambldor, - Buni biz hech qachon bila olmaymiz. [3, P.13]
Lord Voldemort is a mortal and the scariest character of all. The personage always thinks of government (governing both: wizarding and Muggle world) and fame. He wants to achieve this using immortality and dark arts. His followers are made to obey his rules. The only punishment of him is death: the spell of "Avera Ke Davra." Nobody dares to tell his name because of fright. The name of him adds more power and scarcity for readers, as well. In Latin the word "valde" means "powerful," "de morte" is "death." It keeps this meaning in all European languages. Especially, in French this word is "flight from death," in Norwegian "violence" is "valde." [11] Unfortunately, the word "Voldemort" means nothing in the Uzbek language, it is just an attractive word. To transform it as "Ajal elchisi" or "Ajal hukmdori" could be the biggest mistake.
To most people's astonishments, Tom Marvolo Riddle, which can be rearranged as "Voldemort", also has its background. The shortened version of "Thomas" is "Tom" which means "twins" because Harry and Voldemort were twins
at the end of the plot. "Marvolo" is derived from "mar" - "desire to damage", "volo" means "I want" due to the Behind The Name web resource.
"Riddle" is the real riddle of Tom's turning out to be Voldemort, Harry had to find that out in "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets."
Another case with the name Rubeus Hagrid, as we found, Rowling, the author revealed in a 1999 interview that "Hagrid" is a dialect word to mean "having a bad night", as he is a heavy drinker, he has a lot of bad nights which opens another secret behavior of the personage, however, few readers are aware of the fact. "Rubeus" is reported to mean "turn red," from the Latin origin "Rubeo," as his face is getting red when he starts drinking by Pottermore project of Rowling's web page. [12] It would be nice to transfer the semantics of the name into Uzbek, which is, unfortunately, impossible.
In both Uzbek translation versions of the book, we can see the word as "Hagrid" without a change.
"Dambldor bu sayyoralardan nimanidir aniqladi, shekilli, soatni cho'ntagiga qaytarib solib qo'ydi va: - Hagrid kech qolyapti, axir, uning o'zi vaqtida etib boraman demaganmidi? - dedi." [6, P.12]
"Shunday bo'lsa-da, Dambldor o'z soatini yaxshi tushunadi shekilli, uni cho'ntagiga qaytarib solib qo'ydi. - Xagrid kechikyapti, - dedi u, - Meni bu yerga kelishimni o'sha aytgan bo'lsa kerak Sizga?" [3, P.13]
Draco Malfoy is meant to be and to sound a bad-tempered personage in the novel. "Draco" is "dragon" for its Latin roots from ancient times to express power besides him and his family. "Mal" is known to be a French word meaning "evil -hearted" plus "foy" is the result of changed "foi" in French for "belief." Therefore, he has always had an evil belief in the idea "mud-blood." They accepted "Drako Malfoy" as an Uzbek version.
Another hero of Harry Potter, Sirius Black, is the quirk (paronomasy) of linguistics in literature. "Sirius" is known to be the brightest star, which can be seen from our planet in the sky. In addition, it is a part of Canis Major stars, the Great Dog constellation. So the character can turn into a dog in the full moon. The name has also accepted without any serious changes into Uzbek.
Finally yet importantly, the most famous surname (in the first story) - the Dursleys, the author says she chose this only for her dislike towards the name. Intriguingly, the writer picked the "Dudley", the son of the Dursleys, "Dursley" looking at the map, areas where she has never been to. Going inside the writer admits she chose each name of the Dursleys only why she did not care about them or feel unpleasant when she heard. Anyway, we accepted "Dadley" for "Dudley" and
"Durzleylar" for "Dursleys", "Petunia", and "Vernon" with no change. There is only little change in the pronunciation of the phone "s" to "z" and the affix "lar" are added to the family names to mean the whole family in Uzbek.
A funny character - Argus Filch - the caretaker of Hogwarts school has its own story going back to Greek mythology where "Argus" - a watcher giant with a hundred eyes. And "filch" seems to be "to steal something" [13, P. 334] in informal speaking in the UK which is alleged to have a connection to the behaviour of the character. The translators transfer the name without any phonemic and graphic alteration into Uzbek.
Gregory Goyle and Vincent Crabbe are two friends of Draco Malfoy whose name does not mean more than his bodyguards as they are described to stand on two sides of Draco. "Gregory" is the result of a Greek word to mean "observant" and "watcher", as it comes "Goyle" sound much more like "Gargoyle" which is a Gothicstyle building to refer his body and vibe to the image of Malfoy.
"- Aytgancha, bular - Kreb va Goyl, - bepisand gapirdi u Garrining nigohini payqab, - mening ismim esa Malfoy, Drako Malfoy." [6, P. 102]
A reader witnesses in the novel Vincent Crabbe and Goyle are always together, especially, with Draco as it given in the extract above. Vincent derived from the Latin "Vincere," meaning "to defeat" and is compatible with what he wants to accomplish with Goyle and Malfoy.
Salazar Slytherin is a co-founder of four houses of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry with Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff and Rowena Ravenclaw. The name of the House was unique as it was named after a fictitious personage, hence we only used transliteration here to accept it as "Salazar Slizerin" into Uzbek. The semantic meaning and etymology of the word may not be transformed into Uzbek with for at least two reasons: at first, the word "Slytherin" is the changed form of "slithering" in English which means to move like a snake. If we could translate the meaning behind, the word would be "sudralish" as the result "Salazar Sudralerin" ("sudralish" is "slide" and "slither") needs editing. Because "Sudralar" itself is often used alone, and when it is alone the complex alliteration does not happen. "Sudralar" is a verb in Uzbek so we have to get the adjective form of the word. As it seems, the process is so confusing that the result is not as expected.
Moreover, the Hogwarts founder' names - Godric Gryffindor, Helga Hufflepuff, Rowena Ravenclaw also make use of alliteration, which gives them additional poetic and aesthetic functions: the reader can enjoy the sound and wordplay of the names. Thus, these names are an instance of both semantic and phonesthetic meaning, which the translations variously maintain. The Uzbek, Russian
and German translations offer the poetic enjoyment of the rhyming names without transferring their semantic meaning, as the names are not translated [14]. The Finnish translators, in contrast, has access to the semantic levels without the poetic enjoyment of alliteration, as the names are rendered as Godric Rohkelikko (rohkea - 'brave'), Helga Puuskupuh (puuskuttaa ja puhaltaa 'to huff and puff), Rowena Korpinkynsi (korppi 'raven', kynsi 'claw') and Salazar Luihuinen (luihu 'guileful, sly'). And it would be acceptable and would draw a vivid picture of the characters (cofounders of Hogwarts) to translate their names with alliteration like, Helga Hufflepuff to "Helga Hansiruff', derived from "hansiramoq" and "uff" tortmoq" in Uzbek, Rowena Ravenclaw to "Rovena Roqarg'achangal", from "qarg'a" and "changal" in Uzbek, and Salazar Slytherin to "Salazar Sudralar."
By the way, the word "House" is "uy" in Uzbek. Despite we do not use "uy" for various fields of the study; we could choose "fakultet" (faculty) for "house." However, the word refers to the different field of study from others like "The faculty of mathematics" and "The faculty of languages." In spite of the semantic limit of the word "faculty," we have to accept it, as we do not have equivalent to the word [15]. Though we have "yo'nalish" in Uzbek, it is the same as the "faculty." Originally, it means "branch of knowledge", in an academic sense, from Old French.
Considering that the "house" is the building or accommodation, we can render it as "uy" (house) which could not be equivalent.
"Shaxsan men o'zim haqimda so'rab bildim. Umid qilaman-ki, "Griffindor"ga qabul qilishadi meni. Aytishlariga qaraganda, eng zo'r fakultet "Griffindor" ekan." [3, P.78]
"- Namunali talabalar! - norozi ohangda so'z boshladi u. - Fakultetingiz talabalarini shu zahotiyoq o'z yotoqxonalariga olib boring." [6, P.102]
"— А я играю. Отец говорит, что будет преступлением, если меня не возьмут в сборную факультета, и я тебе скажу: я с ним согласен. Ты уже знаешь, на каком будешь факультете?" [4, P. 38].
CONCLUSION
The names in the article are from two fields of literature: fantasy fiction and literature aimed at children. Translators could have more opportunity to translate the names in literature aimed for children. Fantasy fiction is more difficult, though. Nevertheless, what happens when the writer prepares a tight package with the mixture of names for fantasy fiction and literature aimed at children? The answer comes as the mixture, as well, it is positive and negative; some can be translated and some not. This depends on the position of a writer and a translator: a writer is the
ruler of a translator, the names should stay the same, in some cases, and translators endeavour to translate them into their mother tongue to make it predictable competing with children's literature. Moreover, sometimes they have to make interlingual transformations not only on personage names but also on names of plants, wizarding books, meals and spells.
REFERENCES
1. http://www.gazette-du-sorcier.com/De-nouvelles-traductions-pour-Harry-Potter.
2. http://www.hachette.com/en/maison/azbooka-atticus.
3. Dolimov Sh.Z. Garri Potter va falsafiy tosh. - Toshkent, 2008. - 108 b.
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5. http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/querulous.
6. Solijonov J.K. Garri Potter va Afsungarlar toshi. - Termiz: Surxon-Nashr.
7. https://kun.uz/uz/news/2017/06/23/arri-potter-aslida-ikkita-ulganmi?q=%2Fnews%2F2017%2F06%2F23%2Garri-potter-aslida-ikkita-bulganmi
8. https://kun.uz/uz/news/2017/06/26/arri-potter-akidagi-birinci-ertakka-20-iil-tuldi
9. https://kun.uz/uz/114051?q=%2F114051
10. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-connectiontransc2.htm
11. https://harrypotter.fandom.com/wiki/List of characters in translations of Harry Potter
12. https://www.pottermore.com/features/the-definitive-rubeus-hagrid-quiz
13. Oxford University. Oxford Dictionary of Current English. - USA: Oxford University press, 2006.
14. Худайкулов, Абдулла Эшкуватович. "Семантическая адаптация некоторых английских заимствованных слов в русских письменных памятниках xvii-xix веков." Вестник Челябинского государственного университета 28 (2011).
15. Shirinova, Raima, et al. "Representation of the national picture of the world in literary translation." International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 29.5 (2020): 1446.
